frenglish.

ru
contents
unit 1 get active 2- 10

exam trainer 1 11

unit 2 grow up! 12-18

exam trainer 2 19

exam trainer 3 20- 21

22-23

unit 3 blue yonder 24-32

exam trainer 4 33

unit 4 image conscious 34-40

exam trainer 5 41

exam trainer 6 42-43

44-45

unit 5 changing world 46-54

exam trainer 7 55

unit 6 eat right 56- 62

exam trainer 8 63

exam trainer 9 64-65

66-67

unit 7 cogs turning 68-76

exam trainer 1 0 77

unit 8 culture clash 78-84

exam trainer 11 85

exam trainer 1 2 86- 87

88-89

unit 9 a typical education 90-98

exam trainer 1 3 99

unit 10 working life 100-1 06

exam trainer 1 4 107

exam trainer 1 5 108- 109

110-111

exam tests 1-3 112- 117

writing references 118- 124
topic word list 125-130
irregular verbs 131
self-assessment and exam tests answer key 132

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 Vocabulary Grammar
Body parts Articles
1 Label the photo with the words below. 3 rn Underline the correct words to complete
the sentences.
ankle chest chin elbow heel hip If you do Qi Gong, you can burn 320 calories
shin shoulder thigh waist wrist./
the/an hour.
2 There are a lot of armchair football players in
-/the United Kingdom .
2 _ _ __
3 The/- yoga is an ancient form of exercise.
3 4 A/The best thing about hula hooping is that
it's fun .
---8
S The Dolphin Pose is the name of a/ the yoga
4 _ _ __ ---~
position.
- - -- 9 6 My mum is an/ - aerobics instructor so she's
extremely fit.
--------- 10 _ _ __
4 (**) Put the words in the correct order to
make sentences.
I
5 was/1950s/Hula hooping/the/popular/in
I
6
I f-/vtlc/ hOOPIf.'!) WC/5 popvr(C/r If,. H-re 19"'05.
'- - - 11
2 is/a/oflSalsa/that/Cuba/dance/ kind /comes/from

2 Underline the correct words to complete the text. 3 physical/every/day/you/Alexercise/ good / littlel
is/very/for
You are in: HealtOy..l"iviOg)- YQ.9.Zi :. eoses > Tree pose.

4 is/class/atlThere/yoga/gym/tonight/a /the

Yoga uses hundreds of different poses that benefit different

S is/to/ hundred /going/Sally/cycle/nextlal
parts of the body. Today, we look at the Tree Pose, which
weekend/kilometres
builds strength in your legs and torso.
Put your weight on your left foot. Feel your weight go into
the -~/palm of your foot. Now lift your right foot. Find 6 is/ Mr Hinds/teacher/PE/school/atlthe/our
your balance and first of all place the bottom of your foot
low down your leg, against your 2 wrist/calf. Pull your belly
3 button/shins in. This will keep your torso straight and will
5 (**) Complete the sentences with a/an, the or
- (zero article).
help you keep your balance. Keep your 4 chin/lower back
up so that you are looking straight forwards. Once you feel
1 -=- Sophie Jones won the national
comfortable, move your foot higher up your leg , to your hula hooping championships.
5 thigh/waist. Press the 6 heel/limbs of your foot against the 2 I'm going to do a fun run next month. _ run
inside of your leg. If you want to challenge yourself, move is five km long, around the city centre.
your foot so that it crosses your opposite thigh, with your 3 I've never tried _ hula hooping, but I'd
toes pointing to your opposite 7 hip/spine. Finally, put your
like to.
hands together and move them over your head, with your
fingers and Behest/thumbs pOinting up to the ceiling.
4 Tim tries to go swimming three times _ week.
Don 't straighten your arms completely. Keep your S Francesca Miranda is Ita lian ballet dancer.
9 shoulders/elbows a little bent. 6 The nationa bas etball final wi ll take place in
Anco na.
2
frenglish.ru
 6 C***) Correct the articles in some of these Grammar r ef erence
sentences. Tick (.I) the correct sentences.
?\
Articles
Qi Gong is tfle! very relaxing form of exercise.
a/an (indefinite article)
2 The last time I did exercise I pulled a muscle We use a/an with a singular countable noun
• when it is one of many of the same class:
in my leg.
Base jumping is an extreme sport.
3 Elma Muros-Posadas is a famous sportswoman
• when it is mentioned for the first time:
from Philippines. I stayed in a lovely hotel when I was on holiday.
• with certain numbers (dozen, hundred, thousand, million):
4 When you do the Tree Pose, it's very difficult to
a thousand miles
keep your balance.
• with jobs:
S I hate sports day because I am always a last an aerobics teacher
• to mean 'per' with prices, speeds, frequency:
person to finish running.
SOp a glass, 50 miles an hour, twice a year
6 The only physical activity I do is when I go
the (definite article)
skiing, once the year. We use the with any noun

7 C***) Read the text and correct the fifteen • when there is only one (it is unique):
mistakes with articles. the moon, the earth
• when it has been mentioned before:
I stayed in a lovely hotel when I was on holiday. The hotel
was in the centre of the city.
Healing feet
.......... .............................................................. ....................................................
Me • when it is defined by the words that follow:
Refl exology is one oYoldest therapies known to man. It is Paris is the capital of France.
tho usands of the years old and was practised by ancient • when a singular noun is used to refer to those items
civilisations in the Egypt and the Americas. Today, you can still
in general:
The computer is one of the most important inventions of
book a session with reflexologist if you know where to look.
the last century.
But what exactly is reflexology?
• in front of superlatives and next, first, last, only, same,
Reflexology is belief that many parts of a body are linked to right, wrong:

fe et. For example, the base of the toes is linked to eyes and The best sport I have ever done is tightrope walking.

ea rs; and a side of the foot is linked to the shoulder. When we • with mountain ranges, oceans and seas, rivers and
plural or collective names of countries:
push on these different areas of the feet to stimulate them, we
the Alps, the Pacific, the Thames, the United Kingdom
also stimulate areas of a body that are linked to them. Do your
• with decades and centuries:
eyes feel tired? Try rubbing the base of your third and fourth
the nineties, the fifteenth century
toes. Have you got headache? Try massaging your big toe.
Zero article
Th is is essentially what reflexologist does - by stimulating the
We use no article
feet, the practitioners say they can help people suffering from • to talk about things in general, including with abstract
ill nesses, fatigue and even depression . nouns such as beliefs:
In t he ancient times, when man used to walk barefoot, our feet Success comes from a bit of talent and a lot of hard work.
• with the names of most countries, cities and with lakes:
wo uld be stimulated constantly without even thinking about it
Spain, Warsaw, Lake Constance
as we walked over sharp rocks or mossy grass. Today, with our
• with proper names:
fe et cosi ly tucked away in the socks and shoes, we need a little
Ricardo Alfonso
extra intervention.
• with sports, games and physical activities:
base jumping, skiing
3
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Expressing likes and preferences
Extreme activities 2 Match the sentence beginnings 1-10 to the endings a-j.
1 I sometimes like a appeal to me.
1 Put the letters in the correct
order to make words to complete 2 I'd never want to b tightrope walking.
the sentences. 3 I quite fancy the c than do them myself.
Some people would say 4 You would never catch d I could surf.
attempting to climb Mount 5 Base jumping really doesn't e really exhilarating.
Everest is brave; I would say it's 6 I find base jumping f to watch risky sports.
foo(l1c.rd1 (dolhafory). 7 I doubt if I'd enjoy g do a parachute jump.
2 Bungee jumping can be 8 I prefer to watch extreme h doing something
described as an sports on TV dangerous.

(xeeremt) sport. 9 I often wish me climbing a skyscraper.

3 You're joining the army?That's 10 I love the feeling of idea of scuba diving.

really (rvabe).
4 When I go on holiday, I like Grammar
trying (nxiteigc) Reference
activities.
5 Travelling by plane is less
3 (**) Complete the sentences with the words below.

(asndgroeu) do .I it one she so such

than travelling by motorbike.
6 Will and Joe did a parachute
jump last month . They're real
(Itihlr-ekesers).
7 Walking a tightrope is the most
(hsaadrzou)
thing I have ever done.
8 I'd love to go up in a hot-air
balloon. I think it would be really
(rnillhigt).
9 Do you think base jumping is
(yriks)?
'I think people who go base jumping are a bit foolhardy:
'Yes, I do ,too:
2 I might do a bungee jump this weekend. If _ _ __ , I'll
let you know.
3 Liz decided not to go surfing because _ _ _ _ felt
cold and tired .
4 Is that a photo of your brother base jumping? Can I have a
look at _ __ _ ?
5 Extreme sports are growing in popularity. _ _ __
activities appeal to thrill-seekers.
6 'What kind of holiday do you want to book?' '_ _ __
with lots of extreme sports:

4 (**) Complete the sentences by adding this, that, these or

those in the correct place.

She didn't check her parachute properly before she

)' '1"h?lt
jumped / Was very silly.

2 When I was young I used to go skiing every year.

Were the days!

3 I don't like that T-shirt. I think one is much more trendy.

4 You see the people over there? Are the ones who are going

on an extreme sports holiday?

5 Some people jump off skyscrapers. I find absolutely amazing.

4
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5 (**) Cross out the words that can be omitted to avoid Grammar
repetition.
These pens are mine and those j3€B5 are Richard's. reference
2 I can't go to the cinema with you today but I can go to the Reference
cinema with you tomorrow. 'Reference' refers to ways of holding a
3 Which pair of jeans do you want?' 'I think I'll buy the text together and avoiding repetition.
cheapest pair of jeans: Reference links can refer backwards or
4 Alain Robert said he would climb a skyscraper and he did forwards.
climb a skyscraper.
Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they, his,
S The buildings he has climbed are some of the tallest
hers, its, theirs, etc.)
buildings in the world.
Used to avoid repeating singular or plural
6 (***) Read the text and decide what the words in bold 1-8 nouns.
refer to.
This is my sister. She's older than me.
Jakob and Charlie look very alike. They're
brothers.

Walking amongst Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)

theclouds To replace longer stretches of text or ideas

which can't be related to a specific piece
of text.
n 1974, a twenty-four-year-old Frenchman called
I Philippe Petit completed a thrilling tightrope walk.
More than 1,200 feet above the streets of New York, Petit
'Tom is going to jump off a 200-metre-tall
building, with just a parachute.' That is the
stupidest thing I have ever heard.'
walked between the twin towers of the World Trade Center.
1This, of course, was completely illegal. Petit and his 'Which shoes are you going to buy?' Those
helpers had dressed as construction workers, sneaked to the top red ones over there.'
of one of the towers and waited there all night before setting
Substitutions (one/ones, so, such, do/does)
up the tightrope. 2 They had spent six years preparing for the
walk, getting the equipment they needed such as a giant To indicate that something has been
pole and steel cables. 3 These they anchored to the towers so omitted and replaced with the substituting
that the tightrope was stable. When the light was good word.
enough, self-taught Petit stepped out onto 4 it and then spent He said he wants to climb a skyscraper
the next hour walking back and forth between the towers a without a rope. I've never heard such
total of eight times. He performed tricks such as standing on nonsense.
one leg and lying down on the tightrope. 5 Such stunts were
(used with nouns)
highly dangerous, even more 6 so because Petit did not wear
Many dangerous sports are becoming less
a safety harness. By this time, the police had spotted 7 him
so as safety equipment becomes more
and had ordered him to come down from the tightrope.
Only when it began to rain, making conditions hazardous, advanced.
did Petit finally step off the wire to safety. 'Does your mum do a lot of physical activity?'
Petit was arrested and taken to a New York police station. 'Yes, she does:
The police officers' report described Petit's crime simply as
Ellipsis
'M an on wire' . Some have described Petit as a
thrill-seeker but Petit 8 doesn't. He prefers to describe To avoid repetition by omitting words and
himself as a performance artist. phrases that have already been mentioned
or implied.
I have often wanted to try an extreme
1 WC,(!:,lhit befweeh the Mlh f"ower5
sport and my brother has (wanted to try an
2
extreme sport), too.
3
4
S
6
7
8
5
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Listening
Sporting vocabulary 3 GJ Listen to three students
talking about activities. Match
1 Match the words and phrases 1-10 to the definitions a-j.
each person to the physical
1 bang/ thump (e.g. a ball) activity they decide to do.
2 blow the whistle
3 catch someone up base jumping football
hockey listen to music
4 dribble
Qi Gong read a book
5 kick off surfing tightrope walking
6 mark someone
7 pace 1 Sarah
8 pass 2 Lizzie
9 penalty 3 Julian
10 ricochet
4 GJ Listen again and choose the
a to start (a match) correct answers.
b to come from behind and reach someone in front of you by Why does Julian refuse to try
going faster surfing?
c to stay close to a player of the opposite team during a game a He's tried it before.
d to kick, throw or hit a ball to a member of your own team b It's too dangerous for him.
during a game 0 He likes to keep warm.
e to change direction when something hits a surface at an angle 2 Did Lizzie enjoy surfing when she
tried it?
f to hit something very hard
a yes
g a free kick on goal with only the goalkeeper to beat
b no
h to move the ball along with you by short kicks, bounces or hits
c we don't know
how the referee stops or starts the match
3 What does Lizzie say about
speed tightrope walking?
2 Complete the blog post with the words below. a It's a bit too dangerous for her.
b She quite fancies it but she has
banged blew the whistle dribbled kicked off.l a problem with her foot.
mark passed penalty (x2) ricocheted thump c She is afraid of being up high.
4 What reasons does Lizzie give
for feeling confident about her
chosen activity?
a She's brave so she doesn't
Most nerve-wracking day of my life!
worry about dangerous sports.
Today was one of the most nerve-wracking days of my life. The football b She's done it before and knows
match 1 /..r"c/::.ed off at 2.30 p .m . exactly. It was my job to what to do.
_ _ _ _ __ Lionel Samson. Not an easy job, as he is one of the c She will learn the activity
fastest players in the Youth League. After eighty minutes, neither team safely, from experts.
had scored. By this time, I was starting to feel very tired. Then Nigel Stone
5 What sports does Sarah suggest
_ _ _ _ _ _ the ball to Lionel. I chased him as fast as I could
for Julian?
but he 4 _ _ _ _ __ the ball expertly along the pitch and
a surfing and base jumping
_ _ _ __ _ it into the net. My heart sank.
b base jumping and football
Two minutes later, our team was awarded a 6 . Terry
c football and hockey
Jonson took it and managed to 7 the ball expertly into
the net. It was one all, with five minutes left to play. Suddenly I had the 6 What is Julian's opinion of the
ball and was running towards the goal. Then Lionel Samson pushed me girls'decisions?
from behind and I fell over. We were given another 8 _ _ __ __ , and a They won't be able to relax.
I had to take it! I cou ld barely look as I kicked the ball. It 9 _ _ __ __ b They'll spend a lot of time
off the crossbar ... into the back of the net! Our team went crazy as the laughing.
referee 10 _ _ __ _ _ • It was all over, and now we're the cham pions! c They have chosen some
unwise sports.

6
frenglish.ru
Reading
5 Read the title. What do you think the text will be about?

6 Scan the text quickly and find answers to these questions.

1 Which country is the home of modern football? Ehglc,ha'
2 When were the earliest ball games played?
3 What do the words tsu and chu translate as? tsu: _ _ __ chu: _ _ __
4 How wide was the hole in the net that was the goal?
5 In five-a-side-style Tsu Chu, how do you win?
6 In the final paragraph, what does 'it' referto?

Article L.. :::.~":.~.~:'::'::~~'_ : ........ ............................................................................................................................................ ...... .............. ... . .................... .. ....................................._....................................................................................................

The ancient sport of Tsu Chu

The origins of football can be found in every corner of the globe. Civilisations throughout history all played ball
games and many of these can be considered forerunners to the modern game, which was established in England
in the late nineteenth century.
Ball games were first played in Egypt as early as 1800BC. However, there are claims that ball games were played
even earlier in Ancient China, maybe as early as 2500BC.
The Chinese are credited with the earliest form of football. The game was called Tsu Chu (sometimes spelt as cuju)
and records show mention of this game in military manuals dating back to the Tsin Dynasty (255-206BC). Tsu Chu
was part of the physical education programme used to train soldiers at the time and the game was played
extensively during the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD).
Tsu Chu literally means 'football' as tsu may be translated as 'kicking the ball with feet' and chu means 'a ball made
of leather and stuffed '.
The game was incredibly hard to play and the goal was a net with a hole (approximately 30-40 cm in diameter)
strung between two bamboo poles that were thirty feet high . To score, the ball had to go through the hole in the
net. This meant that players were actually very skilful and were almost considered artists or performers in their role ,
especially as they were not allowed to use their hands. Tsu Chu was played as part of the Emperor's birthday
celebrations - perhaps this is the first example of an exhibition match!
References to other forms of Tsu Chu can be found in historical records. Below we have detailed the other versions
of the game.
Five-a-side-style: This involved a rectangular court with walls and twelve semi-circular holes cut out of the walls.
They were the goals, six for each side. Each goal also had a goalkeeper, making twelve in total. The game was so
hard that the first team to score were the winners.
Keepy-Uppy: In this game, the purpose was just to keep the ball in the air.
Gladiator-style: As part of the military training, a player would be attacked by three to four other players whilst still
trying to keep the ball in the air and score through the hole in the net.
Tsu Chu became incredibly popular with both aristocrats and ordinary people alike and remained popular until the
Oing Dynasty (1644- 1911) when it was eventually replaced by Western football. Recently in China there has been a
surge of interest in playing the ancient game of Tsu Chu.

7 Read the text carefully and complete the summary with one word only in each gap.

Many people across the 1 globe have played early versions of football, although the modern game was first
played in England in 2 1800s. The earliest ball games were played in China, where a game called
Tsu Chu was used to train men in the 3 • The game helped them improve their 4 strength.
To score a goal, players had to 5 a ball through a small hole in a net suspended thirty foot high on
bamboo poles. The players had to have a lot of 6 to do this. There are many versions ofTsu Chu,
in cluding Five-a-side-style, which had a goalkeeper for 7 of the twelve goals; Keepy-Uppy,
w here players had to stop the ball falling on the 8 ; and Gladiator-style, where players would
_ _ _ _ each other. The game was popular unti11911, when Western football took over. However, there
has been renewed interest in the game in lO _ _ _ _ times.

