CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction and background
Over the past few years, the South African mobile payment market has become
more competitive, with major international companies such as Samsung, Apple Pay,
and Huawei Pay targeting the lucrative market to expand overseas. (Africa business
communities, 2019; Business insiders, 2020). Mobile phone service providers such
as Samsung, Huawei, and Apple have gained motivation to improve their mobile
phones' compatibility with new mobile payment methods with the influx of
technology. Several small businesses have adopted technological advancements to
improve their operations and make life easier for their customer in payment
transactions (Cao, 2021). These international mobile service providers collaborate
with financial institutions to gain relevance in the mobile payment market. Akata
(2022) reported that some small business enterprises allowed their customers to use
contactless transactions over the (POS) point of sales. Mobile payments have
become incredibly popular worldwide (Statista, 2022).

Statista SA (2022) states that the South African digital population stood at 38.13
million active users, and over 36 million users were using mobile internet. As a
result, 99% of internet users use social media using their mobile phones. Therefore,
the international mobile phone service providers took advantage by expanding their
mobile payment market. Statista SA (2022) projected the increasing trend of South
African online usage penetration from 2017 to 2026, and they anticipated the online
usage to reach 66.06 per cent in 2026. Therefore, smartphone use will grow to 41.85
million users by 2025.

Humbani and Wiese (2018) suggested that South Africa can be a conducive
emerging economy for the mobile payment market to offer digital payments
technologies. Mobile payments technologies include quick response (QR) codes and
(NFC) near field communication, mobile wallets, and mobile banking. Statista SA
(2022) reported that the total transaction value in the digital payment segment would
reach the US $ 13,602 million, and transaction value in the mobile point of sale
(POS) payments segments would reach US$ 3628. They further pointed out that the
users in the mobile point of sale (POS) payments segments will increase to about
7.4 million by 2026.
The reports by Statista SA (2022) on the usage of smartphones and the increase in
the number of mobile point of sales (POS) terminals accelerated mobile payment
adoption in South Africa. Hanno (2021) observed the increase in demand for
contactless payment transaction. However, Mastercard New Payment Index (2021)
argued that the protocols of covid 19 pandemics mainly drove the rise in mobile
payment adoption. McKane (2020) reported that 63% of South Africans claimed that
they have been using contactless cards using their smartphones since the start of
the covid 19 pandemic. However, many researchers argue that many transactions
are still cash-based (Deloitte, 2019; McKane, 2018).

The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) vision 25 aims to stimulate economic
sustainability by supporting the unbanked population with the agenda of financial
inclusion and access to digital financial services (Deloitte & Mastercard, 2019).
However, the South African population of about 89% has successively opened bank
accounts. Paul Kent (2018) noted that many South Africans withdraw their salaries
monthly from the cash collection points. BTech (2022) supported that 53% of all
point of sale (POS) payments are still made in cash, while in the informal sector,
89% of transactions are cash-based.

The informal sectors in South Africa are in rural areas with no regulation of trading
activities (Dalvit, 2018). Informal markets are where people conduct trading activities
without legal formalities rather than in urban areas. Deloitte & Mastercard (2019)
reported that the small business enterprises in the informal sector had limited mobile
point of sales (POS) terminals and forced their customers to pay on cash
transactions.

Therefore, the report by Deloitte & Mastercard (2019) suggests that mobile payment
adoption in South Africa is limited due lack of mobile point of sales payments in
informal markets. They further argued that the South African Reserve Bank (SARB)
vision 25 failed to support the digitization of financial services despite the success of
over 80% of the population of South Africans now owning bank accounts. In this
case, the researcher has been motivated to investigate the factors that influence the
customers in rural areas to accept and use mobile payment methods focusing on the
University students in a rural town of Eastern Cape Province.
Adopting a mobile payment system has advantages for the customers as it fosters
robustness in security, safety, and convenience (De Luna et al., 2019). The mobile
payment method offers many benefits to small business enterprises as it improves
revenue and ensures quality services of transactions, improving customer
satisfaction.

This research aims to investigate the factors that influence the adoption of mobile
payment methods by the university of Fort Hare students in the rural town of Eastern
Cape Province. As a result of investigating these factors, it may be beneficial for
small business enterprises, financial institutions, government, and other
policymakers to implement strategies that accommodate the customers to cope with
the digital payment technologies.

The study adopted the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology to
measure the behavioural intention and actual usage of mobile payment systems.
Venkatesh (2003) defines the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology as
the measure of the behavioural intention of the customers to accept the technology
and usage of technology by the customers. To investigate factors influencing
students' behavioural intention, the unified theory of acceptance and use of
technology (UTAUT) used includes performance expectations, effort expectations,
and facilitating conditions.

1.2 Research Problem

Technology has developed across many business sectors, and some businesses are
encouraging their customers to perform transactions using mobile payment systems
(Alam et al., 2021). There are significant benefits of using mobile payment methods
for both customers and businesses. According to Statista’s SA (2022) projections,
the number of internet users and smartphone users will continue to rise year after
year.

Despite the advantages of mobile payment and the high rate of mobile phone use
with the advancement of technology, customer acceptability has remained a
significant barrier to adopting mobile payment technologies (De Luna et al., 2019).
Deloitte (2019) supported that the rate at which the usage of smartphones has
outperformed the mobile payment systems' acceptance and usage. Even though
Mastercard New Payment Index (2021) reported that 46% of South African are more
willing to use mobile payment methods like QR codes and 74% of South Africans
perceived the QR codes as a cleaner, and 70% perceived the QR codes as more
convenient than the usage of cash.

However, the problem still exists as BusinessTech (2022) and the report by Deloitte
(2019) acknowledged that cash usage has remained dominant in South Africa, and
60% of formal retailers were accepting physical bank cards, and 53% of the point of
sale are cash-based transactions. McKane (2018) supported that cash usage in
South Africa continued to grow at a rate of 6 to 10 per cent per annum. Furthermore,
Mastercard New Payment Index (2021) stated that the customers were more willing
to accept contactless payment because of the covid 19 protocols of social distance.
Therefore, this concludes that their own will did not drive the customers' perception
but was due to the covid 19 pandemic regulations.

Even though Hanno (2021) reported that Nedbank had observed an increase in the
number of customer adoption of mobile payment, in this regard, the covid 19
pandemic regulations impacted a slight increase. Hanno's findings (2021) revealed
that the customers were willing to accept the contactless payment methods.
However, Deloitte and Mastercard (2019) argued that the cash usage transaction
remains dominant in South Africa, and the rate of smartphone usage on mobile
payment systems has remained incomparable. Therefore, there is a need to bridge
the gap. The focus of the research was to investigate the factors that influence the
adoption of mobile payment methods by university students.

1.3 Research objectives

The primary objective of this study:

 To investigate factors that influence the adoption of mobile payment methods by

the university of Fort Hare students.

The secondary objectives are to:

 ascertain the extent to which performance expectancy influences the behavioural

intention of the university students to adopt mobile payment methods.
 investigate whether facilitating conditions influence the behavioural intention of
the university of students to adopt mobile payment methods.
 investigate the effect of social influence on behavioural intention among
university students to adopt mobile payment systems.
 investigate the effect of effort expectance on behavioural intention among
university students to adopt the mobile payment system
 investigate the degree to which behavioural intention influences the actual usage
of the mobile payment system by university students.

1.4 Hypothesis

H0: Performance expectance does not influence behavioural intention to adopt the
mobile payments methods.

H1: Performance expectance influences behavioural intention to adopt mobile

payments methods.

H0: Facilitation condition does not influence the behavioural intention of students to
adopt mobile payment methods

H2: Facilitation condition influences the behavioural intention of student to adopt

mobile payment methods

H0: Social influence does not affect the behavioural intention among university
students to adopt mobile payment methods.

H3: Social influence influences the behavioural intention among university students
to adopt mobile payment methods

H0: Effort expectance has no impact on the behavioural intention of students to adopt
mobile payment methods.

H4: Effort expectance has an impact on the behavioural intention of students to adopt
mobile payment methods.

H0: Behavioural intention does not significantly influence the adoption of mobile
payment methods by university students.
H5: Behavioural intention does significantly influence the actual usage of mobile
payment methods by university students.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study attempts to predict the factors that influence university students' adoption
of mobile payment methods. The study seeks to help various stakeholders, which
include policymakers, government, small medium enterprises, university students,
and customers.

The study's findings can be significant to the policymakers in financial institutions.

The policymakers can make policies favourable to their customers to use
smartphones for digital transactional purposes. The study is essential to the
policymakers as they can decide the guidelines based on the findings, such as
changing mobile banking transactional charges based on the actual usage of mobile
payment methods. The policymakers can implement strategies that can effectively
address the problem. For example, the decision to educate and advertise the mobile
payment methods can be based on the degree of willingness of the customer to
adopt and the actual usage of smartphones for digital transactions.

The study can be significant to the government as they can get more insight into the
factors influencing South African people to adopt digital payment systems such as
mobile wallets and mobile banking. The government will be able to determine what
should be done as the adoption of mobile payment systems promotes financial
inclusion and the fourth industrial revolution and stimulates economic growth. In this
instance, the findings can determine the government to support the small medium
enterprises with mobile point of sale payments as the lack of infrastructure
discourages the willingness of customers to adopt mobile payment methods

The study seeks to help small and medium enterprises with information on mobile
payment adoption. The small medium enterprises can understand customers'
willingness to adopt mobile payment methods as the use of mobile payment systems
will increase their revenue and reduce customer complaints. The information about
the desire to use mobile payment will determine whether the small and medium
enterprises should need to increase the mobile point of sale terminals.
The study results can be significant to the university students and customers as the
policymakers decide based on the findings. For instance, small and medium
enterprises can respond to the study's results by increasing the (POS) mobile point
of sales payments. Therefore, the students and customers in the community will
benefit from using the mobile payment methods as the mobile payment system
promotes robust security and convenience, saves time

Finally, the study seeks to identify the factors influencing mobile payment adoption,
focusing on university students. While filling the gap in the noticeable empirical
studies on the factors that influence mobile payment methods, the study also seeks
to make a significant theoretical literature contribution to the existing literature.

1.6 Literature review

This section discusses theoretical and empirical literature related to the study.

1.6.1 Theoretical Review

This section discusses the theory that underpinned the basis of this study. The
researcher used the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT)
proposed by Venkatesh et al., (2003).

1.6.2 Unified theory of use and acceptance of technology (UTAUT)

Many researchers have used the unified theory of use and acceptance of the
technology model to explain the user’s behavioural intention to accept innovative
technology and usage (Sivathanu, 2019). The model is derived from the integration
of eight individual acceptance models which include Theory of Reasoned Action,
Theory of acceptance, Motivational Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour, combined
TAM and TPB, Model of PC Utilization, Innovation Diffusion Theory, and Social
Cognitive Theory (Venkatesh et al., 2003). The model has four primary constructs:
performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influences, and facilitating
conditions. It also includes four control variables such as age, gender, experience,
and voluntariness of use that solidify the explanatory abilities of the model.

Chauhan, Yadav, and Choudhary (2021) pointed out that even though the UTAUT
model captures most variables required to provide predictions of technology
acceptance and use intentions, it is important to understand that the results
regarding the relative importance of all four major constructs of the model varied
widely and inconsistently depending on various places. Therefore, the model has
been adjusted with the variables that suit the specific area of the study to guarantee
a valid result. Thus, the theory of this study includes performance expectancy, effort
expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions to predict the behavioural
intention and actual usage of mobile payment methods by university students.

1.7 Empirical literature

This section discusses the existing empirical literature and hypotheses of the study.
 performance expectancy

Performance expectancy is the people's belief that using the system will improve
their job performance (Chang, & Xiong, 2021; Chayomchai et al., 2020; Rosnidah et
al., 2019; Sivathanu, 2019). According to Alaeddin et al., 2018; Patil et al., 2020;
Raza et al., 2021), customers adopt mobile payment systems when they believe the
method is beneficial for their financial transactions.

 Effort expectancy

Chopdar, Korfiatis, Sivakumar and Lytras (2018) define effort expectancy as the
level of easiness associated while using mobile payment technology. Effort
expectancy is the extent to which the customers perceive the technology as easy to
use (Rahi & Alnaser, 2019). Hussain et al. (2019) believe that if customers find few
challenges in using innovative technology, they will be more likely to use the system.

 Social influence

Sharma (2019) defines social influence as the degree to which relatives such as
friends, colleagues, and family members influence the behavioural intention of the
individual to use technology. Social influence is a fundamental social variable in the
model, as it includes the opinion of friends and relatives for the individual to adopt
innovative technology. Dwivedi (2019) believed that social influence becomes
stronger at an early stage when individuals adopt new technology. Nassar (2019)
states that social influence is a factor in attracting people to use mobile payment
systems as they believe mobile payment technology will benefit their payment
transactions
 Facilitating conditions

Jeon and Lee (2019) define facilitating condition as the individual belief about the
availability of the resources to use new technology. The people believe that the
availability of technological resources will enhance the adoption of mobile payment
services (Dwivedi et al., 2020).

 Behavioural intention

Manrai and Gupta (2022) define behavioural intention as the willingness of

individuals to act in a certain way. Srivastava and Singh (2022) define behavioural
intention as the psychological state of the customers to perform a task. Behavioural
intention is a mediator variable influenced by the four main variables of a unified
theory of technology of use (UTAUT) (Venkatesh et al., 2003). In this study,
behavioural intention will be defined as an individual’s willingness or intention to
adopt mobile payment services

 The influence of performance expectancy on behavioural intention to adopt

mobile payment services

Many researchers have found that performance expectancy has a significant impact
on behavioural intention to use specific technologies, such as mobile commerce
(Sair & Danish, 2018); mobile learning (Chao, 2019); and mobile payment services
(Jung et al., 2020). Syifa and Tohang (2020) conducted a study in Indonesia on the
topic: of the use of e-wallet systems. The data was collected from 107 respondents
who use e-wallets, and they adopted the partial least square to analyze the data.
The findings of their study showed that performance expectancy is the most
influential factor in behavioural intention to use an e-wallet. Chao (2019) conducted a
study on the intention to use mobile learning using the extended unified theory of
technology use. The data was collected from 1562 respondents and was analyzed
using the partial least square (PLS). The findings of their study revealed that
behavioural intention was significantly and positively influenced by performance
expectancy. Based on the findings above, the following hypothesis is proposed:

H1: Performance expectancy significantly influences behavioural intention to adopt

mobile payment services by university students.
 The influence of effort expectancy on behavioural Intention to adopt mobile
payment services.

This variable was one of the fundamental reasons to adopt mobile payment methods
found in the previous studies (Chopdar et al., 2018; Sivathanu, 2019; Jadil 2021). It
is discovered that the higher the easiness of mobile payment services, the higher the
users’ behavioural intention would be (Sivathanu, 2019). Some of the mobile
payment researchers stated that effort expectance has a significant positive impact
on the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment (Shaikh & Karjaluoto, 2018;
Farah & Abbas, 2018; Hussain & Johns, 2019). Shaikh et al., (2018) conducted a
study examining the usage intention of contactless payment systems in developed
countries using the modified UTAUT2. The data was collected from 1165
respondents and analyzed using the modelled structured equation and was
discovered that effort expectancy has a significance on user intentions. Thus, we
hypothesized the following:

H2: Effort expectancy significantly influences the behavioural intention to use mobile
payment by university students

 The influence of social influence on behavioural intention to adopt mobile

payment services

Several researchers discovered that social influence has a considerable influence on

behavioural intention to use innovative technologies in learning management
systems (Alshehri, Rutter, & Smith, 2019); mobile learning (Chao, 2019) and mobile
payment (Al-Okaily et al., 2020). Tusyanah, Wahyudin and Khafid (2021) conducted
a study in Indonesia on factors that influence the behavioural intention to use an e-
wallet. The data was collected from a sample population of 365 students and the
collected data was analyzed using partial least square. Results from the study
concluded that social influence has a positive effect and significant influence on
behavioural intention to adopt e-wallets of 22.8%. Al-Okaily et al., (2020) undertook a
study on the determinants of digital payment systems using the extended unified
theory of acceptance and technology use (UTAUT2). The data was collected from a
sample population of 270 Jordanian public sector employees and were analyzed
using the partial least square. It was found that the intention to use the mobile
payment system has been positively influenced by social influence. Hence, this can
lead to the following hypothesis:

H3: Social influence significantly influences behavioural Intention to adopt mobile

payment services by university students.