7
frenglish.ru
 Writing
Describing charts .~~P.':I.I.~~~:t¥..~~ ..~~.~.r:t:~.?.~.Cl.~~~~':l.lI.ry.~.~.~r:t:~ ..C?~~~.~.? . ~. ~.~~~~~1..~
160

:2 140
c I
~ 120
I
----
!Eo
(f) 100 ............ Qi Gong
c ----- Football
~ 80
'13 - Hockey
~0. 60 -- Cycling
'0 40
In paragraph 1, explain what ID
.0
E 20
the chart is about. Read the
z"
title of the chart to help you 0
with this but remember to 0 CD co 0 CD co 0 N
(j)
(j)
N
(j)

~
""
(j)

~
(j)

~
(j)

~
0
0
N
0
0 ""
0
0
0
0
0
0 5N 5N
use different words in your ~ N N N N N

answer. Imagine the reader

has never seen the chart or
the chart title. How would
you describe it?
2 In paragraph 2, provide an
overview of the data in the
r Overall, there has been a significant change in the number of participants in different
chart. Summarise key trends.
3 In paragraph 3, focus on any
major changes. Describe the
change first, then use figures
to back up your description. )
Describe two or three
noticeable changes only-
you do not need to write
about everything the chart
contain s.
Useful language
The chart shows/ demonstrates/illustrates . ..
We can see from the chart that ...
What the chart tells us is ...
The chart shows how popular different physical activities were at a sports centre and how
this changed over a twenty-two-year period, from 1990 to 2012. Figures are given in the
number of participants a month.
sports over the period, with levels for Qi Gong rising, cycling falling and hockey fluctuating.
The exception to this is football. Participation in football remained fairly constant, rising
gradually from 120 people a month in 1990 to just under 140 a month in 2012.
The most noticeable change is in the number of participants in Qi Gong. Numbers climbed
steadily from around two in 1990 to just over twenty in 2002, and then soared to in excess of
eighty in 2012. The opposite was true for cycling. Figures increased gradually from sixty to
eighty between 1990 and 1996 but then plummeted dramatically to twenty in 2004. Since
then, numbers have continued to decline slowly. The figures for hockey are rather mixed.
Participation has fluctuated over the period, starting at just under eighty in 1990 and
declining to a low point of fifty in 1998, before climbing back to just under eighty by 2012.
--
1 Read the text and find three verbs
to describe increases and three
verbs to describe decreases.
increase n5e

Describing increases
decrease
. .. increased/rose/climbed/soared (gradually/ slightly/noticeably/
dramatically)
There was a (gradual/slight/noticeable/dramatic) increase/rise in . ..
2 Look at the chart again and
Describing decreases complete the sentences with the
. .. fell/ dropped/ dipped/decreased/plunged/plummeted words below.
(gradually/ slightly/noticeably/dramatically)
There was a (gradual/slight/noticeable/dramatic) fall / drop/ dip/ decline erratic far .I
decrease in .. . gradually increase

Lack of change Football was by ~ the most

remained stable/flat/steady/constant/unchanged popular sport.
There was little change in .. . 2 Participation in hockey was
Frequent change
fluctuated / was erratic 3 The biggest _ _ _ _ in
participation was for Qi Gong.
Describing exceptions
4 Participation in Qi Gong climbed
The exception to this was . ..
This was not however true of .. . _ _ _ _ at first, then shot up.
S There was a noticeable _ _ __
in the popularity of cycling.
8
frenglish.ru
3 Match the chart titles 1-5 to the correct
paraphrases a-e.
1 Number of hours spent doing exercise per
week, UK, 2011
2 Number of illegal base jumps, 2005-2020
(projected)
3 Money spent on extreme sports, sixteen- to
twenty-five-year-olds, 2000-2010
4 Hours spent studying vs hours spent
exercising, sixteen- to twenty-year-olds, 2010
5 Number of calories expended by exercise type
a The chart shows how much time people
exercised for each week in the UK in 2011.
b The chart illustrates the rate at which different
kinds of activities burn calories.
c The chart compares how many hours young
people studied with how many hours they
exercised in the decade ending 2010.
d The chart illustrates expenditure on extreme
sports by young people for a ten-year period
starting in 2000.
e The chart shows how many base jumps were
made unlawfully, starting from 2005 and with
estimations up to the year 2020.
6 Complete the strategies box with the words
below.
grammar identify paragraphs
paraphrase./ summarise synonyms
Describing charts
• Look at the chart carefully and read the title.
Think of how you can ' pc;,rc;,pMrc;,5e the chart
title in your introduction.
_ _ _ _ the chart in one or two sentences.
_ _ _ _ the key trends in the chart. Make a
list of words you can use to describe rise and fall
in order to describe these trends.
• Organise your description into 4 _ _ __
Follow this order: introduction, general overview,
key trends and striking statistics.
• Check you have used a variety of vocabulary.
Think of 5 you can use to avoid
repeating the same words.
• Check the number of words you have used.
Also check your spelling, punctuation and

4 Read the chart titles. Write one or two

sentences to paraphrase each one. 7 Read the task and write a description of a
chart. Use the example on the opposite page,
Rates of fitness levels amongst fifty-year-olds,
the strategies in exercise 6 and ideas in the
2005-2012
exercises to help you. Write 200-250 words.
2 Increase in mountain biking amongst women,
2008-2012
Look at the chart below and write a
3 Consumption of healthy foods: children aged
description of it .
three to six, 2011-2012

5 Rewrite the sentences using the word in

brackets. Do not change the word given. # Participation in extreme sports by
1 Spending on leisure activities fell dramatically. ~~.~.. ~""~.. ~~.I1.c:I~~......................................................................... .
35
(fall)
(here f/1Jc;,5 c;, drc;,/vIc;,nc wtt 10. 5pehdlhf) 30

Oh tel5l/7re c;,cnvlnc5. 25

2 The chart shows a slight increase in 20

participation in extreme sports. (slightly)
15

10

3 There was a fluctuation in the number of club 5

members. (fluctuated)
0
0 N <t U) CD "- <Xl Ol 0 N
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
N
'"
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
N
0
N
0
N

---- - Men (18- 25) ............ Women (18-25)

4 We can clearly see a strong rise in fitness
amongst members. (strongly)
- Men (26-40) - Women (26--40)

9
frenglish.ru
 Speculating Defending a point
1 Underline the correct words to complete the of view
conversation.
A: I can't see Paola anywhere and we're about
3 Complete the blog and the comments with the
phrases below.
to start training. How 1 likely is it/ likely it is that
she's forgotten about football practice? agree up to a as I see .I
B: I spoke to her about it this morning. I'm entitled to a view I don't really
2 surely certain/absolutely certain she said she I still believe matter what you say
was going to come. may well be so my opinion not so sure
A: Hmm, if you spoke to her about it this
morning, it's 3 high/highly unlikely that she has
forgotten . Have your say blogs
B: She 4 could have been!could be held up at I
college. She was really behind with her I Time to junk junk food at school?
coursework.
I Comments
A: Who, Paola? Never! That can't 5 possibly/ I .
I Posted FltFan99
possible be what happened. She's always so
disciplined about her work. II My school is planning to ban all junk food from the
B: Hmm. Is it 6 likely/likeable that she's forgotten I canteen, and I think it's a good idea. 1 A5 I5ee it,
her football boots? ! students need to eat more healthily. Rates of obesity are
A: No, I don't think it's 7probably/probable i climbing in our country. In 2 , people

because she's a very organised person. ! should eat junk food just once a month, not every day of
B: Well, she 8 might be/might is sick then. It's ! the week! Schools can help people achieve this goal by
9possible/possibly that she's gone home. I banning all junk food from the premises.
A: I agree. She 10 certainly/ must be ill . Posted Chocolicious

B: Oh look, there she is, chatting to that good- I3 point but it's nice to have a
looking referee ... chocolate every now and then, especially if you feel tired.
And 4 agree with what you said about
2 Decide if the second sentence is true or false. junk food. Most people I know eat junk food just once or
Tick (.I) true or cross (X) false.
twice a week, not every day!
1 Lena feels really hot and she's got a headache.
I Posted FoodLover
[K] It's highly unlikely that she's got the flu . I You say rates of obesity are climbing, FitFan99, and that
2 Have you seen Richard? His leg is in plaster II the school should ban Junk
.
food from the canteen. That
and he's using crutches.
II 5 but what should the school do about
D He's just been skiing. It's very likely that he i people who bring packed lunches? Are they only allowed to
had an accident.
! bring healthy food? I'm 6 that would
3 If Marco doesn't get here soon, he'll miss the ! work. Students can just go to a shop at lunchtime and buy
flight.
I some more crisps or sweets. Also, parents might get angry
D He may be stuck in traffic. , if the school throws food away. It's very wasteful.
4 The temperature in Helsinki at the moment is II, Posted by: DUrl'C'O'U V
----- ---,,"""",.,"" """""""""""""""' --------------------------------------
_5° Centigrade.
!, It doesn't 7 , FitFan99. I love junk food
D It'll certainly be warm there.
I and I'll find it somewhere!
5 We had a six-course buffet, followed by cakes
1 Posted FitFao99
and then cheese.
D You must be starving!
i Thanks for all your comments. Everyone's
i 8 but I stand by my original comment.
6 I feel very tired and a bit light-headed.
I 9 that the school should only provide
D It's possibly because you haven't eaten
I healthy food. It's the school's responsibility to look after
anything all day.
I students, and that includes looking after their health.
10 1.............._._._._._ .... __ .. _._ .. _... ___.___ ._.. __ .. ____._.. '" _.,_'_' ...m.'_ .... '_. _ ,._. _ _ _ _ ~

frenglish.ru
Use of English Exam task
Synonyms and antonyms Multiple-choice doze
1 Decide if the words and phrases have a positive 4 Choose the best option, a, b, c or d to complete
or negative meaning. the text.
1 risky l'Iegc.f(ve
2 ... really doesn't appeal to me Dance yourself fit

3 exciting Forget 1 ~ sports like base jumping: it seems the

4 I doubt if I'd enjoy .. .
5 I often wish I could ... because I love ...
6 hazardous
7 I quite fancy the idea of ...
fastest-growing leisure activity is Zumba, a dance class.
Since Zumba was first launched in 1999, the number of
people taking part has 2 _ . It is now estimated that
around ten million people every week shake their 3 _ in
a Zumba class, and the numbers keep on 4 _.

8 thrilling Vicky Hammonds started Zumba classes six months ago

2 Match the words and phrases to their and says the exercise has helped her lose weight and
opposites below. , trim her 5 _ .'1 hate competitive sports; she explains.
'You would never 6 _ me playing football or netball.
catch up extreme fluctuate
I prefer to dance 7 _ go to the gym. The music is so
I love the feeling of.. . plummet
safe.l You'd never catch me ... 8_ and the routines so much fun that I forget I'm
exercising!'
dangerous ~
A dance class may not 9 _ to serious thrill-seekers but
2 I'd love to . .. there's no denying its effectiveness. With its fast 10 _ ,
3 moderate/ mild Zumba offers a new way to get fit and lose weight.
4 I can't stand ...
5 fall behind a careless b appealing c flat
d extreme.l
6 remain steady
2 a soared b rose c plunged
7 soar
d remain stable
3 Complete the sentences with suitable 3 a spine b hips c palm d chin
antonyms of the words in brackets.
4 a dropping b dipping c climbing
1 The work that firefighters do is often incredibly d remaining steady
dc.nger0f/15 and demands considerable 5 a waist b thumb c heel d ankle
_ _ _ _ . (safe, cowardice) 6 a force b make c catch d persuade
2 The price of petrol has _ __ _ in the 7 a of b that c for d than
last six weeks. Unfortunately, the cost of 8 a exciting b brave c foolhardy d risky
borrowing has to a record eight 9 a enjoy b fancy c appeal d want
percent. (increased noticeably, plunged) lOa pass b pace c penalty d kick off
3 To be a good team player, you must _ _ __
the ball often and keep the same _ _ __
as your team mates. (keep, slowness) nfh'
In multiple-choice cloze exercises, think about
4 After slightly for several months,
antonyms, synonyms and mean ings. Use the
the share price suddenly by fifteen
context to help you decide what general
percent once the new chairman had been meaning the missing word should have
appointed. (remaining stable, dropped) (e.g. positive/ negative).

11
frenglish.ru

Vocabulary
Celebrations and special occasions
1 Match the words and phrases 1-11
to the definitions a-k.
celebrate reaching adulthood
2 be over the moon
3 ceremony
4 come of age
S festival
6 make a speech
7 make it a night to remember
8 spend a small fortune
9 throw a party
10 traditional dress
11 venue
a to make an event very special
b to reach the age when you
are legally considered to be a
responsible adult
c a special occasion when people
celebrate something such as a
religious event, and there is often
a public holiday
d to be very happy
e to spend a large amount of
money
f clothes that are or used to be
worn by people from the same
culture or country
9 a place where an organised
meeting, concert, ete. takes place
h an important social or religious
event, when a traditional set of
actions is performed in a formal
way
to talk to a group of people
to do something special or
enjoyable to show that the time
when you become an adult is
important
k to organise a party and invite
people
12
a revision
m average difficulty
€ID extra challenge
Grammar
Review of past tenses
2 m Underline the correct form of the verbs.
By the time I arrived at the venue, the party
was starting/ had started.
2 I had watched/ was watching TV when the phone rang.
3 I gave/ would give Jim a DVD for his birthday.
4 I was going to wear/was wearing traditional dress to the
prom but I changed my mind.
S When I was eighteen, I felt like I would/ used to live forever.
6 I used to/ would be a dancer but I'm not now.
7 Granddad would/used always read us bedtime stories when
we were little.
8 I had spent/ spend months preparing for the party and now
there was nothing left to do.
3 C**) Number the sentences in the correct order to make
a story.
o In the past, this meant that young men used to spend six
months alone in the wilderness, connecting with the
spirits of their ancestors.
o One evening, I was reading in my tent when an enormous
spider crawled in and sat next to me.
o I kept very still but I was terrified it was going to bite me-
some Australian spiders are deadly!
o Luckily I had packed a knife in my rucksack, so I cut a hole
in the side of the tent closest to me.
[]] Last year I turned eighteen, which means I came of age in
my country, Australia .
o Today this is less common but I decided to celebrate by
going on my own 'Walkabout' - camping next to the
beautiful rock formation called Uluru.
o I come from an Aborigine family, and when Aborigines
pass into adulthood, they take part in something called
Walkabout.
o I thought to myself then that I would always remember
my'Walkabout:
o After three hours of sitting still, I knew I would have to do
something, but what?
o I escaped through the hole but had to wait four hours
until the spider walked off into the darkness.
o They would walk around the inland desert - known as 'the
bush' - hunting for food and sleeping under the stars.
frenglish.ru
4 C**) Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the verbs in brackets.
1 After I frc.d dOYle (do) my make-up, I
_ _ __ __ (put) on my party dress.
2 When I was little, I thought 1_ _ __ _ _
(be) married with children by the time I was
twenty.
3 My parents (organise) a disco
for my eighteenth birthday.
4 My granddad (enjoy) loud
music when he was young; he doesn't
anymore.
5 When I was younger,I _ _ _ ___ (spend)
hours dreaming about getting married one day.
6 I (walk) to the party when I
Grammar reference
Past tenses
Past simple
We use the past simple to describe
• single completed actions in the past:
I had a party last weekend.
• repeated actions in the past:
I studied English when I was at school.
• past states:
When I was a child, I loved primary school.
Past continuous
We use the past continuous to describe
• an action in progress at a point of time in the past:

suddenly realised I (forget) to I was eating a bowl of soup in the kitchen when the
phone rang.
buy a present.
7 I (study) Chem istry when I • a temporary or changing and developing situation in
the past:
turned eighteen, then I changed my mind and
I was struggling quite a lot with Maths at the age of ten.
studied Maths.
• an action in progress when another action happened:
5 C***) Complete the text with the correct form I was wrapping a present when my sister asked if she could
of the verbs below.
talk to me.
ask be ./ become celebrate • actions in progress at the same time in the past:
happen have open pull take I was chopping the carrots while Liam was peeling the
potatoes.
La st Saturday , ~ my dad's fortieth birthday.
Past perfect
Th e whole family 2____ with a party at our
We use the past perfect to describe an action completed
house. We 3 a huge cake, sandwiches before a time in the past, when we want to make the
an d lots of sweets and drinks. There was also a huge sequence of events clear.
pil e of presents - it 4 my dad almost half I had read the em ail when you called. (before you called )
an hour to open them all! I read the email when you called. (at the same time as you
Just as my dad 5_ _ _ _ the final gift, Mum gave called)
him a golden envelope. Before the party, we used to and would
6 my mum what her present for Dad was, Used to and would describe actions which happened
but she wouldn't tell us. No sooner had my dad regularly in the past but no longer happen.
_ _ __ the piece of paper from the envelope She used to ride her bike to school every day.
th an a huge smile spread across his face. She would ride her bike to school every day.

'What is it, Dad?'we asked, desperate to find out
w hat his special gift was.
'It 's a voucher for a hot-air balloon flight; he said.
'For all of us!'
Used to can also describe a state which has now changed.
We do not use would to talk about states.
I used to be very lazy; now I go swimming every morning.
Future in the past (was/were going to, would)

When dad was younger, he thought he 8 _ _ __

We use the future in the past to describe the future from
a viewpoint in the past.
a pilot one day. Sadly that never 9 _ _ _ _ but
I was going to make a birthday cake but I didn 't have
at least now he has the chance to fly, and so do we!
any eggs.
I know we'll have the trip of a lifetime!
I realised my life would change a lot.

13
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Grammar
Domestic tasks Modal verbs
1 m Complete the phrases to describe household tasks 3 m Underline the correct option.
with the verbs below. Use each verb once only. 1 You mustn't/ haven't to smoke
inside public buildings.
change change th e dust put put up ./
2 I wasn't able to ride a bicycle when
redecorate remove sew on take out
I was young but now I am/can.
unblock vacu um
3 If you 're still feeling ill tomorrow,
you ought/ manage to see a
1 PVlt VIp a picture
doctor.
2 the rubbi sh
4 Passengers are required to/ need
3 _ __ _ wash er in a tap
check in at least two hours before
4 a room departu re.
S a plug S You don't have/ are obliged to get
6 the surfaces here at 7 p.m. sharp - the party
7 the u-bend will go on until midnight so
there's plenty of time.
8 a button
6 Tanya's high-heeled shoes are
9 a piece of flat-pack furniture together
so high that she managed to/
10 the floo r succeeded in fall over twice.
11 a stain
4 (** ) Put the words in the correct
2 (**) Complete the text w ith suitable phrases from exercise 1. order to make sentences.
able/ am/ I/to change/a plug

Top tips: Living away frOm home,for tie first time I CIfv', Clble To chClY'l@e Cl pIVl@.
2 once a week/ ought!
Jobs to do every week the bath room/We/to clean
Try to clean t he bathroom and kitchen at
least once a w eek Also. remember to empty
the bin and I rCl/;e Ol/7r Me rl/7bb l5n .
Also. 2_ __ _ _ _ __ _ 3 t he kitchen/ don't need/
with lots of people walking in and out of every day/ We/to clean
your home. It'S bound to be a bit dirty.
Check the carpet for any marks. You can
; with warm. soapy water

When to call in the expertS 4 of/ All students/ a deposit/

If you're not very confident about doing must pay/4S0 euros
household tasks, don't be afraid to ask for
help. Electricity can be dangerous. so
befureyou 4 _ __ _ _ __ _ ___
for the first tim e. ask someone t o show S tomorrow/ mustn'tlYou/to put/
you how. Similarly. if yo ur sink is blocked. the rubbish /forget/out
ask for advice before you try to
5 .You don't
want greasy water all over your head!
6 I/ my exa ms/years of studying,!
How to make your home more attractive
succeeded in/ passing/all/ Afte r
Before you make changes to your home. ask
permission from the person you rent it from.
You can 6 simply
and cheaply just by painting the walls a
7 to pay/ Students/ are obliged/ on/
different colour Bare walls look a bit cold,
so 7 or two. of the month/ the rent/
You could bring your favourite ones from the last day
home, to really make your room personal.
Finally, if you need extra storage. you could
8 . It's cheap and
practical. But take your time and read the instructions l

14
frenglish.ru
 5 C**) Complete the dialogue with phrases a-j. Grammar reference
A: Hi! I have some questions about life at the
Modal verbs
university. Are you the Student Welfare Officer?
B: Yes, I am. What do you want to know? Obligation

A: DoI1 ~ ? • Use must to express obligations or strong opinions

B: Yes, you do. There are no cleaners, so 2 _ . that come from the speaker.

A: I see. What about food . Do I 3 ? You must accept that students usually have little money.
B: You 4 _ , because there is a cafe at the • Use have to to express obligations that come from
university. The food is cheap and good. some other authority.
However, I think you 5 _ sometimes. It w il l They have to pay a deposit before they get the key.
save you money and if you 6 _ , you'll have
• Use have to to talk about future and past obligations
an important skill.
and for other tenses/ forms where must is not possible.
A: I ag ree. I'm a bit worried about money,
actually. Do you know who 7 _ my deposit /'11 have to learn how to cook.
to? I want to get my key so I can move in. • Use should(n't) and ought(n't) to to give advice or say
B: All new students 8 at the Student Affairs what we think is the correct thing to do.
Office. You 9 _ , then you 'll get your key. 10 _ You should be positive when you begin university.
the office on your own? Do you need a map?
• Use should(n't) have and ought(n't) to have + past
A: Yes, I know where it is. Thank you, you've been participle to criticise people's past actions.
very helpful.
You shouldn't have shared my secret with Amanda.
a are obliged to register • Use need to say that an action is necessary.
b students must clean their accommodation
themselves You'll need to study for around six hours each day.
c don't have to be able to cook Lack of obligation
d Are you able to find
• Use don't have to and don't need to to talk about
e need to give them your cheque
something that is not necessary to do.
f ought to try to cook for yourself
g need to cook my own meals You don't have to/ don't need to wear a uniform at work.
h I'm supposed to pay • Use didn't have to, didn't need to and needn't have done
have to clean my student flat ./ to say what was done but was not necessary.
can cook
We didn't need to pay to go into the museum. (it wasn't
6 c***) Complete the text with the verbs in necessary)
brackets and a suitable modal verb. There may
Ability
be more than one possible answer.
-- ....."",....--
• Use be able to in the present when the ability is in
some way surprising.
/ am able to make myself understood in French. (Even if my
, French is not perfect.)
• In the past, use was/ were able to for a specific action.

/~
;t nC.Ve. .;., " (join) the university's social They were able to miss the traffic jam by taking a
- " . dO h f 0 I Olh

~-=-:.. king site, but it's a good idea. There, you different route.
_::; ... or (see) all the other new students.
• Use be able to to describe future abilities and with
__ .. ; (take) a tour of the other tenses and forms where can is not possible.

~-'-dent accommodation. You 4 . , I'll never be able to save money if / spend it all on clothes.
- -::':\e) to the university in person to do thIS - yo~
--., (go) on a virtual tour onlme. • Use could have for unfulfilled past ability.
I could have been a vet if I had passed my exam.
~-""linen towels crockery and cutlery are not pr~vided.
:-::;~. ~ ' (provide) these Items
:::-.:.oents 7
-.::nselves. Once you have . .
-;--;'y) everything, pack your things,as effiCIently as
:::;ssible - student rooms are small.
( confirm) they
:;'" tudents 8
-- s t' g their place by 31 August at the latest.
=-= accep m th student
::~ IWl'se their p lace may be given to ano er .
~_1.e 15
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Reading
Tentative opinions 3 Read this email to a problem page. Can you
suggest an answer to Sand ra's problem?
1 Complete the sentences with the words below.

can't hate impression

me./ might thinking
E
1 It looks to Iv>e as if you're just being lazy. To: problemsolvers@gmail.com
2 I to say it, but your son is sponging From: sandra11@hotmail.com
Subject: Always tired!
off you!
3 I get the _ _ _ _ that Tony would let you do I am seventeen years old and I always seem to be tired . [
My classes at school start at 8.30 a.m. and I am late almost
everything for him.
every day. When I do arrive on time , I feel half asleep most of
4 I help wondering if Leah will ever the morning . I only seem to wake up at about 10 a.m. If I go to
leave home. bed before 11 p.m .. I feel wide awake and can't get to sleep.
Please help. How can I get more sleep and feel more awake?
5 You _ _ _ _ consider charging her for food
Sandra
and lodging.
6 I can't help _ _ _ _ that Marco would be
4 Read the newspaper article on page 17 quickly.
a really good worker if he could just get out Does it contain the same ideas as your answer
of bed. to exercise 3?

2 Complete the question and answers from a 5 Complete the article with the sentences A-H.
problem page with suitable words. Use There are two extra sentences.

r-- ---------------. o
exercise 1 to help you.
This suggests that contrary to the popular belief that

I 'A' •
Please help! My son is twenty-five years old but
teenagers can't get out of bed because they are lazy and

I
~ •
I can 't 1 herp HlIhf:.t"frtfjt that my wife still treats
enjoy nothing more than sponging off Mum and Dad,
there is in fact a biological cause for their inability to
I •
him like a baby. She waits on him hand and foot,
lift a finger before 10 a.m.
I •
cooking his meals and washing his clothes.
He doesn 't lift a finger. I 2 but anyone
I • ®
would think he is a prince, the way she behaves! The new school timetable has not been welcomed by
I
He doesn't have a job - he still gets 'pocket
• everybody, however.
I
money', which is never enough, and I'm always
having to bail him out. What should we do? •
I Josef •@ This is the opposite of how adults perform, where
I •
~
concentration levels are at their highest in the morning
and gradually fall away as the day progresses.
Dear Josef,
® I'm twenty-five and I live at home. My mum is •® Students who go to bed earlier do not seem to enjoy
fantastic - she says she enjoys spoi ling me and
• the same benefits of an early night as a forty-year-old
I must admit she does wait on me hand and foot.
I get 3 that you think your son is taking • would do.
advan tage of you. However, you might 4 _ _ __ • CD
your wife and son's wishes and opinions. If he's
happy and your wife is happy, is there rea lly such • As adults, we need to prepare them for the real world,

•.'
not wrap them in cotton wool.
a problem?
Lee

~ Dear Josef
o I would prefer it if my son slept longer in the morning
and worked later in the afternoon.
~ It 5 as if we are in similar situations. I have
I a son who still lives at home. He's not very good

I
at doing household tasks , so I do his cooking and
ironing . But my husband is furious - he thinks I wrap
® However, new research suggests there may be a
scientific reason for teenagers' talent for lazing around
I him in cotton wool. I 6 if your wife does all
and some schools are even changing their lesson times
I these things for your son to show him she loves him.
This is what I do. Why don't you let your wife enjoy accordingly.
I the last few years with her baby boy?
I June ® Mid-afternoon exams co uld also help students.
16
"- ------ ------ -01
I

frenglish.ru
6 Read the article again. Tick (1') true, cross (X) false or
write (?) if there is no information.
, [Z] Many adults do not believe there is a scientific reason
for teenagers' tiredness in the morning.
2 D At 11 a.m. in the morning, a teenager could feel as
though it is 1 p.m.
3 D Russell Foster became interested in this area of research
because of his own teenagers.
4 D A good time to study more challenging subjects such as
Maths would be 2.30 p.m.
5 D Dr Kelly moved PE classes at his school to 10 a.m.
6 D Some parents have had to change their working hours
to accommodate their children .
DAILY NEWS 25 FEBRUARY
imon Lowell, eighteen, struggles to get out of bed
5 in the morning. Getting to school in time for his
firs t lesson at 8.45 a.m. is a real challenge because
what he would rather be doing is relaxing in bed,
having a lie-in.
Simon is not alone - many teenagers suffer the same
dislike of early starts. The simplistic view - popular
with some parents frustrated at their children's lack of
energy - is that teenagers are simply lazy. J _ _
During puberty, the body goes through immense
changes, and variations in hormone levels can result in
changes in the circadian rhythm*. These changes can
be quite drastic - a teenager can be up to 120 minutes
behind an adult - so 7 a.m. for a thirty-year-old feels
like 5 a.m: to a sixteen-year-old. 2 _ _ Russell Foster, a
professor at Oxford University, believes in allowing
teenagers to lie in. He points out that teenagers do
no t perform at their best in the morning - instead,
their levels of concentration and therefore ability to
learn improve later in the day, reaching a peak mid-
afternoon. 3
frenglish.ru
7 Choose the best title for the
article.
a Scientists struggle to
understand teenagers' biology
b Students lazier than at any
time in the past
c Later lessons could benefit
teens
Consequently, Professor Foster and others such as the
former head of Monkseaton School in the UK,
Or Paul Kelly, support later school starts for teenagers.
A later start could also have more wide-ranging
benefits, as students lacking in sleep are known to
perform worse in exams, but also suffer from
depression, weight gain and more frequent illness.
However, if this is not possible, the professor suggests
doing less mentally demanding subjects such as
PE first thing, and saving the most demanding
subjects for mid-afternoon, when the teenage brain is
performing at its best. 4 _ _
At his school, Or Kelly took · the bold step of
starting classes one hour later. He had wanted the
school day to begin at 11 a.m. but, because of
practical· issues, classes in fact now begin at 10 a.m.
After testing the 10 a.m. start for one academic year,
the head teacher claimed exam results had improved by
as much as twenty percent.
5_ _ Some parents have found the late start
problematic because they can no longer drop their
children off at school on their way to work (which still
starts at the same time, of course) and must make
alternative arrangements.
Others were critical oflate starts as being too soft on
sleepy teenagers. 'In the real world, work starts at
8 a.m. or 9 a.m.,' complained one parent. 'When they
leave school, teenagers will have to start work on time.
The sooner they get used to getting up at a reasonable
hour and getting to work - or school - on time, the
better. 6 '
It does not seem that many other UK schools are
following in the footsteps of Monkseaton, so for most
teenagers the sleepy early-morning lessons look set to
continue.
* circadian rhythm: relatingto a period of twenty-four hours,
used especially when talking about changes in people's bodies
17
 Developing an argument A formal email
1 Number the sentences in the correct order to 3 Complete the table with the phrases below.
make a presentation. Ignore the gaps.
a 0 Firstly, playing in the orchestra can be I am writing in response to ...
I am writing to enquire about ...
great for your social life. a For 1'r.5Tc.Yl Ce ,
I am writing to you on behalf of ...
you'll meet people with similar interests and I would be grateful if you could provide
hobbies to you, and will make new friends. me with details of .. . .I
b 0 Today I'd like to talk to you about the I would like to know about ...
We look forward to hearing from you.
school orchestra. I'll explain the benefits of
Yours sincerely, .. .
being part of the orchestra and why you
should consider joining.
Requesting informat ion The reason for writing
c 0 Secondly, playing music is fun and can
I N Ol/1!d b e grc,refl/1! If
help relieve stress. b _ _ _ _ __
'10l/1 COL1!d provid e fv>. e
Gladys Montefiore, who joined the Nr rh d e tc. t/5 of . ..
orchestra last year.
Asking for a reply Ending the email
d 0 To end my presentation, I would like to
point out that to be a happy and
su ccessfu l student, you must of course
study hard bu t you C your
leisure time. Allow yourse lf t ime to do 4 Match the questi ons to the relevant part of
t hi ngs you enjoy and you'll feel more the advert.
relaxed and wi ll be more successful. Do we have to School orchestra

~
e L..., She says the music hel ps her relax and pay to compete competition!
takes her m ind off her studies.
_ _ _ _ _ _ , students involved in the
2 When are the
first auditions?
Why not take part in the first
ever European School
I
orchestra have better concentration and 3 When is the fin al? Orchestra Competition?
(Hopefully not at Twenty orchestras wi ll be
achieve higher grades. selected at audition stage to
exam time!)
f [ZJ Good morning everyone, and thank you
4 Where does the
take part in the grand final.
for coming. The competition is open to
competition ta ke orchestras of students under
g 0 Thank you for listening. I'll be happy to place? (Think about eighteen in full-time education.
answer any questions. travelling costs !) Complete the application fonT'
at www.europeanorchestras. O"
h 0 This brings me to my final e _ _ _ _ __ 5 Is there a partic ular
For further details, contact
type of music w e
The orchestra f ______ performs at Kristoff liebermann,
should play? (We
Competition Director
school 9 travels to like jazz!)
overseas schools to give concerts.
_ _ _ _ _ _ , last year we performed
5 Complete the plan for your email with short notes.
.---'
in Florence in Italy and Vienna in Austria. To: k.liebermann@europ eanorchestra s.org
So if you want to visit new places, join up! Subject: 1 EYltfw"rV; c. bOI/lT El/lro{2. ec.YI :2cMool
Qrc Me 5Trc. C OM{2.e fd'iOYl
2 Complete the presentation in exercise 1 with
the phrases below. Opening: 2 _ _ __

Opening paragraph : 3 _
also need to consider but also
Paragraph 2 : 4 _ __ Paragraph 3: 5
for example for instance .I not only
Ending: 6 _ _ _ __
one example of this is point what is more
Cl05ing the email: 7 _
18
frenglish.ru .~
Use of English Exam task
Set phrases/expressions Open doze
1 Match the set phrases and expressions to the definitions. 3 Complete the text with one word
in each gap.
be required to come of age ./ do the washing-up
make your bed sponge off My journey into adulthood was not an easy
wrap someone in cotton wool
one. I know I 1 oV7gnt- to have been over
the 2 when my parents said they
to reach the age when you are considered an adult
cOMe ofc.ge would 3 a party to celebrate my
2 to get money, meals, etc. from other people, without doing eighteenth birthday. And I really am very
anything for them _ _ _ __ _ _ __ grateful to them because they must have
3 to tidy the sheets and covers after you get up spent a 4 fortune. However, at
that age I was very shy. When my dad said I
4 when a law or rule says you must do or have something had to 5 _ _ _ _ a speech at the party to
thank everyone, I was so embarrassed!
5 to protect someone completely from the dangers, Shortly after my eighteenth, I left home to
difficulties, etc. of life _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ go to university. This was a real shock!
6 to wash plates, dishes, knives, etc. _ _ _ _ __ _ __ When I look back, I realise that I didn't lift a
_ _ __ when I lived at home. My mum
2 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
used to run round 7 me, cooking
A: Tony still owes me 150 euros. I lent him the money four
months ago. What shall I do? my meals and doing my washing.
B: it/but/that money/back/I hate to say/you'll/ don't think/ Unfortunately this meant that when I moved
ever get/I into my student flat, I didn't have a clue how
I nc.t-e t-o 5C.'1 Er bV7t- I dOh 1- t-IUh/:; '1oV7/f ever get- to do the wash ing-8 _ _ __ , let alone
mc.t- MOhe'1 bClC/:;. remember to 9 out the rubbish
2 A: Have you seen Leona today? She seems a bit upset. once a week!
B: her boyfriend/llthat/ she/got the impression/with/
had an argument Now I'm twenty-five and I'm a totally
different person to that clueless
eighteen-year-old. 1vacuum 10 _ _ _ _
3 A: The water won't drain out of this sink.
B: is blocked/ as if/It looks/the u-bend/to me floor three times a week, 1 1 _ _ __ the
surfaces once a week and I can even
4 A: Moira is eighteen but she's quite immature and doesn't 12 _ __ _ a plug. Mum, thanks for
lift a finger at home. everything you did when I was young.
B: thinking that/I/when/she/to university/can't help/ I hope I didn't take 13 _ ___ o fyou!
goes away/she'll struggle

5 A: I always end up doing all the housework in our flat!

B: You/to follow/making / a/ might consider/for everyone/
housework schedule In open cloze exercises, th ink about
set phrases and expressions. Think
about the type of word that is missing
6 A: I've never seen Vincenzo do any housework, have you? (e.g. verb, noun, preposition) and any
B: a vacuum cleaner/ help wondering/I can't/if/ he/ words that are commonly used with
looks like/what/ even knows it to make a set phrase/expression .

19
frenglish.ru
 Reading
Gapped text
1 Complete the gaps in the short texts 1-3 with
the most logical information a, b or c.
1 In many countries, an engagement is celebrated
with the giving of an item of jewellery. _
According to tradition, the man gets down on
one knee and asks for his girlfriend 's hand in
marriage. If she agrees, the band is placed on
the third finger of her left hand.
a Many would-be grooms are nervous.
b Most commonly this is a ring.
c The woman is not obliged to accept.
2 Living away from home for the first time can
be a challenge, since young people have to
cope with many new things for the first time.
_ I t is no wonder that many end up asking
their parents for guidance - and perhaps a
little extra money.
a It is unusual for a young person to leave
home before t he age of eighteen .
b Most you ng people manag e this very wel l
and adapt quickly.
c anag ing money, housekeeping and
shopping are now their responsibili t y.
3 _ On ce you ha ve your dri vi ng licence, you
ha ve much greater independence. Of course,
you have to pay for petrol and to keep your
car well maintained.
a Learning to drive is a key sign of maturity.
b It can be expensive to take driving lessons.
c Driving tests are becoming tougher.
2 Number the sentences in a logical order to
make a paragraph.
a D If the gatekeeper of the afterlife asked to
see a person's tattoo and there were none,
he or she would be refused entry and
would be sent to hell.
b D In many Native American tribes, young
teenagers are given tattoos by tribal elders.
c D These include geometric patterns and
simple lines, and often lines from the
bottom lip to the chin for women.
d D It is thought that such tattoos would allow
a person to enter the spirit world upon his
or her death.
e 0 In some cultures, young people must
undergo a traditional ritual in order to pass
into adulthood.
20
frenglish.ru
3 For each pair of sentences 1-5, underline the
person or thing which the highlighted word
refers to.
The blade glinted in the moonlight. It was
covered in a dark, dripping liquid, which could
have been blood.
2 The skirts are made of many layers and in a
variety of colours. These represent the national
flag, which is always flown on national holidays.
3 The professor invited the young man to take a
seat in his office. 'I want to ask you a question;
he said, gesturing to the seat. 'Please, don't
be scared:
4 A cake, decorated with colourful icing, is
brought to the table. This is decorated with
eighteen candles, which are blown out by the
person celebrating his/ her birthday.
5 At that time, Tony had short black hair and
liked to wear bright clothes. Mine was long
and curly and I favoured loose-fitting,
hippy-style fashions.
4 Scan the text on page 21 quickly. Find the
underlined words and write what they refer to.
1 the,? - the ,?OVlhg5hr5 of the
fC;,rc,MVlfvlCWC, people
2
3 ________________________________
4 _________________________________
5 _________________________________
5 Read the text more closely. Complete the
gaps 1-5 with the sentences a-f. There is one
extra sentence.
a There is little incentive to take part in the races
before the age of eighteen .
b Hunters have been known to chase animals such
as deer until they collapse from exhaustion.
c The most successful runners enjoy high status
and are feted as village heroes.
d Their staple crops are beans, potatoes,
squash, and corn, which they brew into a
potent alcoholic drink to be shared at village
meetings and traditional ceremonies.
e Living in caves or basic huts with few
possessions and little furniture, they lead
simple lives accord ing to ancient traditions.
f The women compete in the dowerami,
meaning they have to throw and catch a
wooden hoop along the length of the course.
The Listening
bare~ot Multiple choice
6 You are going to listen to a young man packing to

runners go away to university for the first time. Tick (.I)

the words below you think you might hear.