 The influence of facilitating conditions on behavioural intention to adopt mobile

payment services

Many studies indicated that facilitating conditions significantly influence the

behavioural intention to use a certain technology (Mensah et al., 2020; Patil et al.,
2020; Gupta et al., 2019). A study was done by Mensah et al., (2020) on the factors
that influence the continuity intention of university students in Ghana to use mobile
money transfer revealed that facilitating condition influences the intention. Patil et al.,
2020 conducted a study on consumer adoption of mobile payment and found that the
intention of consumers to adopt mobile payment has been influenced by facilitating
conditions. Therefore, Naranjo et al., (2019) added that the availability of resources
for mobile payment for use will increase users’ behavioural intention to adopt
innovative technologies. Thus, the following hypothesis is formulated:

H4: Facilitation condition influences the behavioural intention of student to adopt

mobile payment methods

 The influence of behavioural intention on the actual adoption of mobile payment

methods

Barry & Jan, (2018) conducted a study entitled factors that influence the use of
mobile commerce and they found that behavioural intention has a significant
influence on the adoption of mobile commerce. Some of the researchers argued that
various motivational factors influence the intention of people to use certain
technologies (Alaeddin et al.,2018; Patil, 2020; Kumar et al., 2018). However, some
researchers limit their studies to determine the significant relationship between
behavioural intention on the adoption of mobile payment services (Alaeddin et al.,
2018; Kumar et al., 2018). Therefore, other researchers (Patil, 2020) warned about
investigating factors that influence behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment
methods without assessing the influence of behavioural intention on mobile payment
methods adoption. A few couples of studies found a significant relationship between
behavioural intention on actual adoption of mobile payment methods (Sivathanu,
2019). However, there are still few studies that yet investigate the influence of
behavioural intention on mobile payment methods adoption by university students.
Based on the above explanations, the following hypothesis is proposed:

H5: Behavioural intention significantly influences the adoption of mobile payment

services by university students.

Research model

Figure 1 below shows the model illustrating the factors that influence the behavioral
intention and the actual usage of mobile payments. Performance expectancy, effort
expectancy, social influence and facilitating condition are the factors that influence
the adoption of mobile payment methods. The behavioural intention and actual
usage of mobile payment methods are the factors measured in this study.

H1
Performance
expectancy

Effort expectancy H2 H5
Behavioural Actual usage of
intention mobile payment
H3
Social influence

H4
Facilitating condition

Source: modified by the researcher

3. Research Methodology
Research methodology can be defined as the specific steps used to identify, select,
process, and analyze information about a research topic (Pandey et al., 2021). This
section discusses the research paradigm, research design, approach, population,
sample, data collection method, research instrument, reliability and validity, statistical
analysis, ethical consideration, and delimitation.

3.1 Research paradigm

A research paradigm is the collection of values and techniques used to solve
problems (Mutiani & Abbas, 2021). There are three main paradigms namely
positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Positivism is primarily based on the
actual results from the scientific methods to prove the truthfulness of the outcome
(Onyeukwu, 2022). This research adopted a positivism paradigm to investigate the
factors that influence the adoption of mobile payment methods. The researcher used
the positivism paradigm because it involves the scientific methods that can prove the
reality of the outcome of this study rather than interpretivism based on judgments.

3.2 Research design

Research design is the blueprint, or the plan specifically prepared in advance to
answer the research question (Pandey, 2021). There are three main research
designs descriptive, exploratory, and causal. This study used a descriptive design.
Descriptive research design can be defined as the detailed description of the events,
situations, behaviour, and characteristic of the population under the study. The
descriptive research design fits well in this study as it enables the researcher to
understand the current situation that influences university students to adopt mobile
payment methods.

3.3 Research Approach

There are three main research approaches quantitative, qualitative, and mixed
research approach (Paoletti et al, 2021). This study adopted the quantitative
approach to collect the primary data using the research surveys. Therefore Hobson
(2019) defines the quantitative approach as the collection of data that can be
analyzed in quantitative nature using statistical methods. The quantity research
approach fits well in this study as it aims to determine the factors that influence the
adoption of mobile payment methods, and it is in line with the positivist paradigm.

3.4 Target population

A population is defined as a set of all individuals under observation (Weeks, 2020).
Pande et al., (2021) define a population frame as a list of the population from which
the researcher can select to undertake the study. This study targeted the population
of registered students at the University of Fort Hare. The University of Fort Hare has
three campuses in a different location which includes Alice, Bisho, and East London.
The total population distribution of the registered students in each of the three
campuses is shown in Table 3.1

Table 3.1: Population Distribution

Campus Total number of registered Students

Alice 9228
Bhisho 316
East London 7163
Grand Total 16707

3.5 Sampling Method

A sample is the subset of elements that can be selected by the researchers from the
pool (Pande et al., 2021). This study used a non-probability sampling method. Non-
probability sampling assures that the researcher will get a response immediately
from the respondents at a low cost.

3.5.1 Sampling Technique

This study adopted the convenience sampling technique. Convenience sampling
allows the researcher to choose the respondents who are in proximity to his location.
The researcher used the convenience sampling technique because it is cheaper,
and it is fast to carry out the sampling process.

3.5.2 Determining Sample Size

The sample size of the population can be considered important as the degree of
truthfulness of the population depends on the size of the sample (Subedi, 2021). Rao
soft sample calculator, Slovin formula, Krejci, and Morgan tables are among the
methods used to determine sample size. The researcher used the raosoft to
calculate the sample of students at the University of Fort Hare. The sample size of
this study is 376 at a 5% margin of error, 50% population distribution, and level of
confidence intervals at 95%.
3.6 Research Instrument

This study used the questionnaire as an instrument to gather data. The

questionnaire was designed into two sections. The first section provides the
respondent demographic information. The second part provides the measurement
items to be answered per each construct in the (UTAUT) model.

Data collection method

The survey method was used to collect the data. The researcher collected the data
from the student to understand their perspective on the acceptance and usage of
mobile payment systems. The researcher used an online survey to collect the data.
The online survey was suitable for this study because it allows all respondents to
participate.

Measurement scale

The study used the questionnaire developed by (Dalimunte et al., 2019; Nur &
Pangaea, 2021; Roy & Quaddus., 2018), which was used to collect data for a similar
study. The questionnaire was designed based on five levels of the Likert scale where
(1) indicated Strongly Disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Neutral, (4) Agree, and (5) Strongly
Agree to the statement given on each statement. The performance expectancy was
measured against five items with a Cronbach of 0,833 (Oliveira, 2016). The effort
expectancy was measured against four items with a Cronbach of 0,769 (Oliveira,
2016). Dalimunte et al. (2019) used four items to measure social influence, and three
items measured behavioural intention with a Cronbach of 0,832. The facilitating
condition was measured using four items with a Cronbach of 0,58 (Nur &
Panggabean,2021). Roy and Quaddus (2018) measured the actual usage with four
items at a Cronbach of 0,96. The respondents ticked the appropriate response to
questions designed on a 5-point Likert scale.

3.7 Reliability
Reliability is the extent to which measures are free from errors and yield consistent
results (Amirrudin et al., 2021). The researcher used the Cronbach alpha coefficient
to measure the degree of consistency result. The researcher ensured the
instrument's reliability if the Cronbach alpha coefficient was close to one. Therefore,
the measurement items are strong enough to measure. While if the Cronbach alpha
coefficient is close to zero, this will show that the items in the instrument are not
strong enough to measure what is intended by the researcher. The researcher used
the instrument used by other researchers in the same study with the acceptable
reliability of above 0,7 Cronbach alpha, as seen in table 2.

Variables Number Cronbach Source

of items alpha
Performance 5 0,833 (Oliveira, 2016)
expectance
Effort expectance 4 0,769 (Oliveira, 2016)

Social influence 4 0,851 (Dalimunte et al., 2019)

Facilitating 4 0,858 (Nur & Panggabean ,2021)

condition

Behavioural 3 0,832 (Dalimunte et al, 2019)

intention
Actual usage 4 0,96 (Roy & Quaddus, 2018)

Source: created by the researcher

3.7.1. Validity
Validity is defined as the extent to which a measurement construct will be able to
measure what it was designed to measure (Amirrudin et al., 2021). The researcher
used factor loading to ensure the validity of the construct in the model. The
researcher presented the first draft of the instrument to the University of Fort Hare
research committee before finalizing the instrument.

3.8 Statistical Analysis

The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software analysed descriptive and
inferential statistics. A descriptive statistic is the statistics used to describe the
characteristic of the sample (Habes et al., 2021). Descriptive statistics include the
measure of mean and standard deviation. The inferential statistics can generalize
the outcome of the entire population. The inferential statistic measures the
hypothesis test, and structural equation modelling is employed to test the proposed
model of the research.

3.9 Ethical Consideration

Ethical consideration outlines the principles that guide the researcher during the
research process (Williamon, Ginsborg, Perkins & Waddell, 2021). The researcher
applied for ethical application to the University of Fort Hare research ethic
committee. The researcher completed the ethical application accordingly to the
ethical principles by stating the following statements on the questionnaire instrument:
responses from the questionnaire will remain confidential, and personal information
will not be required from participants to ensure anonymity, the results will be used
only for academic research purposes, the respondents are allowed to complete the
questions at their own time and respondents are allowed to give their consent for
voluntary participation, and they can stop completing the questions if they are not
willing. The researcher was granted the ethical clearance number from the University
of Fort Hare research ethic committee (UREC).

3.10 Delimitations of the Study

This research focuses on one institution of university Fort Hare including these
campuses, Alice, Bisho, and East London. The study collected data from university
students. The study is within the scope of the theory of technology of acceptance
and usage of technology.

Chapter outline

Chapter One – Introduction and background of the study

Chapter one provides the critical section of the research study. These include the
introduction and background, the research problem, objectives, hypotheses,
literature review, the significance of the study, research methodology, statistical
analysis, ethical consideration, and delimitations.

Chapter two – Mobile payment adoption and theoretical literature background

Chapter two aims to provide a literature review on the state of mobile payment
adoption in South Africa. A detailed discussion on mobile payment systems available
in South Africa with their advantages and disadvantages. The mobile payment
adoption in rural areas of South Africa. There was also a discussion of theoretical
literature and empirical studies.

Chapter three – Research Methodology

This chapter outlines the research paradigm, research design, approach, design,
target population, sample method, data collection method, research instrument
reliability and validity, data analysis, ethical consideration, and delimitations.

Chapter 2

Mobile payment adoption in South Africa and theoretical literature background

2. Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature relevant to this study. Starting
with a discussion of mobile payment adoption in South Africa and rural areas of
South Africa, followed by the mobile payment systems available in South Africa and
the advantages and disadvantages of mobile payment methods in South Africa. The
chapter further discusses the theory underpinning this study, the constructs used in
the study, and the empirical literature related to this study.

2.1 Mobile payment adoption in South Africa

BusinessTech (2022) reported that 53% of all point of sale (POS) are still made in
cash, while 89% of transactions are cash-based in the informal sector. This case
shows that mobile payment adoption in South Africa is still lagging. The penetration
of mobile payment in South Africa was driven by the increase in the predictions of
smartphone users from 9,7 million in 2014 to 26,3 million in 2023 (Holst, 2019).
However, the acceptance of mobile payment methods remains low in South Africa
because most transactions are still cash-based (McKane, 2018). He further pointed
out that cash usage in South Africa continued to grow at a rate of 6 to 10 per cent
per annum.
A recent report from McKane (2020) states that Samsung has reached 2 million
transactions on its mobile payment platform in South Africa. In this case, it proves
that the customers in South Africa are willing to use mobile payment methods.
According to the Mastercard New Payment Index (2021), 63% of South Africans
claimed to use contactless cards because of the covid 19 conditions, and 53% use
digital wallets. Mastercard revealed that 60% of South Africans are willing to use
smartphones for payment transactions. However, 63% of South Africans claimed
they use contactless cards using their smartphones. Deloitte (2019) argued that
most customer transactions are still cash-based.

Mckinsey (2020) pointed out that 45 per cent of South Africans visit physical bank
branches, and 42 per cent use their mobile phones to interact with the banks during
the covid 19 period. This case shows that many South Africans were unaware of
using their mobile phones in their financial decisions. Therefore, McKane (2018)
suggested that there is still needed to educate the customers about the risk of cash
payments and the benefits of digital payment systems such as mobile payment
methods. Deloitte (2019) reported that 73 per cent of the customers in South Africa
are ready to use their mobile phones to scan the QR codes at the point of sale
(POS), and the merchant’s providers stated that their revenue increased by 10 per
cent by using the QR codes.

According to the Mastercard New Payment Index (2021) reported that 46% of South
African are more willing to use mobile payment methods like QR codes. They further
revealed that 74% of South Africans perceived the QR codes as cleaner, and 70%
perceived the QR codes as more convenient than cash. Hanno (2021) reported that
Nedbank observed an increase in the number of customer adoption and common
customer complaints by using contactless payments with their mobile devices
through (NFC) near-field communication.

Deloitte and Mastercard (2019) reported that the failure of the financial inclusion
agenda of South African Reserve Bank (SARB) vision 25 to promote digital financial
services attributed to the lack of infrastructure in the informal sector. They further
pointed out that the transactions based on bank cards and mobile payments are
accepted in formal sectors though the payment acceptance points are limited. In this
case, they continued to report that the small informal traders do not accept the
payment based on bank cards and mobile payment services, thereby restricting their
customers from using cash. They further reported that in rural and urban areas, 60%
of the residents were using physical bank cards for their transactions in the formal
sector, and only 4% of transactions were using bank cards at informal retailers.

Mobile payment systems in South Africa

The advancement of technology has made many changes in the payment systems
and attracted international companies such as Samsung, Apple, Huawei, Google,
and financial institutions into the mobile payment market. The mobile payment
system is the broad term that incorporates the mobile payment methods and is as
follows:

 Mobile wallets

A mobile wallet is a virtual wallet that stores personal information and credit card on
a mobile device such as a smartphone. Customers can make contactless payments
using mobile wallets at the (NFC) terminals. Hanno (2021) reported that some of the
banks in South Africa announced that most of their payment terminals are now
offering (NFC), which is available in most retailers. Mobile wallets such as Google
Pay, Samsung Pay, and Apple Pay use near-field communication (NFC) technology
to allow tap-and-pay. South Africa has international providers of mobile wallets,
including Apple, Samsung, and Google. South African banks, such as Standard
Bank, Nedbank, ABSA, and First National Bank, support these international service
providers of mobile wallets. Hanno (2021) concluded that mobile wallets provide
convivence by allowing bank customers to leave their physical bank cards at home.
In addition, mobile wallets offer robust security as their pin, pattern, fingerprint, or
facial ID scan before the payment can be processed.

 Mobile banking

Mobile banking is a service provided by financial institutions such as banks to allow

their customers to perform transactions using their mobile devices. Mobile banking
allows the customers to send and receive money in a remote. The banks in South
Africa introduced mobile bank services quite long ago. Deloitte (2019) reported that
the South African Reserve Bank vision (SARB) 25 made considerable efforts to
improve financial inclusion for unbanked customers, and about 80% of the South
African population have bank accounts. The World Bank (2022) reported that over
40 million South Africans now own bank accounts. Therefore, this allows the South
African banks to laugh the mobile banking services with the development of mobile
banking apps installed on mobile devices. The South African bank has banking apps
that allow customers to check their balances, make national and international
transfers, pay with QR codes, buy airtime and data, and pay taxes and fines (Emilly,
2022).
 Quick response codes (QR)

Quick response codes are the contactless payment method allowing customers to
scan and pay using their smartphones (Humbani, 2019). South African banks and
other retailers provide QR codes. Zapper, snapscan, and flickpay are the QR codes
that are popular in South Africa.