D bicycle D car D cleaning supplies

of Mexico D
D
D
D
cooking ~uipment D driving licence
jacket U MP3 player D pet dog
phone D photo D shampoo
sleeping bag D suncream DTV
- some countries, coming of age may entail reaching a
.::1ain birthday such as eighteen or twenty-one, or
:assing a milestone like leaving home to study at
_~ivers i ty. For the youngsters of the Tarahumara people - 7 (]J Listen to the conversation and choose the
3.[ive Americans of northwest Mexico - a key indicator of best answer.
-arurity is when they first compete in a barefoot race. How much longer will the son be at home?
-.-:e Tarahumara live amongst the rugged canyons of the a two hours c 48 hours
~ erra Madre Occidental. 1 ~ The terrain they inhabit is
b one day d a week
-_gged and inhospitable - it was here that they fled to
?S(:ape the Spanish invaders 500 years earlier - and has 2 Why does the mother want to make sure he
-=~p ed the 70,000 Tarahumara who survive to preserve has everything he needs?
-eir way of life. 2 _ _ Indeed, a brew of tesguino is shared
a so she can relax
=_ runners and villagers on the night before an important
-:::e. some of them drinking until they pass out. b because he is very forgetful
--e Tarahumara call themselves the Raramuri - 'those c so that her son doesn't have to worry
.10 run on foot'. They are famed for their prowess in d because he hates shopping
2- ::lura nce running, borne out of the need to
3 What three items does the son decide to pack?
-::nmunicate between distant villages in an area where
-=,e was no transport; and the desire for food. 3 _ _ a books, a top and a phone
::::h men and women compete in long-distance running b books, an MP3 player and a phone
-:::es. often dressed in brightly-coloured belts, the women c clothes, a phone and an MP3 player
:aring layers of skirts. Barefoot running is still common, d a jacket, a phone and clothes for a party
:.. ·.-:ough some competitors fashion homemade trainers
.: of used car tyres. The races are along dusty tracks, 4 What is the mother's attitude to giving her
"'"=:1 down steep canyon gorges, and because they cover son money?
.5 :-'luch as 150 miles, they can last for days.
a She won't give him any money.
-:. ..:ever, the races of the Tarahumara are not as simple as b She will pay for everything.
- _:-in g one foot in front of the other. The men compete in
c She will give him money once, until he is
_-:jipari , which means they are required to run and kick a
-:oden ball along the length of the course. 4 _ _ lf a ball paid the money he has borrowed.
- :,oop is lost, the runner is out of the race. d His father will give him some money.
s considered a great honour to run on behalf of your S What might happen if Simon refuses to do
3.ge. Important race days are treated in a sim ilar way housework?
:-.arional holidays. Neighbouring villages often compete
:':::'::lst each other, so to achieve victory is to bring good a His flatmates will assist him.
':--:-..:.ne to your community, and to fail is to bring shame b The washing-up won't get done.
• ~ . " _ _ In recent times, Tarahumara runners have c He will have to pay a fine .
_-=-;;--..;n to compete in Ultra Marathons in the US to raise d His flatmates will dislike him.
-;:.:-eness about threats to their indigenous way of life,
--:: have raised the ire of more highly-disciplined 6 Why does Simon decide to take his driving
_-;:>eritors by winning races despite wearing home made licence with him?
- -=-ers and stopping every now and then for a smoke. a It wi ll be his only form of ID.
b He is confident he will not lose it.
c He has lost his identity card.
d He wants to start driving again.
7 In what two ways might Simon impress girls?
In exercises where you have to complete a text a having clean hair and clothes
with sentences, read the sentences before and b being clean and being able to prepare food
after the gap. Th ink about the meaning and what c having shampoo and kitchen equipment
kind of information would fit logically into the gap. d being friendly and knowing how to cook
Also look at any reference words and think about 8 What item does Simon need to get?
what they refer to. a cooking equipment c passport photos
b bed linen d food
21
frenglish.ru
self-assessment
Vocabulary & Grammar 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets.
1 Underline the correct words to complete the 1 I W?15 W?1!1:.10.3 (walk) down the street when
sentences.
I dropped my phone and it smashed .
Jumping into the frozen river to save that old
2 Before I began my wa lk, I
lady was very brave/thrilling/ extreme.
(check) the route carefully on a map.
2 After drawing 2-2, England lost the match on
pace/ penalties/ dribbling. 3 I (be) four years old when
3 The venue/ festivallceremony where my cousin's I learnt to ride a bicycle.
wedding party took place was magical. 4 Mymum (bake) cakes for us
4 You should put up/vacuum/take out the every Friday when we were young.
rubbish or that bin will start to smell. 5 I (buy) some new jeans but
5 When I moved into my student flat, I I ran out of t ime.
redecorated/ dusted/made my room with
6 I ran to the bus stop because I was late but
new paint and curtains.
by the time I got there, the bus
6 No matter how fast I cycled, I couldn't
. (already leave)
catch her up/mark her/ blow her whistle.
7 When my dad retired, he took/made/did a
/5 I
speech in front of 150 people. 5 Complete the email with the correct form of
the words in brackets.

2
,
Match the words 1-7 with similar meanings a-g.
rise a plummet Hi Sally,
2 gradually b was erratic How are you? I'm emailing you because I have to go on a
3 plunge c noticeably team-building course for work next week. I have to admit, this
kind of thing doesn 't really 1 ?1ppe?1! (appealing) to me at all.
4 dramatically d gradual
We have to camp for fi ve nights, and sleep in tents. As you
5 stable e steady know, I'm not very 2 (bravery) and I'm worried there
6 fluctuated f slightly might be some 3 (danger) animals in the woods
7 steady where we 'll be sleeping. I know that you've done this course
g climb
already. How 4 (like) is it that a fox or a wild boar
might come into my tent?

3 Correct the mistakes in the sentences.
the
That is al most extreme sport I have ever
heard of.
2 I will go to watch my favourite football team
every Saturday when I was young.
3 My brother was the first ones in my family to
go to university.
4 My dad is an doctor.
5 I can't stand tuna . He is my least favourite food .
6 I started taking gymnastics lessons last month
Also , how difficult are the team-building exercises? I'm not very
fit , and I'm 5 (absolute) certain that I'm going to find
them really challenging. If we have to go on a hike or do an
obstacle course , I'm worried that I'll fall beh ind and won 't be able
to 6 (caught) up with the other people in my team.
Also , do we have to eat dried food for the whole week? I can 't
help 7 (thought) that I'm going to starve! I really love
my food, and so 8 (do) Raquel , another person from
the office who's going on the course. Is the food really so terrible
To be honest, I'm not really sure what the point of the course
is - it all seems a bit 9 (fooi) to me. The boss says it
will help us mature in to professional executives who can stand
on our own two 10 ('oot). but I'm not convinced .
Please tell me something posit' e about the course. At th e
moment I really don 't war, to 9
Ricardo

and as did my sister.

22
frenglish.ru
Listening
6 CD Listen to the conversation and write short
answers to these questions.
1 Where was Ginny when she turned eighteen?
2 What did Ginny watch immed iately before she
did the jump, to prepare herself?
3 What was below Ginny when she did the jump?
4 Which part of Ginny's body was the bungee
rope attached to?
5 Who videoed Ginny's jump?
7 CD Listen again and choose the best answer,
a, b or c.
What made Ginny decide on her choice
of present?
a She thought it was less expensive than
other presents.
b She had never been interested in jewellery.
c She thought it was something she would
remember.
2 When did Ginny decide she quite fancied the
idea of bungee jumping?
a when she was on holiday in New Zealand
b the moment she watched a family member
do ajump
c some time after she had watched a family
member do a jump
3 How did Ginny feel before she jumped?
a calm and sure about what she was going to do
b uncertain about whether she could jump
c hot and rather unwel l
4 What two tips did the instructors give Ginny?
a to look and jump forwards, rather than
downwards
b to count to herself and breath quickly to
help her calm her nerves
c to keep her back straight to prevent injury
and to look down
5 How can Ginny's emotions about the jump
be described?
a fear, followed by excitement, followed by
disappointment
b nerves, followed by relief, followed by regret
c nerves, followed by fear, followed by
happiness
frenglish.ru
Communication
8 Underline the correct response for 1-5.
1 'Do I need to bring anything with me to
the party?'
'You can bring some drinks if you like, but
don't feel obliged to/ be supposed to :
2 'Do you want to come skiing with me
next year?'
'Oh no. I hate the cold so I often wish I could do it/
I doubt if I'd enjoy it.'
3 'Will Jason meet us at the park later?'
'It's highly unlikely/ absolutely certain that he
will, because it's his sister's birthday party this
afternoon:
4 'Organic meat is farmed in a sustainable way.
You should try some:
'It doesn't matter how you argue/ what you say,
I still think eating meat is wrong:
5 'Why did Maggie cancel the picnic tomorrow?'
'It's probably/ It can't possibly have been because
it's forecast to rain all day:
9 Complete 1-6 with suitable words. Then
match 1-6 to a-f to make sentences.
You would never catch Me
2 Passengers are required _ _ __
3 How likely is _ _ __
4 You also need _ __ _ conside r
5 This brings to my next
6 It's very likely _ _ __
a point, about air pollution .
b fasten their seat belts.
c the plane will be delayed .
d doing a base jump.
e that you'll pass your next exam?
f how much your plan will cost.
Marks
Vocabulary & Grammar /31 marks
Listening /10 marks
Communication /9 marks
Total : /50 marks
23
 Vocabulary Grammar
Travel Linkers
1 Complete the sentences with the phrases below. Use each 3 m Underline the correct words
phrase once only. to complete the sentences.
1 In this hotel, you can try water
an overpriced dump city breaks get away from it all
sports and/buttake cookery
get ripped off off the beaten track
recharge your batteries .I stumble upon tourist t raps lessons.
2 The hotel is difficult to find
A quiet beach holiday is a great way to and/but it is surrounded by
recl1c.rf)e 10vrr bc.ftert'e5 . beautiful countryside.
2 I thought I had booked a luxury five-star hotel. In fact, it was 3 You can go on a day trip to the
just _ _ _ _ _ __ __ Great Pyramids or/so visit the
3 I don't use guidebooks because I like to wander around and amazing Cairo Museum.
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ interesting sights and sounds. 4 I tried some fried octopus, then I
4 Always ask how much the journey will cost before you get had some squid because/so I was
in a ta xi so that you don't _ _ _ __ __ _ _ still hungry.
5 I don't like long holidays. I prefer taking short 5 City breaks are often short
_ _ _ _ __ __ _ several times a yea r. so/since you only need three or
6 You don't have to go far to ,just four days to go on one.
drive thirty minutes and you're in the countryside. 4 (**) Complete the sentences with
7 The shops in the city centre are little more than the words below.
_ _ _ __ _ __ _ . If you go a little further
_ _ _ _ __ _ __ , prices are more reasonable and alternatively although
as furthermore
the shops are less crowded.
in order to .I so that
2 Complete the review with the correct form of phrases from
exercise 1. There may be more than one possible answer. You should pay a deposit online
rh. order ro book your room.
2 Local food is often tastier
Sorrento Village Hotel
_ _ _ __ _ the ingredients
"Don't book a room here!" are fresh .
@O()f)C Reviewed 25 March NEW
3 TripAdvisor is a useful website,
Last month my husband and I really needed to 1 recl1c.rf)e ovrr _ _ __ __ you shouldn't
bc.ftert'e5 so I decided to book a holiday. We needed to relax, so
believe everyt hing you read .
we didn 't want to go on a 2 . We wanted

somewhere with good food , sunshine, a nice hotel and a pool. We 4 Ho ng Kong is a city w here there is
decided to go to Sorrento. I booked a four-star hotel and off we went. always something happening, day
On its website, the Sorrento Village Hotel had described its location
as 3 . Whoever wrote this must have been a
and night. , you
comedian, as it was right in the centre of town, and awfully noisy. The ca n do some great shopping there.
'lUXUry suite' had a tiny bed, the towels were thin and the nearby church
5 You can ha e breakfast in your
bell chimed all night, every fifteen minutes! In my opinion, this hotel is
4 • We checked out after one night and strolled room . ,~uQn

around Sorrento until we 5 a small family hotel. ea : '1 : e hotel cafe.

They made us really welcome and told us which shops and restaurants
6 ','a~ :::le pe rea d review
to go to, to avoid 6 . Be warned: Sorrento

Village Hotel is nothing like the description on its website! " eC:: :e: _ _ __ __ they
::::a- ::e:: ::e ,', ich hotel to book.
24
frenglish.ru
5 (**) Match 1-6 to a-f to make sentences.
1 I went to Berlin
2 I packed ve ry little
3 I love Japan
4 Review websites are great
5 Rome is very busy,
6 I want to go to America
a whereas Tuscany is quiet and peaceful.
b because they let you compare different hotels.
c so that my suitcase would be light.
d therefore I'm saving every penny I earn.
e so I could practise my German.
f in spite of the fact that I don't really like the food.
6 (**) Complete the sentences with suitable
linkers.
I only go on holiday once a year, burr I go for
seven weeks.
2 My parents enjoy looking around museums
_ _ _ _ visiting churches.
3 I would describe this shop as a tourist trap
_ __ _ it sells very expensive souvenirs.
4 I gave the hotel receptionist my passport
_ _ _ _ she cou ld check my ID.
5 Would you rather visit the zoo go
to the art gallery?
6 Ilike going to the seaside. , I never
swim in the sea.
7 Heike speaks perfect English, she
has never been to the UK.
8 This year I'm going camping, and I'm going to
Paris for a long weekend, _ _ __
7 (***) Look at the words in bold. Tick (,./) the
correct sentences and correct the mistakes.
There may be more than one possible answer.
50
o Jason understands French, s-iR€eJ he can
book our hotel room in Paris.
2 0 I found this hotel as a result of reading a
travel guide.
3 0 They are getting married in Las Vegas
as a result of going to Los Angeles for
their honeymoon .
4 0 You can book your tickets online or you
can pay in person in one of our shops.
5 0 The George Hotel is a great place to recharge
your batteries, for it's also rather expensive.
frenglish.ru
Grammar reference
Linkers
Addition
He's (both) charming and good-looking.
When! went to Rome, ! visited the Coliseum and the
Spanish Steps.
You can go swimming and you can also sunbathe on the
beach.
!Iove travelling but !Iike relaxing at home, too/ as well.
Travelling by plane can be expensive. Moreover/
Furthermore, it's not very good for the environment.
As well as being brilliant at Maths, Joaquim can speak five
languages.
I've got a sore throat. Also,!Besides,!What's more,!
In addition, ! feel tired.
Reason
! never eat fish because it makes me feel ill.
She looks relaxed due to the fact she's been on holiday for a
month.
!Iove Italy since/ as my favourite food is pasta.
Result
He arrived at the airport three hours la te, so he missed his
flight.
You 'll need to pay for a visa when you arrive. Therefore,
please ensure you bring cash w ith you.
I've lived in Prague for six years. As a result, ! know the city
very well.
Contrast and concession
You can check in three hours before the flight but you can't
get on the plane until thirty minutes before take-off.
The food here is really delicious, although it's a bit
expensive.
They didn't spend much on the hotel room. However, the
standard was excellent.
Julia has been learning French for six months, yet she says
she can't speak a word.
My husband likes going on active holidays, whereas! prefer
to relax on the beach.
Despite the fact that! was ill, it was the best holiday I've
ever had.
Purpose
I'm not packing too much so (that) my suitcase will be light.
I've made this list so you'll know what to pack for your
holiday.
You'll need a map so as to/ in order to find your way around
the city.
Alternative
Would you like to sit next to the window or next to the aisle?
We could spend the money on a new car; alternatively, we
could go on a luxury holiday.
2S
 Vocabulary Gr ammar
Personal opinions Perfect verb forms
1 Match 1-6 to a-f to make sentences. 3 m Underline the correct words to complete
If you ask the sentences.
2 I'm convinced 1 The mountain climb had been arranged/
3 You will never convince had arranged by four expert mountaineers.

4 There is no 2 To have/ Having learnt how to sail, I now want

5 I just don't see to sail around the world.

6 At the end of the 3 By the time I'm eighteen, I will learn/
will have learnt how to drive a car.
a day, what is most important is safety. 4 I expected to have passed/ to have been passed
b me, skill and ability are more important than age. my driving test by the time I was eighteen
c way that I would let my child climb Everest. but I still haven't - and I'm now thirty!
d me that a fourteen -year-old has the skills and 5 We have finally arrived/ have been arriving
experience of a th irty-year-old.
home after our trip around the world.
e that teenagers are not fully aware of the risks.
6 I '11 have been wanting/'ve been wanting to see
f how sailing around the world on your own
Mount Everest since I was six.
helps your education.
7 By the time I'm twenty, I 'cl been learning/
2 Complete the dialogue with phrases from will have been learning to dance for fifteen yea rs.
exercise 1.
8 Her parents' agreement that she could go
A: Have you seen this article about this fourteen-
diving was what she'd been dreamt/
year-old, Alice Mellows?
been dreaming about for as long as she
B: The girl who's going to fly a plane across the
could remember.
Atlantic, solo?
A: That's the one. 1 Ift70l/1 ?l5f: me, it's 4 (**) Read these comments about the article in
exercise 5 and complete them with the correct
madness. What if something goes wrong?
perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
B: Well, she's done a lot of training and she's an
1 My son h?l5 bee", 5wr"rv.Jv.rfo.@ since he was
expert pilot. Surely 2 _ __ _ _ _ _ __
eight months old. He's eleven now but I can't
way her parents would let her even attempt it
imagine him swimming the Channel! (swim)
if they thought there was any danger.
2 Until I read this article, 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
A: Hmm, I don't know about that. I'm
attempting a cross-Channel swim but now I'm
- - - - - - - - - a lot of these not so sure. (consider)
parents just want their children to be famous.
3 the article, I honestly
B: Really? 4 it that way.
feel that anything is possible, as long as you
In my opinion, these parents are just helping
work hard and focus. (read)
their children achieve their dreams.
4 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a lot about amazing
_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ , isn't it a parent's
swimmers but at the end of the day I'm
job to help thei r child ren be successful in life?
an armchair swimmer. (learn)
A: I honestly feel that these so-called teen
5 I a work colleague to
explorers are doing what their parents want
swim the Channel. He's doing a lot of training so
them to do, not what they want to do.
I'm sure he'll be successful too! (sponsor)
B: Oh, come on! To climb to the top of Everest or
6 I wanted the Channel
sail around the world solo, you have to really
by the time I reached eighteen . Unfortunately,
want to do it. You 6 _ _ __ _ _ _ __
it never happened. (cross)
that someone would do such a thing just to
7 I'm a really serious swimmer and I hope that by
please their parents.
the time I'm forty, I a
A: Well, I think we'll just have to agree to disagree.
cross-Channel swim . (complete)
B: I'll agree with you about that.
26
frenglish.ru
-----------------------------
5 C***) Complete the text with the correct
perfect form of the verbs below.
attempt complete (x2) cross
discourage fail get give up have
swim (x2) succeed tell try.l
3 etween the coasts of France and England lies the
Channel , a stretch of wa ter some twenty-two miles wide .
=c;50ite its cold water, fierce currents and high waves, people
-"t'lVe beer. fY'vJlh.fJ to swim the Channel for more than
~ J years Those w ho 2 the
:-:: enge successfu lly 3 to battle
-::'8dictable wea ther and avoid up to seventy shi ps .
- -8 88, Thomas Gregory, aged just eleven years, beca me
-~ oungest person to swim the Channel. By the time he
- -::;ed out of the sea , he 4 for
-7 e~ hou rs and fifty-four minutes. He beat the record set
.::Jrcus Hooper almost ten years earlier, who
_________________ the Channel in fou rtee n hours
~:: -~·rty-seven minutes.
-- :--8' notable record-holder is Alison Street, who
_________________ the Channel forty-three times.
_ on ly once. Before she
->::-::::- she 8 that the weather
-::: s-::wny, but she continued anyway Aher
_______ _ _ _ , Alison admitted that she should
- ~' ~I ave attempted the swim, but added that the failure
~ - some ways a good th ing. The fierce Channel taught
- :: :J ua ble lesson: she 10 __________________
7 :::-'jdent.
- : -::5 and Alison are in an elite group as far as extreme
~ e'Tlen ts go Of all the people who
_ _______________ to cross the Channel, o nly one
;:or - . The success rate is
_-c;' :0' people attempting to climb Mount Everest. Still,
_ _______ not those who wan t to
-=--::;- -'lis toughest of cha llenges. By 2020, it is estimated
-:::'8 ihan 1,200 people 14 _ __ _ _ _ _ __
- :'::_ous sw im from Dover, England to Cap Gris Nez on
- :-~-:'l coast.
frenglish.ru
Grammar reference
Perfect verb forms
Perfect verb forms link two different times.
Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous
We use the present perfect simple when
• we are interested in the present result of a past action:
He has broken several world records thanks to his skill.
• an action or state started in the past but is still in
progress or the period of time is incomplete:
It's taken me four years to train for my cross-Channel swim.
It hasn't been easy but I've enjoyed every minute of it.
• an action happened in the past but is still current or
relevant to the speaker:
My achievement has resulted in lots of appearances on TV.
We use the present perfect continuous
• with a time expression, to stress the duration of the action:
I've been asking my parents to let me climb Mount Everest
since I was ten.
• without a time expression, to stress the recentness of
the activity or that it is incomplete:
He's been preparing for his climb by training at the gym.
Past perfect simple and past perfect continuous
We use the past perfect to emphasise that one action
happened before another action in the past, particularly
when the order of events may not be clear from context.
Before I began climbing, I had been shown on a map the
best route to take.
We use the past perfect continuous to show that the
action is repeated or extended .
I'd been walking for hours but the top of the mountain
seemed no closer.
Future perfect simple and future perfect continuous
We use the future perfect to talk about events that will
be complete before a time in the future.
This time next week, 1'1/ have been on the mountain for
twenty-four hours.
We use the future perfect continuous form to emphasise
that the action is repeated or extended.
By the end of this month, 1'1/ have been learning English for
six years.
Perfect infinitive
We use the perfect infinitive to emphasise that the
infinitive refers to a past action.
We wanted to have completed our mountain climb before
our sixteenth birthdays.
Perfect -ing form
Having achieved my goal, I now know I can do anything.
27
 Vocabulary Listening
Colours 3 CIJ Listen to a pod cast and read the profiles.
Which student, A, B or C, would most enjoy
1 Complete the diagram with the colours below.
going on a holiday like this?
Use a dictionary to help you. There may be
more than one possible answer.

azure./ bronze copper crimson

o Name: AI Clarke
Age: 18
gold indigo jade magenta maroon Likes: playing sport
mauve scarlet silver turquoise violet (football, hockey) ,
going to the cinema,
chatting with friends
Dislikes: cold weather,
blue/purple anywhere remote -
away from my home
1 Azvrre-
green comforts!
2 ____
6 _ _ __
3 _ _ __
4 _ _ __
® Name: Lindsey Drover
Age: 18
S ___ _ Likes: Geography,
, nature, Art
,
" Dislikes: sport, most
TV - especially quizzes
and reality shows

,
. @
Name: Ben Tsui
" " Age: 18
Likes: unusual
red metallic* colours experiences, cooki ng
Dislikes: flying,
7 _ __ _ 11
chocolate, people
8 _ _ __ 12 _ _ __ who are late
9 _ __ _ 13 _ _ __
10 _ _ __ 14 _ _ __
4 CIJ Listen again and complete the notes.
Write no more than three words and/or a
*a metallic colour shines like metal number in each gap.

2 Underline the correct words to complete the

Unusual city break
sentences.
Country: 1 Ice-fAha
Eisa was so embarrassed her cheeks flushed
Length of holiday: 2 _ __ _ __ _ __
crimsonicopper.
Best time to visit: Bet ween 3 _ __ __ __ _ _
2 Look - the sea is a brilliant maroon/ turquoise
Cost: 4 _ _ __ __ __ _ , including -A ights, hotel and
so it's easy to see the colourful fish.
excursion
3 At the end of the wedding ceremony, Jim
What you can see: The 5 ____ _ __ _ ____
slipped a gold/indigo wedding ring onto
Disadvantages: You may not see them if t he weather is
Sienna's finger. 6 or 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4 Liesel works on the farm and is outside every
Tips: Go outside the city to somewhere
day. That 's why she has such mauve/bronze, 8 to get the best view,
tanned skin. Caused by: Particles from the Sun reacting with t he Ea rth's
S The moon shone like a silver/ scarlet disc in the atmosphere, at a height of about 9 _ _ _ __ _ __ ____
night sky. What you might see: Three 1O _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ba nds
6 The sky is such a brilliant violet/ azure colour and in the sky, with a 11 ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ edge and a
12 _ __ _ __ _ _ _ cen tre
the sun is shining brightly - it's a beautiful day.
28
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Reading
5 Read the title of the text and look at the photo.
What do you think it could be about?
6 Read the text and choose the correct answers.
In paragraph 1, what are 'crampons' most likely
to be?
a bags for carrying warm clothing and
camping equipment
b a kind of ball used in extreme sports
CS) sharp pieces of metal you attach to boots,
to stop you slipping
2 Immediately before he fell, the author
a felt worried about his position on the cliff.
b felt a pain in his leg.
c was confident that he was safe.
3 In paragraph 2, which word means 'thrown
very hard so that something moves through
the air quickly'?
a locked b catapulted c jerked
4 Why does the writer describe the pain in his
leg as 'a fierce burning fire'?
a Because he was feeling very cold and
wanted to warm up.
b Because his leg was crimson and swollen.
c So we can imagine how painful his injury was.
5 Why does the writer think it is important to be
calm when he tells Simon about his injury?
a Because it will be difficult to explain what
happened if he is crying and gasping.
b Because Simon doesn't like people who are
very emotional.
c Because Simon will be more likely to help him.
6 The writer looks away from Simon 'full of dread
and worry' because
a he does not know when he will see his
family again.
b he is worried that Simon will leave him, rather
than help him climb back down the mountain.
c he is not sure whether their friendship will
last after the accident.
7 Find synonyms for these words and phrases as
they are used in the text.
1 holding tightly (paragraph 1) grt'pplhg
2 a hard hit (paragraph 2)
3 in a wild, uncontrolled way (paragraph 3)
4 not regular, uneven (paragraph 3)
5 hanging loosely (paragraph 4)
6 to stop (paragraph 4)
7 a state of not being involved in something in an
emotional way (final paragraph)
frenglish.ru
Disaster
I retraced my steps, intending to climb down the cliff
at the earliest point. Slowly, I lowered my legs over
the cliff until the edge was against my stomach and I
could kick my crampons into the ice wall below me. I
lowered my chest and shoulders over the edge until I
could see the ice wall and swing at it with the hammer.
I got it to bite after a few blows but wasn't happy
about it and removed it to try again. As the hammer
came out, there was a sharp cracking sound and my
right hand, gripping the axe, pulled down. The sudden
jerk turned me outwards and suddenly I was falling.
I hit the slope at the base of the cliff before I saw it
coming. I was facing onto the slope and both knees
locked as I struck it. I felt a shattering blow in my
knee, felt bones splitting, and screamed. The impact
catapulted me over backwards and down the slope of
the East Face. I slid, head-first, on my back. I screamed
again as I jerked to a violent stop.
Everything was still, silent. My thoughts raced
madly. Then pain flooded down my thigh - a fierce
burning fire coming down the inside of my thigh,
building and building until I cried out at it, and my
breathing came in ragged gasps. My leg!
The rope which had been tight on my harness went
slack. Simon was coming! He must know something
had happened, I thought, but what should I tell him?
If I told him that I had only hurt my leg and not
broken it, would that make him help me? I pressed my
face into the cold snow and tried to think calmly. If
he saw me panicky and hysterical, he might give up at
once. I fought to stem my fears. Be rational about it,
I thought. I felt myself calm down, and my breathing
became steady; even the pain seemed tolerable.
'What happened ?
Are you okay?'
'I fell. The edge
gave way.' I paused,
then I said as
unemotionally as I
could: 'I've broken
my leg.'
His expression
changed instantly.
'Are you sure it's
broken?'
'Yes.'
He stared at me ,
then looked away
sharply. I had seen
. . - the look come across
hIS face bnefly, but in that instant I knew his thoughts
!-le had an odd air of detachment. I felt unnerved b;
It,. felt suddenly quite different from him, alienated
HIS ey~s had bee~ full of thoughts. Pity. Pity and
son:ethmg else; a dIstance given to a wounded animal
whIch could not be helped. He had tried to hide it
but I had seen it, and I looked away full of dread
and worry.
1 29
 Writing
A story

The flist time I spent Ch,istmas in the UK I had a bit of a su,p,ise

In paragraph 1, set the scene.
Explain where you were and
what you were doing and
introduce any important
characters. Make the first
paragraph as interesting as
possible to grab the reader's
attention and encourage
him/her to read more.
2 In paragraph 2, provide some
background information. You
can describe what you saw,
heard or smelt, how you felt
and any thoughts you had.
3 You can use dialogue to help
tell the main events of the
story. Use a variety of
adjectives, adverbs and
reporting verbs to add
interest to your story. Bring
the story to a climax with a
shocking/surprising/funny
twist, and describe people's
reactions to this.
My exchange pa,tne" The,esa, had invited me to expe,ience a t,aditional
B,itish Ch,istmas. I a"ived on 22 Decembe, and was keen to t,y
eve,ything - including the seasonal food. Theresa said we should go to
a pub nea,by to celeb,ate my a"ival and have some Ch,istm as treats.
lI ,
The pub was wa,m and cosy and a gold sta, shone fmm the top of the
Ch,istmas tree. A log -Are c,ackled in the come, of the pub, and eve,yone
seemed happy and full of Ch,istmas goodwill. A f,iendly waitress gave
us a menu to choose fmm. I looked at the choices and decided to t,y a
t,aditional dish .
'What would you like fo, you, main cou,se?' she asked us b,ightly.
'I'll have mast tu,key and all the t,immings: said Theresa.
And I'll have mince pie and cream: I said, my tummy ,umbling hung'ily. I had
neve, t,ied it before and was loo king fo,wa,d to t,ying something new.
)
'Yes, but what would you like fo, you, main cou,se?' repeated the waitress,
a little impatiently.
'E, ... mince pie: I said weakly.

4 In the final paragraph, try to
end your story in a way the
reader will remember. You
can write a question, make a
comment or use an ending
that is funny or surprising .
The,esa bu,st out laug hing. Then she explained.
'Mince pie doesn't mean mincemeat pie. It's sweet - a pie full of d,ied f,uit
and spices. It's a t,aditional dessert, not a main cou,se.'
I blushed sca,let, and o,dered the tu ,key, like The,esa. But I did have a
mince pie fo, dessert, and it w as delicious l

- -..

Useful language 1 Read the story and answer the

questions.
Beginning the story
What did the writer think the pie
The first time I .. ./1 have never ... until ...
contained?
Describing feelings and emotions 2 What did the pie actually
keen/ excited/overjoyed/rei ucta nt/depressed contain?
Reporting verbs 2 Read the story again and find
ask/inquire/tell/say/order/shout/repeat/explain examples of the following:
Adverbs of manner , the past perfect to describe
an action that happened at an
brightly/kindly/quickly/happily/impatiently/rudely/sarcastically/
earlier time in the past
gloomily
2 an adverb of place
Adverbs of place
3 an unusual colour
nearby/abroad/everywhere/here/outside/somewhere/
4 an adverb of manner
underground/upstairs
5 an adverb of time
Adverbs of time
early/now/in the morning/often/soon/then/today/tomorrow
30
frenglish.ru
3 Complete the table with the
adverb form of the adjectives.
Adjectives Adverbs
careful 1 c?'Iretvr((!:f.
chatty 2 b I had a very embarrassing experience when I went to the
hard 3 US last year.
helpful 4 c I love trying on clothes, and was hoping to buy something
5
slow
strange 6 Paragraph 2
4 Rewrite the sentences using a
suitable adverb from exercise 3.
A kind old man helped to pick up
the shopping bag I had dropped.
A !:.Ihd old MM' he!ptvr((!:f.
pt"c!:.ed vr,P the 5hoP Plhfjt b?'lfjt
.£ h?'ld dropped.
2 The sun was reluctant to set over
the jade-coloured forest.
3 When I asked her about the
missing diamond, she gave me
an odd look.
4 The salesman inquired in a
friendly way if we were looking
for a new car.
5 Despite running very fast, I can't
keep up with Sian.
6 He paid attention when he
reversed his new car so as not to
scratch it.
5 Put the sentences in the correct order to make the first two
paragraphs of a story.
Paragraph 1
a My mum and I had gone to Manhattan for the day to do
some shopping.
smart and elegant - a kind of souvenir I could wear!
d I pointed to the dresses, and when she asked what size,
I confidently said 'Size 12:
e There were some lovely dresses and shoes. The assistant
asked us helpfully if there was anything we would like to
tryon.
f We went into a very smart boutique, full of American-made
clothes.
6 Think of a third and fourth paragraph for the story,
including a climax. Make notes, then write the paragraphs.
Use adverbs and expressions from Useful language.
7 Complete the strategies box with the words below.
characters.l climax colours
sentence tenses where
A story
• Include all the important information in the first paragraph,
such as who the main 1 ch?'lr?'lct-er5 are and 2 _ _ __
the main events happen.
• Use a range of 3 to tell your story in a logical order.
• Think of an interesting or exciting 4 to the story.
This should come towards the middle or end of your story.
Make your story interesting with unusual verbs, adjectives
and adverbs. Also describe things and places with interesting
• Read the instructions carefully. If the question asks you to begin
a story with a specific 6 _ __ _ , make sure you use those
exact words.
8 Read the task and write a story. Use the structure on the
opposite page, the strategies in exercise 7 and the ideas in
the exercises to help you. Write 200-250 words.
Write a story beginning with the sentence below.
.£ M?'Id never been abroad before and .£ 5vrdden("! felt-
ver"! JAJorrt"ed ?'Ind ?'Ilone.
31
frenglish.ru
 Expressing reactions: Expressing reactions:
surprise disappointment
1 Use the prompts to make sentences. 3 Complete the table with the phrases below.
1 You r/ boss/fire/you? fThat/ really/ shocki ng
Are you okay? ,/ How awful!
Y9[,1r b055 {(red '10 [,1 ? /hc';-'5 rec.!!'1
I feel really upset. I'm really disappointed.
5hOcl::'I"y,§Z! I'm sorry to hear (that) ...
2 I/ not realise/you/crash/ car.lterrible! It's a shame (that) ... That's such a pity!
You look upset.
3 That/ really/ wonderful .lWhen/ the twins/ due?
Asking about the Expressing Sympathising
problem disappointment
4 You/ getting/ married?fThat/ really/ good/ hear

5 SophiaJ lovely/ hear/from /you/ after/all this time

6 I/ surprised/ hear/you/ managed/ lose/

so much weight

2 Match the sentences from exercise 1 to the

4 Complete the dialogues with suitable expressions.
Use the phrases in exercise 3 to help you.
situations A-F.

o ®
1 A: Hi Josefina. 1 Are '10[,1 OF-c.'1? You
2

B: I 3 • I've just found

out that my best friend is getting married
next year but she's going to Mexico. I can't
afford to pay for the ticket and hotel, so I'm
going to miss it.
D A: That's 4 !
B: Yes, and I had always thought I would be her
bridesmaid. I'm 5
2 A: Ulli, you look 6
Is everything okay?
B: Not really, my brother's just had an
accident on his bike. He's in hospital.
A: How ? ! Is he going
to be okay?
B: We don't know yet. He has to have some tests.
CD CD A: l'm 8 that.
B: Yes, and I know this sounds selfish but it
means we can't go on our family holiday
this year.
A: That's such 9 ! But
I'm sure you 'll be able to go on holiday
when he's better.
32 D D
frenglish.ru
Use of English 3 Complete the pairs of sentences with the words below.
Then underline the correct words to complete the rule.
Recognising parts of speech
magenta silver turquoise
1 Complete the table.

Nouns Adjectives a My favourite colour is _ _ _ _ . I love anything that

glitters and shines.
brilliance 1 brr!kC'lhT
b What a beautiful _ _ _ _ necklace you're wearing!
2
excited
2 a Ilike this shade of because it's so bright.
3
helpful
b Have you seen my bright top?
4
unique
3 a The sky is such a beautiful shade of today.
5
technology
b The cool sea lapped at her ankles.
6
remoteness
With many colours, there is a difference/there is no difference
7
gold between the noun and adjective forms.
8
popular
9
hardship
Exam task
2 Look at the table in exercise 1 Word formation
again. Find examples of these
rules.
4 Complete the text with the correct form of the words in
brackets. For one answer, you do not need to change the form.
adjective - -ont/-ent +
-once/-ence = noun
I think the most 1 eXCd?hf) (excitement) city I have ever visited
brtlkC'lhT --. brr!kC'lhCe
is Hong Kong. From the moment I stepped off the plane, I
2 adjective + -ship = noun
couldn't stop staring in 2 (amazing) at the towering
skyscrapers. The skyline really is 3 (uniqueness). What
3 adjective + -ity = noun
I find so fascinating about Hong Kong is that there is a lot of
_ _ __ (diverse). For example, you can have 5 _ _ __
4 noun + -en = adjective
(China) porridge called congee for breakfast, an American-style
sandwich for lunch, and an Italian meal for dinner. And if you're a
5 noun + -(ul = adjective
shopaholic, you'l l love it! The shopping is 6 (wonder) -
not just the designer shops, but also the small local markets.
6 noun - -ment + -ed = adjective
I bought a beautiful 7 (jade) bracelet from a market
stall in Mong Kok, and I hardly ever take it off. You can also do
7 noun - -y + -ical = adjective
some great sightseeing. I took the mountainside tram up the
Peak, and the views from the top were really 8 (drama).
8 adjective + -ness = noun
Hong Kong may not be the perfect choice if what you need is a
bit of peace and 9 (relax), but if you want to visit a
1 lively, 10 (interest) city, this is the perfect destination.

la'II'
In word formation exercises, think about what part of
speech the missing word is (e.g. noun, verb, adjective).
Think about how you can change the given word to a form
that fits logically and grammatically in the gap.