 Near field communication (NFC)

Near-field communication is the mobile payment method offered by most retailers

and banks in South Africa. Near-field communication (NFC) allows customers to
conduct contactless transactions in a short distance of fewer than four centimetres
(Chingapi & Steyn, 2022). The payment can be made through contactless at the
point of sale using their mobile device.

Advantages of mobile payment systems.

 Helps to reduce fraud

The use of mobile payment such as mobile wallets, mobile banking and Near field
communication guarantees less risk of fraud as they cannot display the full account
number of the user, payment QR codes can be generated randomly, and the
information of the user can be encrypted with passwords (Hanno, 2021).

 Saves time

The use of mobile payment can save time as the transaction can be completed
while the customer can simply tap his phone to pay over the NFC payment terminal
and the verification can be done in a few seconds (Chingapi & Steyn, 2022). The
sender can be able to send money using mobile banking app without visiting the
bank branch. Thus, mobile payment can save time to conduct the online transaction
with some of retails.

 Increase customer convenience

The payment of goods and services will be more convenient by using mobile
payment systems such as apple pay, Samsung pay, and google pay (Humbani,
2019). The customer can be able to conduct the financial transaction in his comfort
without carrying bank cards or cash. Mobile apps can reduce the risk of carrying
cash. The customers can be able to access their accounts and track their
transactions and download the proof of payment without consulting the bank tellers
(Hanno, 2021).

Disadvantages of mobile payment systems

 Need for network connectivity

The use of mobile wallets requires a network connection to conduct the transaction.
The poor network coverage and the cost of data to connect on the internet remains
the crucial factor affecting the customers.

 High transactional cost

The use of mobile payment systems requires an additional fee charged on each
transaction. This might be a challenge to some customers who are not aware of
these charges as it is the factor that affect the willingness of customers to adopt the
mobile payment system.

 Need for compatible smartphones

Apple pays, Samsung pay, and Google pay are mobile payment systems that
require specific compatible devices. Apple pay requires the latest iPhone, and iPads
and Sag pay requires the latest version device. These mobile devices are
expensive, and it ctheytribute to the challenge that leads customers notbe willing to
adopt mobile payment systems.

Mobile payment adoption in rural areas of South Africa

Dalvit (2018) define rural area as the mareasvulnerable marginalised area
characterised by poor infrastructure, poor network coverage, financial exclusion,
digital illiteracy, informal marand ket. The acceptance and usage of mobile payment
system in rural areas has remained low in South Africa. Many researchers reported
that the usage of cash remathe dominant, especially in the informal markets where
89% of transactions are based on cash (Deloitte & Mastercard, 2019; McKane, 2018;
Emilly, 2022; BusinessTec, 2022).

Informal markets can be defined as the trading activities mostly found in

marginalised areas and are usually unregulated, unregistered, unprotected, and
untaxed activities. The informal sectors in South Africa are mostly situated in rural
areas. Despite the effort made by the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) vision 25
of financial inclusive of about 80% population of South Africans have owned bank
accounts in rural and urban areas, the increase of smartphone usage and the
availability of mobile payment systems by the international mobile companies such
as Samsung, Huawei, Apple, Google in collaboration with South African banks:
Standard bank, First National Bank (FNB), ABSA, Nedbank, Capitec, the acceptance
and usage of mobile payment methods has remained very low. As a result, the
researcher has been motivated to investigate the factors that influence mobile
payment adoption focusing on the university students in a rural town of Eastern
Cape pro South Africa.

2.2 Theoretical background

The discussion over technology acceptance and the use of technology have
attracted different explanations and hypotheses, with one of the common models
being the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) proposed
by Venkatesh et al., (2003).

The unified theory of use and acceptance of technology

The study used the unified theory of acceptance and use to investigate the
behavioural intention and the actual usage of mobile payment systems by the
university students. Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology is one of the
most comprehensive theories that used by the psychologist to determine the
behavioural intention of people towards the acceptance and usage of technology.
Venkatesh et al., (2003) proposed the model of UTAUT theory which includes the
following factors: performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social
influence (SI), and facilitation condition (FC) to predict of technological acceptance
and usage. Venkatesh et al., (2003) added that the purpose of the UTAUT model is
to explain the information technology use behaviour. The UTAUT model has been
authorized by Venkatesh et al., (2003) to be used by other researchers in different
technologies. The model has been designed to measure the behavioral intention
towards the acceptance of new technology and the actual usage comes after the
behavioral intention (see figure 1).

Many researchers have used the unified theory of use and acceptance of the
technology model to explain the user’s behavioral intention to accept innovative
technology and usage (Sivathanu, 2019). The model is derived from the integration
of eight individual acceptance models which include the Theory of Reasoned Action
(TRA) (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977); Theory of acceptance model (TAM), Motivational
Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), combined TAM, and TPB, Model of PC
Utilization, Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT), and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
(Venkatesh et al., 2003). The model has four primary constructs: performance
expectancy, effort expectancy, social influences, and facilitating conditions. The
factors discussed affect the behavioral intention to adopt technology, and ultimately
the behavioral intention affects the actual use of the technology. It also includes four
control variables such as age, gender, experience, and voluntariness of use that
solidify the explanatory abilities of the model.

Chauhan, Yadav, and Choudhary (2021) pointed out that even though the UTAUT
model captures most variables required to provide predictions of technology
acceptance and use intentions, it is important to understand that the results
regarding the relative importance of all four major constructs of the model varied
widely and inconsistently depending on various places. Therefore, the model needs
to be adjusted with the variables that suit the specific area of the study to guarantee
a valid result.

Figure 1:Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT)

Source: Venkatesh, Morris, et al., (2003)

2.3 Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework is the visual representation that helps the researcher to

show the expected relationship between variables. As seen in figure 1 shows the
interrelationship of variables that can influence mobile payment adoption. This study
adapted the research model from the UTAUT model proposed by Venkatesh (2003).
The mobile payment adoption can be explained by determining the two main
variables namely behavioural intention and the actual usage of mobile payment
methods. The behavioural intention can be determined by the four main constructs
found in the UTAUT model are performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social
influence, and facilitating conditions. Therefore, the actual usage of mobile payment
methods can be determined after the behavioural intention.

2.4 Review of variables for mobile payment adoption

Behaviour intention is a measure of the likelihood that someone will buy or use a
particular product, service, or technology. Intention to act is a measure of how likely
a person is to attempt a desired action. Manrai and Gupta (2022) define behavioural
intention as the willingness of individuals to act in a certain way. Srivastava and
Singh (2022) define behavioural intention as the psychological state of the
customers to perform a certain task. Many of the studies conducted research to
identify factors that influence the behavioural intention and actual usage. Therefore,
there are many theories used to identify the factors that influence the behavioural
intention which includes Theory of reasoned action (TRA), The planned behaviour
theory (TPB), Technological acceptance model (TAM) and the Unified theory of
acceptance and usage of technology (UTAUT). Behavioural intention is regarded as
the important variable in the model as it is the mediator variable influenced by the
four main variables of a unified theory of acceptance and usage of technology
(UTAUT) to adopt a certain technology (Venkatesh et al., 2003). In this study,
behavioural intention will be defined as individual’s willingness or intention to adopt
mobile payment services The four main variables of the UTAUT model that influence
the behavioural intention and actual usage of mobile payment systems are as
follows:

Performance expectancy - the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage (UTAUT)

includes performance expectancy as one of its constructs. Many researchers have
used this construct in different contexts. According to recent studies, performance
expectancy has been found to be a key predictor of people's intentions and,
ultimately, their use of technological systems. Performance expectancy is the belief
that using a system will help one perform better, which in turn will affect one's
decision whether to adopt current technology (Chang, & Xiong, 2021; Chayomchai et
al., 2020; Rosnidah et al., 2019; Sivathanu, 2019). According to some researchers,
customers will use mobile payment systems when they perceive that using it will be
beneficial for their transactional purposes (Alaeddin et al., 2018; Patil et al., 2020;
Raza et al., 2021). In the context of this study, performance expectancy refers to the
extent to which students’ adoption of mobile payment systems after they realize how
useful they will be for their financial activities.

Effort expectancy - is the construct of the UTAUT model that measures the degree of
ease associated with the use of technology system. Venkatesh et al., (2003)
explained effort expectancy as the level of ease associated with the use of
technology system. Chopdar, Korfiatis, Sivakumar and Lytras (2018) defines effort
expectancy as the level of easiness associated while using mobile payment
technology. Effort expectancy is the extent to which the customers perceive the
technology as easy to use (Rahi & Alnaser, 2019). Hussain et al., (2019) believed
that if the customers find few challenges to adopt innovative technology, then more
of them will be willing to adopt the system. Effort expectancy is based on the
principle that there is relationship between the effort applied to use a system and the
outcome received from the effort applied. In the contexts of this study, the university
students are more likely to use mobile payment methods when they realize that they
use less effort to attain the benefits of mobile payment methods. However, fewer
students are likely to use mobile payment methods if they realized that their benefits
are outperformed by effort applied to use mobile payment methods.

Social influence - the unified theory of acceptance and usage (UTAUT) considers
social influence as a factor. It can be defined as when an individual believes it is
important that other individuals consider he or she should use the new system.
According to Sharma (2019) social influence is the extent to which friends, family
members, and colleagues affect a person's decision to adopt a particular technology.
Social influence is regarded as a fundamental social variable in the model, as it
includes the opinion of friends and relatives for the individual to adopt innovative
technology. According to Dwivedi (2019) social influence becomes stronger when
individuals adopt technology at an early stage. Nassar et al., (2019) claimed that
many people will start using mobile payment methods due to social influence in the
sense that they believe that mobile payment technology will benefit them in their
payment activities. In the context of this study, other students may feel willing to
adopt mobile payment systems because their friends think they should. In
universities, students may feel compelled to use new mobile payment methods as
they see others using flickpay, mobile wallets, and snapscan. Therefore, social
influence can be regarded as the main factor in the unified theory of acceptance.

Facilitating conditions - according to the UTAUT model, facilitating conditions are the
extent to which individuals perceive the existence of organizational infrastructure and
the technical infrastructure required to use the intended system. It can be described
as the environmental factors that support the use of the system. According to Jeon
and Lee (2019) facilitating conditions are individual beliefs about the availability of
resources for a particular technology. It is believed that the availability of
technological resources will enhance the adoption of mobile payment services
(Dwivedi et al., 2020). In contexts of this study, students will be able to make mobile
payments through the availability of mobile payment options offered by service
providers such as banks. Venkatesh et al., (2003) define the facilitating condition as
the extent to which people perceive the availability of resources will affect their
intention to use the system.

2.5 Empirical literature

The empirical literature is presented to demonstrate what other studies have

discovered when conducting studies on the same topic

2.5.1 The influence of performance expectancy on behavioural intention to

adopt mobile payment services

Many researchers have found that performance expectancy has a significant impact
on behavioural intention to use specific technologies, such as mobile commerce
(Sair & Danish, 2018); mobile learning (Chao, 2019); and mobile payment services
(Jung et al., 2020). Syifa and Tohang (2020) conducted a study on the use of e-
wallet systems in Indonesia. They adopted the modified DeLone-McLean IS Success
Model which explain the customer perspective in terms of behavioural intention
including the following factor performance expectancy, effort expectancy, information
quality, and service quality. A total of 123 users participated in this study, and 107
responded successively. Results were analysed using partial least squares. In their
study, they found that performance expectancy was the most influential factor in
customers' behaviorial intentions to adopt an e-wallet. They pointed out that
performance expectancy affects customers' behaviorial intentions because
customers are convinced that e-wallets will benefit them in financially activities.

In a study conducted by Chao (2019) they adopted the extended unified theory of
technology use (UTAUT) to determine the intention to use mobile learning. Data was
collected through online surveys conducted at different universities with a total of
1562 respondents. The data was analysed with the structural equation model and
partial least squares (SEM-PLS). They found that performance expectancy
significantly influenced behavioural intention.

A study done by Jung on mobile payment usage in US supported that the behaviorial
intention can be influenced by the performance expectancy and the unified theory of
acceptance and use was adopted. Jung et al., (2020) conducted his study using the
online survey with a total of 327 population sample size and the data was analysed
using the multiple regression and the descriptive statistics. Their findings revealed
that behaviorial intention is heavily influenced by performance expectance among
other factors. Based on the findings above, the following hypothesis is proposed:

H1: Performance expectancy significantly influences behavioural intention to adopt

mobile payment services by university students.

2.5.2 The influence of effort expectancy on behavioural Intention to adopt

mobile payment services.

This variable was one of the fundamental reasons to adopt mobile payment methods
found in the previous studies (Chopdar et al., 2018; Sivathanu, 2019; Jadil, 2021). It
is discovered that the higher the easiness of mobile payment services, the higher the
users’ behavioural intention would be (Sivathanu, 2019). Some of the mobile
payment researchers stated that effort expectance has a significant positive impact
on the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment (Shaikh & Karjaluoto, 2018;
Farah & Abbas, 2018; Hussain & Johns, 2019). Shaikh et al., (2018) conducted a
study on the extent to which risk perceptions, effort, and performance expectancy in
mobile banking adoption in Pakistan. They used the theory of acceptance and the
unified theory of acceptance to modify the conceptual framework of their research. A
sample survey was carried out among 189 Pakistan responses had been collected
and analysed using the smart partial least square (PLS). Their findings revealed the
strong significance influence of effort expectance on the behaviorial intention.

A study conducted by Hussain & Johns (2019) on mobile-payment adoption for

bottom of pyramid segment in Bangladesh. The study was conducted to a sample
population of 247 bottom of pyramid (BOP) customers using sample survey and the
extended unified theory of acceptance and use was employed (UTAUT2). The
collected data was analysed using confirmatory analysis and the structural equations
modelling. The finding of their study revealed that effort expectancy has a positive
influence on the behavioural intention of customers to adopt mobile payment.

The research conducted by Jadil, 2021 supported that the effort expectance has a
significance influence on the behaviorial intention. Jadil, (2021) conducted a study on
the adoption of mobile banking and they adopted meta- analysis of the unified theory
of acceptance and usage (UTAUT) model. The findings of their study revealed the
significance of the effort expectance on the behaviorial intention to adopt mobile
banking. Thus, we hypothesized the following:

H2: Effort expectancy significantly influences the behavioural intention to use mobile
payment by university students

2.5.3 The influence of social influence on behavioural intention to adopt mobile

payment services

Several researchers discovered that social influence has a considerable influence on

behavioural intention to use innovative technologies in learning management
systems (Alshehri, Rutter & Smith, 2019); mobile learning (Chao, 2019) and mobile
payment (Al-Okaily et al., 2020). Tusyanah, Wahyudin and Khafid (2021) conducted
a study in Indonesia on factors that influence the behavioural intention to use an e-
wallet. The target population of the study was 4 156 students and sample population
of 365 students of the faculty of economics at Universitas Negeri Semarang. The
collected data by questionnaire was analysed using structural equations modelling
partial least square (SEM-PLS). Results from the study concluded that social
influence has a positive effect and significant influence on behavioral intention to
adopt e-wallets of 22.8%.

Al-Okaily et al., (2020) undertook a study on the determinants of digital payment

systems using the extended unified theory of acceptance and technology use
(UTAUT2). The data was collected from a sample population of 270 Jordanian public
sector employees and were analysed using the partial least square. It was found that
the intention to use JoMoPay system has been positively influenced by social
influence.