33
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Grammar
Adjectives to describe clothes and people Adjective patterns
1 Look at the photos and complete the 2 rn Complete the sentences with the
descriptions with the words in the boxes. adjectives in brackets. Put the adjectives in the
most appropriate order.
1 His hair is (o"'§! , bfo",ae and Cl/lrf'1 .

(blonde, curly, long)

2 Why do you always wear such
_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ clothes?
(baggy, black, frumpy)
3 Those _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ boots will
go really well with jeans. (brown, cool, suede)
4 I like such _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ clothes, like
you find in vintage shops.
(old-fashioned, quirky, velvet)
S Those _ _ _ _ _ __ __ trousers
really don't suit you. (awful, silver, skinny)
6 I don't understand why people wear jeans that
leather quirky shiny skimpy
are and _ _ __
tight-fitting velvet./ vintage

o I think this photo is from the eighties. I'm not sure

who he is but his clothes are very unusual. He's
(old, ripped, scruffy)
7 Agnieszka is wearing a really
_ _ _ _ _ _ ___ blouse today.
got a military-style jacket that might be made (vintage, silk, beautiful)
out of 1 velvet- . I really like the jacket. You can 8 Where did you find such a
probably find something like it in a 2 _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ bag? (cool, leather, big)
shop. His trousers are quite 3 and
3 (**) Find punctuation mistakes in five ofthe
they're really 4 • They might be made sentences below and correct them. Tick (./) the
ofS _ _ _ _ . He's wearing quite a lot of correct sentences.
clothes - it's not a 6 outfit, is it? I don't o The clothes I wear are generally laid-back+
really like the make-up but you have to admit and casual.
this is a pretty 7 look. 2 0 Whata weird outfit! It's casual but frumpy
at the same time.

baggy casual designer fashionable

3 0 Is that awful, old, green jacket yours?
frumpy laid-back skinny 4 0 My clothes are generally fashionable
quirky and tight-fitting.
® This person is very up-to-date and 8 _ _ __ S 0 Did you look in the mirror this morning?
I can't imagine him wearing anything That designer top really doesn't go with
that scruffy red leather skirt.
_ _ _ _ . His hat is big and 10 and
the shirt is probably a 11 label that
6 0 I love playing with fashion. You can wear a
cool, vintage, velvet, jacket with fashionable
costs a small fortune. I think he likes wearing jeans, and look really unique.
12 jeans. They look really good on 7 0 I hate baggy clothes. I much prefer clothes
him. He might be meeting friends or doing that are fashionable tight-fitting, and
something informal because he looks very colourful.
_ _ _ an d 14 _ _ __
13 _ 8 0 I don't always have enough money to buy
trendy new designer clothes.
34
frenglish.ru
 4 (**) Put the words in the box in the correct place
in the sentences. Use one word in each sentence.
and anyone.l but someone
something somewhere
I like sharing fashion ideas with creative
Ahl,ohe
peoplel A bit different or slightly weird!
2 Her style is vintage quirky.
3 I'm looking for a new handbag. Maybe brown
and suede.
4 I like shopping in boutiques. I can find
unusual clothes.
5 This top is old-fashioned still beautiful.
6 Is there anyone here who can help me choose
some jeans? Preferably cool and fashionable
who can offer good advice.
5 Read the article and underline the adjectives.
I IN u~ '''HooN I , .. I 'HO,"'NG
Need a new style?
Look to the East
• 0 one wants to look boring and old-fashioned . If you
~lIy want to make a fashion statement and are looking for
-~ ething unusual and quirky, why not try a style from
- <'(0 known as Gothic Lolita? At first sight, this fashion
:- e might seem frumpy and old-fashioned . However, if you
a little closer, you ' ll notice there is a modern twist.
- 'st, the Gothic. To get the Gothic Lolita style right, you
-sed to wear clothes that are long and dark. There's
• - ing skimpy or short about these clothes! You should
~50 wear dramatic heavy black make-up, especially
~-oun d the eyes.
w for the Lolita part. Most people who follow the Gothic
..;; . a fashion are young women. Their aim is to look
_ . di sh and cute. Some of them aim to look like dolls,
- ·ch is why they have skin that is smooth and white.
-'eir dresses are Victorian in style, and you will often see
-:;. wearing big white lace collars and elaborate hats.
-'e Gothic Lolita trend began in the late 1990s. What
~.s once a niche urban trend in Tokyo has spread beyond
'-JOn's shores and you can now find shops devoted to this
_qu e Japanese look in major cities around the world.
frenglish.ru
Grammar reference
Adject ive patterns
Position of adjectives
We use adjectives
o either before the noun (attributive position):
He's wearing baggy jeans.
o or after the noun and a verb (predicative position):
His jeans are baggy.
Order of adjectives
When grouping adjectives together,
o put more general adjectives before more specific ones.
o put opinion before fact.
o put the category which is most permanent or
important next to the noun.
Use this order:
opinion + size + age + shape + colour + origin + material
+ type + purpose + noun
a weird (opinion) little (size) French (origin) leather (material)
handbag (noun)
Don't use too many adjectives together before the noun.
Use additional clauses.
A beautiful blue lace blouse from Paris.
(NOT A beeuUFul Poris/en blue Ieee blouse.)
Using conjunctions and commas
When using a group of adjectives before the noun,
don't use commas between them or and before the
final adjective.
a casual white designer shirt
When using a group of adjectives after the noun, use
commas and and before the final adjective .
His shirt was casual, white and designer.
A pa ir of adjectives after the noun is also joined with and
(or but or yet) .
The make-up is weird and quirky.
The jacket is old but still fashionable.
Always use and between two colours.
This shirt has a red and black pattern on it.
With indefinite pronouns (something, someone, anyone,
no one, somewhere, etc.), use adjectives directly after
the noun.
Something old-fashioned and frumpy.
(NOT An old Fashioned end Frumpy something.)
3S
 Vocabulary & Grammar 3 m Complete the sentences with a verb from
box A and a particle from box B.
Multi-word verbs
A back check getting hang .I
1 The phrases in bold are in the wrong sentences.
shops take
Write the phrases in the correct place.
1 My sister go off cf)f}cd M C Of/\ to dye my B I around down on.l on on out I
hair pink. I did and I hated it!
2 If you want a tattoo across your back, you'll 1 I-Ic.f/\f) Of/\ a minute, I can't find my keys!
have to summon up a lot of 2 Neil, don't you think you should cut off
money. your ponytail now that you're _ _ __
3 I didn't cough up _ _ _ _ _ _ my _ _ _ _ a bit?
engagement ring too much - I just showed my 3 I hate arguing with you because you never
close family and friends.
4 I used to play with dolls when I was little but I 4 _ _ _ _ __ _ _ Lara's new hairstyle.
have egged me on _ _ ____ that now. She looks great!
S I didn't grown out of the 5 Tula for bargains and
courage to get my ears pierced until I was she always finds a good deal.
thirty-five! 6 I'm lookingto _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ three
6 If I ever show off _ _ _ _ _ _ my eyebrow part-time employees in my jewellery shop.
piercing, I can just remove it. 4 C**) Complete the phrases with the words
below. Then match 1-9 to a-i to make
2 Complete the text with the correct form of
sentences.
phrases from exercise 1.
cough up egged on end up gave in
grown out of passed over.l put on
showing off think it over

1 Rick refused to cut his hair and as a result

2 I didn't get my nose pierced, even though
3 I'm not sure if I want to get contact lenses so

J 4 My daughter pestered me for months until

5 I got a tattoo when I was nineteen and I

~
6 Have you seen Liz's green hair? She's
We've all seen a tattoo but rather more extreme
forms of body art are now becoming popular, 7 The problem with stretching your ears is that
such as ear stretching where the ear is pierced 8 I ate too much when I was on holiday and
) and the hole is then gradually stretched. People 9 I think people who a small
who stretch their ears need to 1 5V7MMOf/\ V7p
fortune
a lot of patience, as the hole starts at just
three mm but can eventually end up as wide as
a I _ _ _ _ _ _ and let her get her ears
seven cm. They also need to 2 _ __ _ __
to buy a bigger stretcher as the hole grows, and pierced.
make sure they keep their ears clean, as they b been _ _ _ _ it _ _ _ _ all morning.
can become infected . c to get a tattoo are crazy.
The major problem with ear stretching is that if d I a lot of weight.
you 3 it, you're in trouble e the holes _ _ _ _ _ _ being enormous.
because the hole in your ear will never shrink
f he got p C.55Cci over for a job.
back to the original size. You probably won't
want to 4 a big saggy hole in g had it by the time I was
your ear when you're ninety years old. So, don't twenty.
let anyone 5 you to get h Julie had _ _ _ _ me _ _ _ _ to do it.
your ears stretched because this is a form of
i I'm going to _ _ _ _ __
body art that can never be erased .

36
frenglish.ru
5 (**) Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
I'm/anymore/a bit/I/so/getting on/don't wear/short skirts
IJv-. gemiy; Oh c. Ht 50 I dOh 1- wec.r 5Hort 5i:.(i-r-5
c.h'1 More .
2 designer clothes/don't mind/I/really beautiful/for/
coughing up
3 taken on/My/trainee chef/has just been/brother/as a
4 wallet/I've/Hang on,/Iostlmy
Grammar
reference
Multi-word verbs
Type 1: intransitive, no object
break down, catch on, show off, back down,
shop around, hang on, go up, getting on
(get older), give in, end up, take off
You'll fall over if you wear heels that high.
I always give up when I start losing.
I don't understand why Cindy shows off so

5 jeans/has/Demand for/past five years/significantly/ much. We all know she's talented.

gone up/in the My parents are getting on a bit and can't
walk as far as they used to.

6 Maria/gave in/I/started crying,/When/stopped arguing/and Type 2: transitive, inseparable

go off, take after
As I've got older I've gone off dyeing my hair.
6 C***) Complete the dialogue with the correct form of a (NOT As l"le got older I've gone dyeing my
suitable phrasal verb.
heir off.)
A: This article just confirms everything I've always thought
about tattoos. Type 3: transitive but separable

B: What's that? throwaway, egg on, check out, take on, pass
over, put off, think over, cough up,
A: They may seem a good idea at the time but sooner or later
1
put (weight) on
you'll ehd I/7p regretting them.
She brought her children up to be respectful.
B: But if you 2 carefully before you have the
She brought up her children to be respectful.
tattoo and choose something small and pretty, it might
Don't throwaway that newspaper. There's an
look really nice.
article in it I want to keep.
A: It might look okay when you're twenty. But what about
Don't throw that newspaper away. There's an
when you're seventy and wrinkly? article in it I want to keep.
B: That's true. Everyone gets old, I suppose. Note that when the object is a pronoun, it
A: Exactly. When your tattoo is all faded, you won't want to MUST go between the verb and particle.
_ _ _ _ it ,will you? She brought them up.
B: I think it's quite romantic though, if you have your wife's (NOT She brought up them.)
name tattooed on your arm. Don't throw it away.
A: It's not romantic! What if you get a divorce? Doesn't that (NOT Don't th ..:ow ewer it.)
4 you the idea? Type 4: transitive and inseparable with
B: Well, more and more people are having their husband's or two particles
wife's name tattooed on their ring finger. It's an idea that's feel up to, get over it, get away with,
really 5 _ __ _ __ growoutof
A: But if you want to have a tattoo removed because there's I don't really feel up to going to work today.
a mistake or you've 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ it, laser removal is Stay in bed - you'll get over it more quickly if

very painful. you rest.

B: And expensive. You'd probably have to 7 _ _ _ _ __

more than the cost of the original tattoo.

A: So do you still like the idea of getting a tattoo? If I
_ _ _ _ you ,would you get one?
B: I'm not sure. I think I've 9 tattoos a bit since
speaking to you. You never lO _ _ _ _ _ _ in an
argument, do you?

37
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Reading
Personality 3 Read the text on page 39 quickly.
Then underline the correct words
1 Match the words below to their opposites 1-8. Use a
to complete the sentences.
dictionary if necessary.
1 The text is a blog/an extract from
bold conscientious extrovert generous a novel.
gloomy imaginative'/ laid-back self-centred 2 The purpose of the text is to
inform the reader/
1 unimaginative 1hAtV)lhC7five
share a personal experience.
2 cowardly
3 The style is formal/informal.
3 introvert
4 mean 4 Find words and phrases in the text
that have a similar meaning to 1-8.
S careless
1 anxious (paragraph B) jiffertl
6 optimistic
2 increase, e.g. enthusiasm,
7 uptight
motivation (paragraph B)
8 selfless

2 Un de rli ne the correct words to complete texts A and B. 3 prompt you to remember
A something (paragraph C)

I hav e lot s of friends and I think I'm pretty popular, so I

4 complex (paragraph C)
suppose I could be described as 1 extrovert/gloomy. I don't
worry about things and I always feel sure of myself. My
S intense (paragraph D)
grandma has called me 2 unselfish/brash in the past but I
prefer to think of myself as 3 generous/brimming with
6 even, repeated (paragraph E)
confidence. Unfortunately, there is a downside to
4 having high self-esteem/being imaginative. I seem to
7 lasts a long time (paragraph F)
attract a lot of friends and that means there is always a
party to go to or people to hang out with. I'm afraid I'm not
8 your general attitude (paragraph F)
very 5 conscientious/bold and my schoolwork has suffered.
Still, I can't help being 6Iaid-backlself-centred -I just don't
know how to worry! 5 Read the text again more closely
and tick (,/) true, cross (X) false
B or write (?) if there is no
information in the text.
I love painting, drawing and writing poems. I suppose I'm
[{] Supermarkets play music to
quite an 7 outgoing/imaginative person. I'm very Blazy/
make shoppers spend more.
at ease with myself and I don't mind spending hours on my
2 D Fast, loud music helps
own, just listening to music and painting. Some people telephone operators deal
think I'm a bit 9 gloomy/bold because Ilike being on my with calls more quickly.
own and I don't really enjoy parties, but I'm quite content 3 D Music usually only reminds us
to have just two or three really close friends. They're all of painful memories.
really kind and 10 generous/brash. In fact, I can't stand 4 D Musicians sometimes feel
more at ease with themselves
11 self-centred/laid-back people who only think of
when they are on stage.
themselves. That's why I enjoy volunteering at the animal
sD For the best results, students
charity in my town. The people who work there are the should listen to classical
most 12 extrovert/ unselfish people I have ever met. music at night.
6 D Our musical tastes change
very little during our lives.

38
frenglish.ru
6 Read the text again and choose
the correct answers.
We should choose the music we
listen to carefully because
a it can damage our hearing.
b it can become stuck in our
brains.
(£) it can have an effect on our
thoughts and emotions.
2 The writer uses the example of
the airline to highlight
a how companies use music to
make profits.
b how music can help us relax.
c how music is everywhere in
everyday life.
3 What would be the worst kind
of music to play to an angry
telephone caller?
a heavy metal
b classical music
c a folk song
4 Music can trigger a memory
a only when you are feeling
gloomy.
b when you are concentrating
on something else.
c any time and anywhere.
5 Students who only revise when
they are listening to music
a are often allowed to listen to
music in an exam .
b could have problems in a quiet
exam.
c will fare no better or worse
than other students.
6 Our core personality and tastes
a are well developed by the time
we reach sixteen.
b change radically as we get
older.
c become less brash the older
we are.
(UltfiH) ~usi Music blog
Mood music
........ ..................... ...... ........
Music. We hear it
everywhere, every day.
Getting into a lift, going
around a supermarket or
simply relaxing at home,
music is our constant companion. And music can have a
significant effect on the way we think and feel, so it's worth paying
attention to what we're listening to.
® Have you ever felt gloomy, only to hear a certain song that has
lifted your spirits? Music can have a powerful effect on our moods,
in terms of both reducing and increasing stress. Listening to calm
gentle music in bed can help us drop off to sleep. Some airlines
play soothing music onboard planes at take-off and landing. to
calm jittery travellers. Si milarly, if you're kept waiting on The phone.
you're more likely to hear gentle classical musIc than some I1lng
loud and brash, which could make you feel stressed and angry.
Athletes often listen to fast loud music to help them prepare for
games. The American swimmer Michael Phelps is known to listen
to rap music before important races because the inspirational lyrics
and fast tempo help pump him up.
Music can also trigger memories in a powerful way. Have you ever
heard a song that reminded you of a specific moment in time?
Before you know it, you are reliving the past in intricate detail,
including the people you were with, the weather, the sights and
sounds and even what you were wearing. This happened to me
recently. I was driving my car when a song came on the radio that
I hadn 't heard since the day I got married. Immediately it was like
I was back in the church, watching my wife walk towards me in
that beautiful long white dress.
® The mood-altering effect of music can be especially acute for the
people who actually play the music. Musicians who do not have
high self-esteem can suddenly brim with confid ence once they go
on stage. It's as though the music gives them a different
i personality.
CD And it 's not on ly those who feel ill at ease with themselves who can
benefit. Scientists have conducted research into the effect of music
on students studying for exams. They found that listening to calm
music with a regular beat can actually help students recall facts
and improve their performance in exams. Classical music,
preferably something by Mozart, seems to have the most beneficial
effect. A word of caution, however: it 's best not to over-rely on this
method , as you won't be able to listen to music in an exam.
CD For most of us though, music is one of life 's great pleasures. And
it's a pleasure that endures. Researchers have found that we don't
often grow out of the music that we love as teenagers, because
our musical tastes are such a huge part of our identity, personality
and outlook on life. So don't delete those songs you down loaded
when you were fifteen - you'll probably still love them when
you're fifty.
39
frenglish.ru
 Expressing preference
1 Put the words in the correct order to make
questions.
of/do/second-hand/What/thinklclothes/you
Wht1t do 101/7 tt-UMI:: of 5I'!-COhd-ht1hd
clothl'!-5?
2 prefer/ blue one/the/black jacket/do you/
Which/ or/the
---------------------------------?
3 to/wear/ shoes/What/do you/ kind of/prefer
---------------------------------?
4 aboutfWhat/school/ do/ thinklyo u/u niform /
wearing
--------------------------------- ?
5 online/the / prefer/ on/ Do you/ High Street/
or/ shopping
---------------------------------?
6 about/you/ buying/thin klexpensive/What/
do/ clothes
---------------------------------?
2 Match the questions in exercise 1 to the
answers a-f.
a D I prefer going to shops, especially vintage
ones - you can find more interesting
th ings.
b D I'm not keen on either. I don't like fo rmal
clothes much .
c D I really don't enjoy it because everyone
looks the same.
d [1] I'd rather wear new clothes than
something that someone else has worn .
e D I prefer high heels because they look more
glamorous.
f D I think buying quality clothing is preferable
to buying something cheap that doesn't
last very long.
40
frenglish.ru
Magazine article
3 Read the advertisement and the tip box below.
Tick (.f) the correct tips for writing a short
magazine article and cross (X) the incorrect tips.
What's your fashion style?
Classic, designer?
Quirky, anix and anatch?
Trendy or vintage?
• We wont you to be in our magaZine!
• Write 0 short punchy article about you rself
and the clothes you like to wear. No more
than 100 words, please!
How to write 0 short magazine article
1 X Write in a formal style .
2 Use questions.
3 Use the passive as much as possible.
4 Avoid using interesting adjectives and verbs.
5 Write as though you are speaking directly
to the reader.
4 Read the first paragraph of an article based
on the advert in exercise 3. Rewrite it in a less
formal, more engaging way.
How con my fashion style be described? Some
may soy it is 0 little odd but I would not agree.
I wear 0 wide variety of clothes from many sources .
What I find most important is that I crea te on
impression and I om comfortable.
5 Write the rest of you r article. Use these phrases
to help you.
In my opi nion, .. .
.. . fashion should be .. .
My favouri te item of cl ot hing is ...
I love it beca use ...
Use of English 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of a suitable
multi-word verb. Use a verb from box A and a particle from
Multi-word verbs boxB.
1 Underline the correct particles to
make multi-word verbs.
A I back brim catch go look pass./ I
show off/ with B I down off on over ./ to with
2 summon off/ up
3 end up/ out of Jim had been late for work so many times that he was
4 egg up/ on p Cr55ed over for promotion.
5 identify to/ with 2 I used to like olives but I've _ _____ _ __ them
6 grow out of/ on to recently.
7 cough up/ off 3 No one liked these platform trainers when they first came
8 deal at/ with out but they're starting to _ ________ now.
4 It was obvious Imelda was not going to _ _ __
2 Write verbs to match the
definitions 1-8. Use the words _ _ _ _ , so I refused to argue anymore and walked away.
below and add the correct particles. 5 I'm not exactly _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ confidence but I
think I know what I need to do.
cough deal egg ./
6 What make of car are you _ _ __ _ _ _ _ buy?
end grow identify
show summon
Exam task
to encourage someone to do
Key word transformations
something efjlfjl OYl
2 to give someone money, 4 Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning
especially when you do not to the first, using the word in CAPITALS. Use between three
and six words, including the word given. Do not change the
want to
word given.
3 try to make people admire your
1 I had never been sailing until Ryan encouraged me to try it.
abilities, achievements or EGGED
possessions I had never been sailing l/7Y1fi! R t;zCrYl efjlfjled Me OYl to
4 to take the necessary action, try it.
especially in order to solve a 2 Dan finally found the willpower to stop smoking.
problem SUMMONED
5 to feel sympathy with someone Dan stop smoking.
or be able to share their 3 I really understand the geeky character in the film I saw last
night. WITH
feelings
I rea lly _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ in the film I saw last night.
6 to stop doing something as you
4 Lee is eight now so he's too old for fairy tales. GROWN
get older
Lee is eight now so _ _ _ _ __ _ __
7 try very hard to have enough
5 Bev, please can you pay for your share of the bill? COUGH
strength, courage, etc.
Bev, please you r share of the bill ?
6 On their wedding day, Jane and lan were full of joy.
8 to be in a particular situation,
BRIMMING
state or place, especially when
On their wedding day, Jane and lan _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
you did not plan it
7 I was sixteen when I first became interested in heavy metal
music. INTO
I was sixteen when I fi rst _ __ _ _ _ _ __
41
frenglish.ru
 Reading 3 Read the sub-headings a-f in exercise 4. Write
a short sentence (no more than twelve words)
Match ing headings to say what you think the text that follows each
1 Read the sentences and suggest different sub-heading is about.
synonyms which could be used in place of the a £T5 l"m p orTCthT TO cho05e c!othe5 thCtT
underlined words. [(Ctft-er v;ovrr 5Tv;!e/fi§tvrre.
The motorway was completed in 1954 b _______________________________
after nearly a decade of protests from local
residents and numerous appeals from the
construction company responsible.
c
2 After Mrs Morton was found dead, alone in her
d _______________________________
run-down old house, it was discovered that
she was in fact a multimillionaire. She had left
all her money to a long-lost niece. e
3 Travellers were stranded for more than
forty-eight hours off the coast of Spain after
f
their boat developed a fault.
4 The cat, which had been missing for more
than a month, eventually turned up at the old 4 Read the text and match the sub-headings a-f
home which his owners had moved out of six to the gaps 1-5. There is one extra sub-heading.
weeks previously.
a Choose your style to suit your shape
5 A new technology has been developed that
b Dress to please yourself
could eliminate our reliance on fossil fuels
forever. c A style for every decade
d The demise of the fashion tribe
hl§thwCtv;lexpre55wCtv;
e Cost has a huge influence on fashion trends
2 _________________________________
f Take your pick of fashion styles
3
4
5

2 Match the headlines to the sentences in 1

exercise 1. There is one extra headline. In times gone by,
fashionistas would
a 0 Puss treks for four weeks to find his
slavishly follow the
old home trend of a particular
b 0 Lonely heiress leaves fortune to relative season or period.
she hardly knew In the 1960s, trendy
c 0 Risky stunt ends in disaster young women wore
very short skirts
d 0 Locals finally lose battle to stop highway
(known as minis),
e 0 The end in sight for the oil economy? big hair in a
f 0 Ferry breakdown causes travel chaos 'beehive' style and
thick kohl make-up
around the eyes.
The 1970s saw a
m ove to more
casual fashion,
with baggy
patterned tops and
flared trousers.

42
frenglish.ru
 wo ',* " ~_ _ _ _• _~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

The 1980s was the era of loud colours and bright

make-up, and the 1990s was the decade of
'grunge' , w hen baggy trousers , checked shirts
and messy hair were favoured . But what of today's
fashions? Do people still feel under pressure to
adapt their appearance to fit in?
2
'One of the great advantages people who love
fashion have today is that they don 't have to
pigeon-hole themselves, ' says Hillary dePalma, a
fashion editor for a glossy magazine. 'One day you
might feel like dressing very smartly, in a designer
suit perhaps. The next day you might feel like
wearing something a bit more quirky - maybe a
vintage dress with boots. Yes , there are certain
themes and trends that are popular at the moment,
but we don't have to follow them strictly, like people
did in the past. '
Listening
True/False/No information
5 Read the questions in exercise 6 and the
sentences in exercise 8. Before you listen, note
down what you think the topic will be.
G CD Listen to a talk and write short answers to
the questions.
1 Why has space travel not become more
common?
2 In the past, who paid for research into space
travel?
3 When was the X PRIZE launched?

3 4 How much will a return ticket on the Virgin

This variety of style and fashions to choose from is Galactic shuttle cost?
a real plus for those w ith less-than-perfect model
figures , and let's face it - that 's most of the S Is safe cheap space travel expected to become
population . At 1.58 metres tall , Emre Higson,
a reality soon ?
eighteen, is short for a man , and says that the
fashion for low-slung jeans does not suit his body
shape. 'If I wear my trousers low, my legs look reall y
short,' he explains. 'That 's why I like to dress in
7 Read the statements in exercise 8 and
underline the key words or phrases.
tailored trousers and suits. They make me look
slimmer and taller but I can still look modern and 8 CD Listen again. Tick (.I) true, cross (X) false or
fashionable, too.' write (?) ifthere is no information.
[Z] People's early expectations about space
4
travel did not become a reality.
However, social historian Jack Porter regrets the
way fashion trends have lost some of their influence, 2 D Travellers' biggest fear about space travel
pointing to a weaker feeling of belonging to a social is crashing on landing.
group . 'In the 60s and 70s, people belonged to 3 D As the volume of space travel increases,
distinct fashion "tribes" - mod , rocker, hippy - and so does the price.
they felt a strong sense of belonging and loyalty to
their tribe,' he explains. 'There's a lot less of that
4 D Peter Diamandis is an ex-NASA astronaut.
today. If you can dress in a hippy-ish style one day S D The X PRIZE was awarded to a shuttle that
and a 60s-style mod look the next, what does it say could reach sub-orbital space twice within
about you? It says you 're confused and you're not fourteen days.
really sure where you belong, and I think that's a 6 D The winner of the X PRIZE received $2,004.
shame.' 7 D Virgin Galactic has already started taking
tourists into space.
5
Goth Micky Shea would almost certainly disagree
8 D Space travel would be vital if life on earth
becomes impossible.
with Jack Porter. Micky, who spends at least an
hour every morning applying white face paint,
black eye make-up and styling his hair, has been a
Goth for the past two years and never dresses in
any other way. 'To say that people today are not If you cannot hear any information in the
loyal to a fashion style is total nonsense,' he says. recording to prove or disprove a statement, the
'And so what if you want to change your style most likely answer is 'No information: Remember
every day?' he adds. 'Surely fashion allows you to that your answer should be based only on what
express your personality. Whatever form that you hear, not on what you know.
takes, we should celebrate and respect each
other's choices.'

43
frenglish.ru
self-assessment
Vocabulary & Grammar 4 Complete the text with the correct form of the
words in brackets.
1 Choose the correct option, a, b or c to complete By this time next year, I' wrll helVe beeh
the sentences.
lecwhlP1f) (learn) English for six years. To be
I can't stand tourist traps. I prefer to explore on
honest with you, that time 2 (fly),
my own and get ~ .
and sometimes I still feel like I 3 _ _ _ _ __
a stumbled upon b ripped off
(not learn) anything. That's not true of course,
c off the beaten track ./
because last year I went to the US, and people
2 The summer sky was a bright _ with not a
cloud in sight. could understand me! 14 _ _ _ _ __
a azure b gold c magenta (dream) about visiting San Francisco for so long,
3 Why do you wear such _ clothes?Try and finally my dream came true! I had saved
wearing something more modern! _ _ _ _ _ _ (hard) for two years to buy my
a frumpy b tight-fitting c laid-back ticket. No sooner 6 the plane
4 He's laughing so he must be _ the joke. _ _ _ _ _ _ (take off) than I fell asleep, and
a out of b into c in on when I woke up we 7 (land).
5 I feel totally _ since we broke up. It was the best holiday of my life!
a brash b conscientious c miserable
6 You will never _ me that pizza is healthy.
a convince b see c explain
5 Choose the correct option, a, b or c to complete
the text.

2 Complete the sentences with one letter in

each gap.
1 I hate this hotel. It's an overpriced d f::l w.. IZ-.
2 What a view! It's absolutely s ____ ___ .
3 I buy all my clothes from v ______ shops.
4 Are you 1 ______ to go to uni after school?
5 Amelie will talk to anyone, even complete
strangers. She's such an e ________ .
6 I never buy d _______ clothes because
they're too expensive.
7 I'm such a strict vegetarian that I don't wear
I clothes.
When I was at school , I was very shy and didn't have many
friends. I tried to wear 1 ~ clothes like the other students but I
never felt comfortable. Over the last few years I 2 _ my own
style. I decided not to try to copy other people, 3 _ what
suits them never seems to suit me. I've 4_all myoid
clothes, 5_1 can't wear them any longer. Now I only go
shopping in charity shops, where I find interesting 6 _
clothes. Now, I think I dress much more 7 _ . I feel better
about myself and I've made some fantastic new friends. Next
month, I 8 _ this way for two years. I 9 _ every moment
since I started dressing this way, and I can't imagine ever
going back to how I used to be.

a fashionable./ b weird c skinny

3 Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences. 2 a found b egged on c 've developed
Tick (./) any sentences you think are correct.
3 a because b but c then
1 [Z] While the winters in New York are very
4 a taken up b thrown away c found out
cold, the summers are very hot.
5 a while b so c where
2 D Have you eaten in that Italian awful cafe?
6 a vintage b casual c shiny
3 D She has blonde beautiful long hair.
7 a friendly b confident c confidently
4 D Here you can do lots of water sports.
8 a will have been dressing
5 D In terms of character, I bring after my mother.
b have dressed c 'd been dressing
6 D You look like a little lady old!
9 a will have loved b love c have loved

44
frenglish.ru
 Reading Communication
6 Read the texts and match each person to a 7 Complete the dialogue with the words or
question below. The people can be chosen phrases below.
more than once.
awful I'm sorry to hear Oh prefers . .. to
The truth is What's the matter .I
What is your dream?
-._\'161;6_
;:or the last couple of years I've been obsessed with being a A: Hi lan! Oh dear, you don't look very happy.
;ash ion model. I love trying on new clothes and I spend a , Wh?d-'5 the Iv>?iffer ?
;ortune on fashion publications each month. It would be
B: Hi Francis. Mia and I just had a terrible
amazing to be a model because I would get to wear all the
atest designer clothes. Unfortunately I don't think my dream argument. 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ , I think we're
.vil l ever come true because I am only 1.5 metres tall. going to split up.
_ion-
'V1y dream is to sail an ocean-going boat one day. I have had
A: Really? 3______ that.
B: Yes, apparently she 4 _ _ _ _ __
some lessons in a small dinghy on the lake and I loved it but
ve never tried sailing on the open ocean . Of course, I'm quite practising with her band _ _ _ _ __
an extrovert so I'm not sure I could stand being on my own for seeing me.
on g periods, like these people who spend w eeks sailing alone
A: 5______ no !How 6 _ _ _ _ __
around the world. I love sailing so much that after school I'm
inking about joining the navy so I can travel the world. Why don't you come with me to the cinema?
._!lIS- It might cheer you up.
=or as long as I can remember, I have always stared at the moon B: Thanks, Francis. You're a good friend .
:Jut of my bedroom window. It really would be a dream come true
I could go there one day! I'm not scared of flying, and I think
; 'yi ng to the moon would be quite similar, just a bit farther and
"aster! I just hope that when I get there, the moon is as beautiful 8 Number the sentences in the correct order to
as it looks from earth. Otherwise my dream would be ruined . make a dialogue.

· · tfi:W' ~~~' a 0 I'm really disappointed . Will you come

'l1y dream is simple and achievable. I'd really like to get a shopping with me to buy some new ones?
:attoo. My parents don't think it's a good idea but once I come
of age at twenty-one, I'm sure I'll still feel the same and wi ll
b 0 That's such a pity. I really wanted some
new jeans for the party this evening.
get one done. I think I'll have the name of my mum and dad
:attooed on my arm. I'll also get my girlfriend's name tattooed c [ZJ Neil, can I ask your opinion? What do you
on my arm. We've only been going out for two months, and think of these jeans?
some people say it's a bit foolhardy to get a girlfriend 's name as
a tattoo because you might break up. But I'm confident she's
d 0 Really? I'm surprised to hear that. I thought
:he one for me. you liked vintage clothes.
e 0 Oh no! I don't go shopping anymore.
Who: I'd rather shop online than go to the
1 realises most people would not agree with High Street.

one aspect of his/her dream? f 0 You look a bit upset, Lee. Okay, if you really
want to, let's go shopping.
2 reads about his/her favourite industry a lot?
g 0 Well, I honestly feel you should get some
new ones. They're a bit frumpy and
3 is planning to pursue a career related to his/ old-fashioned.
her dream? h 0 Ilike some of them if they're a bit quirky.
4 cannot remember a time when he/she did not But I prefer modern jeans to those
have this dream? flared ones.

5 is confident he/she will achieve his/her dream?

Marks
6 is limited by his/her physical size?
Vocabulary & Grammar /30 marks
7 is aware that when a dream comes true, it may
Reading /8 marks
not be as wonderful as you expect?
Com m u n ication /12 marks
8 has already had a taste of his/her dream?
Total: /50 marks

4S
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Grammar
Time Continuous aspect
1 Complete the sentences by writing the letters in bold in the 4 m Read the sentences 1-6 and
correct order. match the verb forms in bold to
nl teh enra uftreu Ih file hec.r fvrTvrre ,I'd like to get the verb tenses a-f.
married and have children. It was raining hard and I felt
alone and sad.
2 Fewer people live near to where they work snoaadwy
2 By the time I'm twenty, I'll have
been learning English for
3 I'm ercnyrtul _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ studying hard for
eight years.
my exams.
3 I'm waiting for Nigel to call.
4 In erctne mites _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ , more people have
4 I'll be working at 6.30 p.m.
begun to work from home. tonight so there's no point
S People could not send emails as rctyelne calling then.
_ _ _ __ _ _ __ as 1980. S I had been working since S a.m.
6 Over the alst efw ayser _ __ _ __ ___ , electric and felt exhausted.
cars have become more common and this is a growing trend. 6 I've been thinking about joining
7 I want to study at university ioprr _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ a football team.

to finding a job overseas.

a present continuous
8 Not olng gao _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 1went to Paris for
b past continuous
the first time.
c present perfect continuous
2 Complete the texts with words or phrases from exercise 1. d past perfect continuous
There may be more than one possible answer. Use each e future continuous
word or phrase once only.
f future perfect continuous
A Ih file hec.r fV/rV/re ,petrol stations will no longer exist.
B Public transport has improved dramatically in my country. 5 C**) Underline the correct verb
forms to complete the sentences.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ new high-speed trains have been
1 I 've been watching/ '/I be watching
introduced, making journey times much shorter. This has
TV for six hours. I'm so bored!
changed the way people think about where they want to live.
2 This time tomorrow, I was flying/
C There have been big changes in leisure activities in my
'/I be flying to Madrid.
country. In the past, people used to play a lot of sport, like
3 I 'm meeting!'/I have met Jim at
football or tennis. , people play on
the cinema at eight o'clock.
their computer at home.
4 I was running/had been running
D most people have a mobile phone
for twenty minutes and was
and a computer, but soon we'll only need a phone to do
struggling to catch my breath.
everything. So we won't have to sit at a desk in an office to
S I '/I have been waiting/ was waiting
do our work.
for a taxi when my boss offered
E Despite all the changes over the last century, relationships
me a lift.
are still very important to us. Most people still settle down
6 By next year, I '/I have been doing/
and get married _ _ _ __ _ __ _ starting a family.
'm doing this job for thirty years.
3 Match the phrases A-E in exercise 2 to one sentence in It's definitely time for a change!
exercise 1.
A6

46
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 6 (**) Complete the sentences with the correct Grammar reference
continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
Continuous aspect
1 By this time next month, I 'If Hcwe beeh
foffol/1Jlhfjl this diet for six weeks. Do you Form
think I'm any slimmer? (follow) The continuous verb forms are
2 I that black cloud for • present continuous:
ages. I'm sure it's going to rain. (watch) I am cooking.