The study done by Alshehri, Rutter, & Smith, (2019) supported that social influence
has a significance influence on the adoption of new system. Alshehri et al., (2019)
conducted a study on understanding the student perception on mobile learning. The
study adopts the unified theory of acceptance and use to find out how student
perceive to use the blackboard system. The data were analysed by the structural
equation modelling to test the proposed hypothesis. The results of the study
revealed that social influence play’s important role for the student to become more
willing to use the blackboard systems. Hence, this can lead to the following
hypothesis:

H3: Social influence significantly influences behavioural Intention to adopt mobile

payment services by university students.

2.5.4 The influence of facilitating conditions on behavioural intention to adopt

mobile payment services

Many studies indicated that facilitating conditions significantly influence the

behavioural intention to use a certain technology (Mensah et al., 2020; Patil et al.,
2020; Gupta et al., 2019). A study done by Mensah et al., (2020) on the topic titled
factors that influence the continuity intention of university students in Ghana. The
study adopted the unified theory of acceptance and use. The findings of the study
revealed that facilitating condition influences the behaviorial intention of students to
continue using the mobile money transfer.

Patil et al., 2020 conducted a study on consumer adoption of mobile payment in

India and found the similar results found by Mensah et al., (2020) that the intention of
consumers to adopt mobile payment has been influenced by facilitating conditions.
However, a study done by Gupta et al., (2019) on the topic titled factors that
influences the adoption of mobile payment in India found the different results with
other researchers. The findings of their study revealed that behaviorial intention is
moderated by the facilitating condition.

Therefore, Chao (2019) added that the availability of resources for use will increase
users’ behavioural intention to adopt innovative technologies. Despite the unified
theory of acceptance and usage (UTAUT) shows the direct influence of facilitation
condition to the actual usage (Venkatesh et al., 2003). Therefore, several
researchers found the direct relationship of facilitating condition and behaviorial
intention. Thus, the following hypothesis is formulated:

H4: Facilitation condition influences the behavioural intention of student to adopt

mobile payment methods

2.5.5 The influence of behavioural intention on the actual usage of mobile

payment methods
 Barry & Jan, (2018) conducted a study entitled factors that influence the use of
mobile commerce in Malaysia. The study adopted the technological acceptance
model (TAM), and the questionnaire were distributed to 350 smartphone users. The
findings of the study revealed that the behavioural intention has a significant positive
influence on mobile commerce use. Some of the researchers argued that various
motivational factors influence the intention of people to use certain technologies
(Alaeddin et al.,2018; Patil, 2020; Kumar et al., 2018). However, some researchers
limit their studies to determine the significant relationship between behavioural
intention on the adoption of mobile payment services to the extent of finding the
relationship between the behaviorial intention and the actual usage (Alaeddin et al.,
2018; Kumar et al., 2018). Therefore, other researchers (Patil, 2020) warned about
investigating factors that influence behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment
methods without assessing the influence of behavioural intention to the actual usage.

A few couples of studies found a significant relationship between behavioural

intention and actual usage of mobile payment methods (Sivathanu, 2019). The study
done by Sivathanu (2019) entitled adoption of digital payment system in India. The
study was conducted using a sample survey of 766 respondents. The finding of the
study suggested that behaviorial intention to use innovation affect the actual usage
of digital payment system. However, there are still few studies that yet investigate
the influence of behavioural intention on mobile payment methods adoption by
university students. Based on the above explanations, the following hypothesis is
proposed:

H5: Behavioural intention significantly influences the actual usage of mobile payment
services by university students

2.6 Conclusion

This chapter explained the brief overview of mobile payment adoption challenge and
the unified theory of acceptance and use (UTAUT) underpinned this study. The
background of the unified theory of acceptance and use and its main factors which
include performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating
condition have been explained. Ultimately, the relationship of all variables of the
UTAUT model have been discussed in the empirical section.
 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

3. Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology to investigate the factors that influence
mobile payment adoption by university students. In this study, the research
methodology used to address the research objectives derived from the hypothesis
and the empirical literature review from the previous chapters. Research
methodology refers to the specific steps used to identify, select, process, and
analyze information about a research topic (Pandey et al., 2021). There are logical
steps that can be used to investigate the identified research problem (Bairagi &
Munot, 2019). The research methodology of this chapter presents the discussion of
the following sections, research paradigm, research design, research approach,
target population, sampling method, data collection instrument, reliability and validity,
statistical analysis, and ethical consideration.

3.1 Research paradigm

A research paradigm is the collection of values and techniques used to solve

problems (Mutiani & Abbas, 2021). There are two main paradigms namely positivism
and interpretivism

3.1.1 Positivism

Positivism is primarily based on the actual results from the scientific methods to
prove the truthfulness of the outcome (Onyeukwu, 2022). A positivist view of reality
is based on empirical evidence and statistical observations (Kamath & Pai,
2020). Positivist argued that the reality can only exist if there is a direct observation
which involve the ability to measure and record the findings (Kamath & Pai, 2020).
Observations can be done through experiments and sample surveys. In the case of
mobile payment adoption, the positivist can justify the reality of the outcome of the
research only if the findings are objectively verified through the scientific procedure
using the statistical methods in quantitative nature.

3.1.2 Interpretivism

According to interpretivism, the truthfulness of the results depends on the subjective

judgments of the individuals (Bleiker et al., 2019). The opinion and the perception of
the individuals are basically regarded as the elements justify the existence of reality
according to the interpretivism. The interpretivism is highly recommendable to be
used when the researchers are dealing with qualitative approach (Bleiker et al.,
2019). It is also suitable when the researcher collects the data using the observation,
in-depth interviews, and the focus group.

The research adopted a positivism paradigm as it is appropriate for quantitative

approach and sample surveys for data collection. The positivism paradigm is the
best for this study as it investigated the factors that influence the adoption of mobile
payment methods, using the quantitative research approach which is associated with
the scientific methods like sample surveys and statistical methods to test the
hypothesis and to address the research problem.

3.2 Research design

Research design is the blueprint, or the plan specifically prepared in advance to

answer the research question (Pandey, 2021). The research design constitutes the
decision regarding to the question such as what, where when and how much. The
research design presents what type of data to be collected, where the data can be
collected, when the data should be collected, how the data can be analysed to
answer the research question. Research design is the way in which the researchers
can be able to address the research objectives. There are three main research
designs descriptive, exploratory, and causal.

This study adopted a descriptive research design. Descriptive research design can
be defined as the detailed description of the events, situations, behaviour, and
characteristic of the population under the study (Siedlecki, 2020). The descriptive
design includes a description of collected data from respondents of different age
groups, gender, and different level of education, then the data can be presented in
tabular form to understand the behaviour of the respondents with respect to each
factor influence.

The researcher used descriptive research design to understand the feasible

instrument for data collection, the appropriate sample method, statistical data
analysis and the time frame required to complete the research. The descriptive
research design is appropriate for this study as it enabled the researcher to choose
the online questionnaire instrument quantitative research approach, conveniently
sampling method, descriptive and inferential statistic to address the research
problem.

3.3 Research Approach

There are three research approaches quantitative, qualitative, and mixed (Paoletti et
al., 2021). This study used a quantitative approach that is consistent with the
positivist paradigm. Hobson (2019) defines the quantitative approach as gathering
data that allows statistical analyses. The variables can be measured using the
questionnaire instrument and then analysed using statistical procedures by
converting the data to numerical form (Creswell & Poth, 2018). The study adopted a
quantitative approach since it relies on numbers and fewer variables, thereby
reducing biases and enhancing accuracy.

3.4 Target population

Population is a set of all individuals under observation (Weeks, 2020). Pande et al.,
(2021) define a population frame as a list of the population from which the
researcher can select to undertake the study. This study targeted the population of
registered students at the University of Fort Hare. The University of Fort Hare has
three campuses in different locations: Alice, Bisho, and East London. The total
population distribution of 16 707 registered students at University of Fort Hare.

Table 3.1: Population Distribution

Campus Total number of registered Students

Alice 9228
Bhisho 316
East London 7163
 Grand Total 16707

3.5. Sampling Method

A sample is a subset of elements selected by the researchers from the population

framework (Pande et al., 2021). The probability sampling method provides the
likelihood for all respondents to participate than non-probability, where the
researcher can select respondents subjectively. In addition, probability sampling
generally provides an unbiased representation of the population than non-probability.
Probability sampling is associated with a high cost and requires more time than the
non-probability sampling method, which requires less time since the respondents are
selected randomly. The researcher used non-probability sampling. The researcher
attempts to reduce the biasedness of non-probability by increasing the sample size.
The researcher used the non-probability method because associated with low cost
and requires less time.

3.5.1 Sampling Technique

This study used the convenience sampling technique of the non-probability sampling
method. The convenience sampling technique allows the researcher to get the
responds quickly, saves time and it is cheap. However, the data can be collected
subjectively from the respondents, and this leads to biasedness of the outcome for
the sample to represent the population. The researcher used the large sample size
of 376 students to reduce the likelihood of biasedness. The researcher used the
convenience sampling technique as the best fit for this study as it enables the
researcher to choose the respondents who are in proximity of their location.

3.5. 2 Determining Sample Size

The sample size of the population can be considered important as the degree of
truthfulness of the population depends on the size of the sample (Subedi, 2021). The
greater the sample size, the more accurate the population representation. A sample
size calculator in Raosoft, a Slovin formula, Krejci tables, and Morgan tables can all
be used to determine sample size. The sample size for students at the University of
Fort Hare was determined using the Raosoft sample calculator. The study used a
sample size of 376, with a margin of error of 5%, a population distribution of 50%,
and a confidence interval of 95%.

3.6 Data collection Method and Instrument

This study used the questionnaire instrument to gather data. The data was collected
directly from the field using the online google form. The questionnaire was distributed
to the student emails using the google link. The students were completed the
questionnaire and submitted the responses to the researcher. The questionnaire
consisted of two parts. An overview of the respondent's demographics is provided in
the first part of the questionnaire. In the second part, the measurement items are
provided for each construct in the unified theory of acceptance and usage. The
survey method was used to collect the data from the sample population of University
of Fort Hare. The researcher collected the data from the student to understand their
perspective on the acceptance and usage of mobile payment systems. The
researcher used the online survey to collect the data. The online survey was suitable
for this study because it allows all respondents to participate.

3.6.1 Measurement scale

The researcher modified a questionnaire developed by (Dalimunte., et al 2019; Nur

& Pangaea, 2021; Roy & Quaddus., 2018) to measure factors that influence the
adoption of mobile payment methods by university students. The questionnaire was
designed based on five levels of the Likert scale where (1) indicated Strongly
Disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Neutral, (4) Agree, and (5) Strongly Agree to the
statement given on each statement. Each variable in the instrument was measured
against the items with the acceptable Cronbach scale as follows: performance
expectancy was measured against five items with a Cronbach of 0,83 (Oliveira,
2016) and effort expectancy, performance expectancy, facilitating condition and
actual usage has been measured against four items. The behavioural intention was
measured against three items with a Cronbach of 0,96 (Dalimunte et al, 2019)

3.6 2 Reliability

Reliability is defined as the extent to which measures are free from errors and
therefore, yield consistent results (Amirrudin et al., 2021). The researcher used the
Cronbach alpha coefficient to measure the degree of internal consistency result.
According to Amirrudin et al., (2021) the Cronbach alpha coefficient should be above
0,7 to ensure the reliability of the instrument. This means that the measurement
items are strong enough to measure what is intended. While, if the Cronbach alpha
coefficient is below 0,7. This will show that the items in the instrument are not strong
enough to measure what is intended by the researcher. The measures for internal
consistence or reliability of the instrument with variables, number of items and
Cronbach are as follows:

Table 2: Measure the reliability of the instrument

Variables Number Cronbach Source

of items alpha
Performance 5 0,833 (Oliveira, 2016)
expectance
Effort expectance 4 0,769 (Oliveira, 2016)

Social influence 4 0,851 (Dalimunte, Miraja, Persada

& Prasetyo, 2019)
Facilitating 4 0,858 (Nur & Panggabean ,2021)
condition

Behavioural 3 0,832 (Dalimunte et al, 2019)

intention
Actual usage 4 0,96 (Roy & Quaddus, 2018)

3.6.3 Validity

Validity is defined as the extent to which a measurement construct will be able to

measure what it was designed to measure (Amirrudin et al., 2021). To ensure the
validity of this study, the researcher used the Fornell and lacker criterion which
includes discriminatory validity (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). The researcher used the
factor loading to ensure the validity of the construct in the model. The researcher
presented the first draft of the instrument to the University of Fort Hare research
committee before finalizing the instrument to ensure the validity of the instrument.
3.7 Statistical Analysis

The researcher used statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software to
analyse descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics is defined
as the statistics used to describe the characteristic of the sample (Habes et al.,
2021).

3.7.1 Descriptive statistics

There are three descriptive statistics in this study: mean, standard deviation, and
Cronbach's alpha. The researcher will measure the descriptive statistic of
demographic profile respondents which includes gender, age, race, education level
and the variables in the proposed model such as performance expectance, effort
expectancy, facilitating condition, social influence, behavioural intention, and actual
usage.

3.7.2 Inferential statistics

The inferential statistics can generalize the outcome of the sample to the entire
population. There are two types of inferential statistics: hypothesis tests and
correlations between independent and dependent variables.

3.7.3 Structural equation modeling (SEM)

Structural equation model is defined as the multivariate technique that involve

estimating and test a series of hypothesized interrelated dependency relationships
between the observed variables and the unobserved variables. This study employed
the structural equation modeling to test the hypothesis of the proposed model. The
structural equation model is the best fit to estimate the hypothesis of the proposed
model of this study as structural equation model confirms the multiple variable
characteristics simultaneously rather than the multiple linear regression. A
correlational analysis was used to determine the intensity of the independent
variable's influence on the dependent variable. In this case, the researcher can be
able to determine the degree of intensity influence of performance expectancy on
behavioural intention.

3.7.4 Determining the good fitness of the model

The researcher used the fit indices such as goodness-of-fit index (GFI), adjusted
goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), normed fit index (NFI) and root mean square error of
approximation (RMSEA) to test good fitness of the collected data on the model
(Bentler, 1990). The GFI values, the AGFI values range between 0 and 1 indicate
well-fitting models and the RMSEA should range between 0.05 to 0.10 indicated the
fair fit and values above 0.10 indicated poor fit (MacCallum et al., 1996).

3.8 Ethical consideration

Ethical consideration is the outline of the principles, values and norms that guide the
researcher during the research process (Williamon, Ginsborg, Perkins & Waddell,
2021. The researcher completed the ethical application form accordingly by adhering
to the ethical principles and stated the following statements on the questionnaire
instrument:

 Confidentiality and anonymity - the researcher ensured confidentiality of the

respondents and personal information to remain anonymity.
 Voluntariness - the respondents were informed to complete the questions at their
own time and respondents were allowed to give their consent for voluntary
participation and they can stop completing the questions if they are not willing.
 Honesty - the researcher guaranteed honest to remain truthfulness and maintain
the integrity in the process of conducting the study.
 Consent - the respondents were informed the purpose, the benefits, time to be
taken and the process of the research. In the agreement between the
respondents and the researcher, the respondents sign the consent form.
 Wellbeing - the researcher informed the respondents that their rights and well-
being will be protected against harmful conduct during the research process.

The researcher applied for ethical application to the University of Fort Hare research
ethic committee (UFHREC) and was granted permission, Certificate reference
number.

Delimitations of the Study

This research focused on one institution of university Fort Hare including these
campus, Alice, Bisho and East London. The study focused on collecting the data
from university students. The study was limited within the scope of theory of
technology of acceptance and usage of technology.

3.9 Conclusion

Chapter 3 discussed the in-depth research methodology of this study. A positivism

paradigm was selected that is in line with quantitative research approach. The
descriptive research design was used. Subsequently, the data was collected from
the convenience sampling technique using the questionnaire instrument and the data
was analysed through SPSS. The ethical principles were observed, and the limitation
of the study was considered. The researcher was granted the permission and the
ethical clearance. The study was limited to the three campus of University of Fort
Hare in the Eastern Cape province.

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