3 They to get a ticket to • past continuous:

I was cooking.
see their favourite band for months, and finally
• present perfect continuous:
they were successful. (hope)
I have been cooking.
4 I for you at the top of
• past perfect continuous:
the escalator, near the shoe shop. (wait) I had been cooking.
5 She an apple when • future continuous:
she suddenly began to choke. (eat) I will be cooking.
6 I to finish this essay. • future perfect continuous:
I will have been cooking.
Can I tidy up later? (try)
Note that we don't usually use the present perfect
7 Complete the text with the correct continuous continuous, past perfect continuous and future perfect
form of the verbs below.
continuous in the passive form .

collect (x2) hope talk./ tidy try Meaning

We use continuous verb forms to describe an action in
progress at a particular time.
Over the past few months, I've been thinking about
Musical granddad studying overseas. (I 'm still thinking about it.)

_ast weekend I visited my grandparents at their home near • Compare with:

.'there I live. I 1 NC;5 rc;II:.r'f/\@ to my granddad while he
showed me round his study, which is full of musical
'1struments, records, COs and tapes. He 2 ~_ __ _ _
'"'1usic and instruments for nearly fifty years. He said the
8est thing that has happened to music in the last fifty years
s the invention of the MP3 player. He explained that in the
::last, he recorded music onto cassette tapes. Once, he
_ _ _ _ _ _ up the study when he discovered his
:at had pulled all the tape out of his cassettes. His
~oll ection was ruined! I 4 to imagine
.'that life was like before you could just download music,
::Jut it's very difficult! By this time next year, Granddad
_ _ _ _ __ music for more than half a century.
-1e has put all his music onto his MP3 player, or should
say players - he needs three MP3 players to store all of
~ s collection! For his birthday next month , I
_ _ _ _ _ _ to write a special blog about his
~oll ection. I hope he 'l l like it.
::losted at: 8.43 p.m.
~o mme nts: 2
Over the past few months, I've thought about studying
overseas. (I may not be thinking about it anymore.)
We use continuous verb forms to describe a temporary
situation.
The university is focusing on science-related subjects.
(at the moment)
• Compare with:
The university focuses on science-related subjects.
(generally)
We use continuous verb forms to emphasise an action
which is repeated, incomplete or changing.
The police discovered that the teenager had been
down/oading illegal music and films over the course of
many years. (emphasis is on the process of repeatedly
down loading illegal music and films)
• Compare with:
The police discovered that the teenager had down/oaded
illegal music and films over the course of many years.
(emphasis is on the illegal music and films)

47
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Grammar
Environment Cleft sentences and inversion for
emphasis
1 Match 1-6 to a-f to make sentences.
Eco-friendly methods of transport 3 CD Complete the sentences with
2 It may be too late to reverse the words below.

3 Greenhouse gases about as because

4 You can measure your carbon was what who ./
S Longer droughts and more dramatic floods
6 Each of us has a role to play in order to It was my cousin WMO
encouraged me to buy a
a footprint with special online calculators. hybrid car.
b protect the environment. 2 I'm very concerned _____
the destruction of rainforests.
c could be the result of climate change.
d like CO 2 are damaging the environment. 3 _ __ _ I find difficult to
understand is why some people
e the effects of global warming.
don't care about climate change.
f such as hybrid cars will cut pollution.
4 I try to buy many
2 Complete the text with the words and phrases below. eco-friendly products as possible.
S It's she's so passionate
a new initiative carbon credits carbon footprint CO 2 about the environment that she
fossil fuels hybrid offset protect the environment./ ran a marathon for charity.
6 What he explained _ _ ___
that CO 2 emissions are very

Share your 4
harmful to the environment.

CD Which sentences in exercise 3

wheels and are emphatic?

go green 5 (**) Complete the sentences with

Itor What.
WMt'lr annoys me is when
people don't say'please' or
'thank you:
W e all know that we need to do more to I ororecrfi1e
ehVtYOhlvoehr and that sooner or l.rter, our love
affair with 2 will have to end
2 is because I'm
exhausted that I'm going to bed
because petrol will run out. Since cars are one ofthe worst so early.
offenders in terms of 3 emISSIons, 3 was Richard who told
it makes sense to think about whether we could drive me about the new eco-friendly
smarter - and cleaner. shop.
In many cities around the world, governments are 4 my sister told me is
introducing 4 called 'car share'. amazing but I have to keep it
As a member of a car share scheme, you can rent out a car secret.
by the hour or the day. Many car share schemes rent out
S used to be gas that
electric cars or 5 cars, which use
heated our water; now we use
both petrol and electricity for their power. Some of these
solar power.
cars even have a solar panel on their roof. Fans of the
scheme say car share users make fewer car journeys 6 makes me happy are
because they don't necessarily have a car that is always simple things like going for a
instantly available to them. Therefore, this is a great way walk or playing with my dog.
to reduce your 6 • And if you 7 is because Leo is
don't like the idea of sharing your car with someone al ways so happy and funny that
else? Well, maybe you should consider buying some he is so popular.
7 to 8
----------
all those extra car journeys you'll be making.

48
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6 (***) Complete the second and third sentences so that they
have a similar meaning to the first.
1 I can't stand people who don't care about the environment.
It is people w/-,o do0. r cc.re c.bovrt tire e0.VIY00.fv.e0.t
tlrc.t I cc. 0. r 5tc.0.d .
What I cc. 0. r 5tc.0.d 15 people w/-'o do0. r cc. re c.bovrt
tire e0.vIYo0.fv.e0. t .
2 I don't like long plane journeys because I get bad jet-Iag.
It is because _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __
What 1 ___________________________________
3 My sister Rachel is interested in becoming a vegetarian.
It is becoming _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Whatmy ___________________________________
4 I could never give up meat because I love chicken
too much.
It is because _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
What stops me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
5 I don't really understand why being a vegetarian is good for
the environment.
It is why ____________________________________
What 1 ___________________________________
6 The thought of wild animals suffering makes me sad.
It is the ____________________________________
Whatmakes _________________________________
7 C***) Rewrite the sentences to make them more emphatic.
There may be more than one possible answer.
1 I find TV programmes about rare animals very interesting.
W/-'c.t I 6"r1d l"rItcre5n"rlf} 15 TVprof}rc.fv.fv.C5 c.bovrt
rc.rc C.0.1iv-.C.15.
2 It is fantastic that more people are buying hybrid cars.
3 Professor Ruebens is well respected for his work on
solar energy.
4 When I got a pet rabbit, I changed my views about
eating meat.
5 Most people use public transport in order to save time
and money.
6 The hot topic of debate was why so many countries are still
using fossil fuels.
frenglish.ru
Grammar
reference
Cleft sentences for emphasis
We use cleft sentences to give extra emphasis
by dividing information into two clauses.
The hybrid car is the most eco-friendly.
(one clause, one verb)
It is the hybrid car that is the most eco-friendly.
(two clauses, two verbs)
It + be + emphasised word or phrase +
that/which/who clause
It is why electric cars are so unpopular that I
don't understand.
It was my friend Ronaldo who first told me
about electric cars.
Wh clause + verb + emphasised word or
phrase
What I don't understand is why electric cars
are so unpopular.
What I did was to ask 700 people whether
they would consider buying a hybrid car.
What they have done to win the prize is to
raise more than 70,000 euros for charity.
Inversion for emphasis
We use negative or limiting adverbials at
the beginning of a sentence or phrase to
add emphasis by inverting the verb and
subject.
• Compare:
Shops cannot be criticised for trying to
increase their profits.
In no way can shops be criticised for trying to
increase their profits.
Other adverbials which do this include:
never, rarely, seldom, at no time, under no
circumstances, little, no longer.
• These adverbials form part of an
adverbial phrase, so invert the verb in
the main clause.
At no time did I feel as though I was in danger.
Little did I realise that someone had been
following me.
Also note these two-part constructions.
Not only is GM food good for the planet but
it also tastes great.
No sooner had they unpacked their picnic
than it began to rain.
Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had I sat down,
when it was time to go to the boarding gate.
49
 Vocabulary
Global issues
1 Underline the correct words to
complete the conversation.
A: Lilia, you've recently been elected as a
green councillor. What can we as
individuals do to help protect the
environment?
B: Well, the most important thing is to
be aware of the problems the world is
facing, such as 1 ethically/ povertv and
children working in 2 factory farming/
sweatshops.
A: Yes, and what about when we go
shopping? Are there certain products
we should buy? Or maybe some we
should avoid?
B: Well, personally I don't agree w ith
3 GM foods!conflict because you can't
predict what the consequences might
be if you tamper with nature. That's
why I always try to shop 4 natural
resources/ethically.
A: Hmm, buying local food from farm
shops, you mean.
B: Exactly. Don't buy a chicken or eggs
that are a product of 5 factory farming/
endangered species. Fresh carefully
produced food is better for the
environment, and it tastes good too!
A: How else can we shop in an
ethical way?
B: Well, I've started buying eco-friendly
birthday presents for my friends and
family. For example, you can sponsor
an 6 endangered species/ extinction for a
year - the money is donated to a charity
that helps save the earth's wildlife and
7 natural resources/ sweatshops.
A: That's a great idea. My sister's an
animal lover. She'd be thrilled with that
kind of gift, especially if it helps save
an animal from 8GM food/extinction .
B: Or you can buy a donkey or some
chickens. The animals are given to
families living in countries affected by
poverty and 9 factory farming!conflict.
They can use the eggs to feed
themselves and earn money, which
means the next generation could
avoid 10 natural resources!child labour
and go to school instead. It's the best
birthday present I can think of!
A: Lilia, thank you. You've given us some
great ideas.
SO
frenglish.ru
Listening
2 GJ Listen to a
talk about a new
brand of coffee.
Choose the
correct answers.
1 The speaker believes that
CVmost people are unaware of where their coffee
comes from.
b most people enjoy trying a variety of coffees.
c there is not enough choice of different types of coffee.
2 Many coffee bean farmers live in poverty because
a they were unable to go to school.
b they receive little money for their beans.
c food in their country is very expensive.
3 Green Bean Coffee beans are grown
a using few chemicals. b using GM crops.
c using ancient and modern farming techniques.
4 Green Bean Coffee aims to help farmers by
a ordering ten percent more beans than other
coffee companies.
b buying only expensive coffee beans.
c paying them more for their beans than other coffee
companies do.
S What percentage of Green Bean Coffee's profits will be
donated to charities?
a five b ten c seventy-five
6 The school in Ethiopia
a opened five years ago. b has recently opened.
c is not yet open.
3 GJ Listen again and complete the summary of the
presentation with suitable words.
/
ne speake..- asked uS fa fhiV1k abouf I where ou..- c.oNee
c.omes t..-om. She ..-em iV1ded uS fhaf oNeV1, ta..-me..-s a..-e
2 paid ven., muc.h aV1d Sf..-uqqle fa p..-ovide 3 _ _ __
to..- fhei..- tamily aYld educ.afioYl to..- fhei..- C.hild..-en. To f..-y fa
c.haYlqe fhis, <7-..-eeYl 6eaYl CoNee is q..-OWYl iYl a susfaiYlable
4 • tJo c.hemicals a..-e used aYld fhe ta..-miYlq mefhods
a..-e 5 t..- ieYldly. <7-..-eeYl 6eaYl CoNee pays ta..-me..-s
" fhaYl ofhe..- c.ompaYl ies aYld dOYlafes p..-otifS fo
cha..-ifies . r1/osf ot ifs supplie..-s a..-e iYl 7 , whe..-e if
is buildiYlq a SChool.
Reading
4 Scan the article quickly and find the
opposites of these words.
1 very important things frrvrc,(rn"e-;;
2 on land
3 unconcerned
4 limited
S useless
6 to increase
7 extraordinary

5 Read the article again carefully and

match five of the sentences below to
gaps a-e in the text. There is one
extra sentence.
The income generated from these
goods is used by the charity to help
those in poverty.
2 Mrs Strauss now runs a website with
ideas on reducing and reusing waste.
3 But the Strauss family (dubbed the
'Green family') from Gloucestershire
in the UK are different.
4 It is just trying to save the planet and
save money.
S They achieved this by composting
food scraps, recycling glass and plastic,
and reusing as much as possible.
6 In the course of one year, they
collected just one bag of rubb ish.
6 Read the text again and answer these
questions.
What is the main difference between
most other people and the Strauss
family, according to the writer?
2 What specifically prompted the
Strauss family to take action?
3 Did the family succeed in their aim
to become a 'zero-waste-producing
family'?
4 What is the material used to make
handbags in the Philippines?
5 What can you do with old glasses
that you no longer need?
6 Does Mrs Strauss seem like a positive
or negative person? Why?
A year's
rubbish
in one bag
If you were to see a documentary about cli mate change, CO 2
emissions or the plight of an endangered species, what would you
do? Would you jet off to the Amazon to help save the rainforest, or
would you stay where you are, happy to remain an armchair
activist?
If we're honest, most of us would probably tell ourselves we should
do more to protect the environment, shrug our shoulders and then
forget all about it as the trivialities of daily life take priority. a _
Having seen a television documentary about the effects of plastic
waste, their resolve was set. It was the effect of rubbish on the
marine environment that kick-started the fami ly's efforts to reduce
their waste as much as possible.
Alarmed by what they had seen, they decided to try to become a
zero-waste-producing family. The fami ly shops as ethically as possible
and always looks for products with no packaging, or with packaging
that can be recycled or composted . They take their own bags with
them when they go to the shop, and usually buy their fresh produce
at farm shops, where plastic wrappers are not normally used. b _
Ail it contained was broken toys, old pens and used razor blades -
items that cannot be reused, composted or recycled.
Once you start looking into how your waste can be reused, the
possibilities are endless. After you've finished a packet of crisps, no
doubt you toss the empty packet into the trash without giving it much
further thought, right? The Strauss family doesn't. It seems you can
send your empty crisp packets off to a charity in the Philippines,
where they will be washed, recycled and made into handbags. c _
d_ For example, there are handy tips on how to reuse aluminium
foil containers to grow seeds, or where you can send your old
spectacles so that they can be donated to those in need. Mrs
Strauss is also working with her local council to try to encourage
local residents to cut down on the amount of waste they produce.
'We are an ordinary fam ily,' she says. 'It is not a deprivation thing .
e_ Basically we are here to help people if they want to reduce
their waste.'

51
frenglish.ru
 riling
An opinion essay

Fairtrade products do little to solve major problems such

Restate the essay title in your
introduction, using your own
words. Also, give the reader
an idea of w hat topics you
are going to di scuss in the
rest of the essay.
2 Use negative/ limiting
adverbials to add emphasis
L-_t_o~y_o_u_r_w_ri_ti_n~g_.________~ ~ rarely do we hear about how some farmers strugg le to comply with
3 Use topic sentences at the
start of each paragraph to
summarise the main point
you are going to discuss.
as poverty and climate change. Discuss.
I ~ Fairtrade products are often considered to be essential in the
V fight against poverty . By paying farmers in the developing world
a better wage , it is hoped that living standards will improve .
Unfortunately , Fairtrade products are not a cure - all for the
world ' s problems.
"\ We often hear how Fairtrade aims to help farmers . However,
Fairtrade guidelines . By way of illustration , Fairtrade farmers
are not allowed to use certain pesticides or chemicals , yet many
live in countries where drought and disease are common . If their
c rops are attacked by disease or ins ects , they could fail, the
farmers will receive no money and their families will suffer.
If these farmers were allowed to use certain chemicals , they could
protect their crops. Their harvest would be guaranteed and they
could sell any surplus to make a profit.

4 Build on the topic sentence

Another argument in favour of Fairtrade is that it helps to protect
w ith examples or
explanations. You can also the environment . While it is true that Fairtrade products are not
make a point against the usually grown with the use of chemicals , we cannot ignore the
topic sentence. issue of CO 2 emissions . For example , some Fairtrade products are
exported by plane , creating a large carbon footprint. Surely it
would be better to encourage farmers to grow crops that can be
sold locally, thereby redu cing pollution.

To conclude, Fairtrade products have helped improve the li ving

standards of many farmers in the developing world but they also
have their drawbacks . Relying on Fairtrade to eradicate problems
such as poverty and climate change could be a simplistic solution
to a complex problem.

Useful language 1 Read the essay and complete the notes with
Negative/Limiting adverbials the words below. There are two extra words.

rarely/seldom/at no time/ under no circumstances/ differing opinion formal

little/no longer/ not only ... but also . .. informal opinion opposes
Making concessions paragraphs summarises
Unfortunately/HoweverlYet/While it is true that ...
, 1 The language is _ _ __
Stating your opinions
2 The essay is organised into four _________
We cannot ignore .. ./Surely it would be better to .. ./
3 In t he introduction, the writer states his/her
It seems obvious that ...
Giving examples 4 In the second and thi rd paragraphs, the writer
for example/ for instance/such as/like/ gives a , followed by his/her own opinion.
Take, .. . for example, .. ./A good example of this is .. ./ 5 In the conc lusion, the writer hi s/her
To illustrate this point/By way of illustration/ opin ion .
... is a case in point

52
frenglish.ru
 2 Read the title for an essay and choose the best 5 Complete the sentences with the negative/
introduction. limiting adverbials below.

GM foods should be banned. Discuss. at no time little no longer not only./

rarely seldom under no circumstances
GM foods help farmers living in poverty. It's
not up to us to ban them. We should let the Nor 00.(1 are many farmers underpaid but

CD
farmers decide.

,-,-~..,.. ........ -- ~~ """"~~ -

It is clear that GM foods should not be banned. They
enable farmers to harvest more crops, in better
condition. Banni ng GM foods is a silly idea because
harvests would fall and prices would increase.
There are many advantages to GM foods, such as
disease resistance and tolerance to pests. However,
we do not yet fully understand the long-term
implications of growing and consuming such
crops. For this reason, their cultivation should be
2
they are also overworked.
do people think about where
their food comes from.
3 should profit be cons idered
more important than a person's welfare.
4 have I ever considered giving
away all my money to charity.
5 can we ignore the problem of
poverty in the third world.
6 do banana farmers become rich.
7 did I realise how poor many
farmers are in the developing world.

3
banned until further research is completed.
- ~-

Match the introductions in exercise 2 to a-c.

-- 6 Write a conclusion for the essay, using the
notes below to help you.

a D It is a little too informal and states an Conclusion

argument, rather than introducing the essay.
b D It is formal and restates the ideas in the essay
question, without using the exact words.
c D It is too informal and gives an opinion,
rather than an overview of the essay topic.
genetically modified crops - new/ untested
don't know about effect on health/environment--+
should be banned
not worth the riskjust for profit

4 Match the key words to the paragraphs A and B. 7 Complete the strategies box with the words below.
Then write a topic sentence for each paragraph,
before./ conclusion fo rmal
using the key words.
idea mistakes plan
1 concerns/how GM foods/affect human body/
possibly health/key reason/GM foods banned
• Brainstorm lots of ideas ' before. writing.
2 also unclear how/GM crops/interact with/
affect/environment • Write a 2 for your essay before you
start writing.
A
• Begin with an introduction and end with a
We do not yet fully understand how the human
_ _ _ _ . Include one main 4 in
body reacts to GM foods, simply because they
are too new. In fifty years' time, we could find each paragraph.
that people with a diet high in GM foods are Check your writing for 5 in grammar,
more likely to suffer from illnesses such as cancer. spelling and punctuation.
Surely it is better to be cautious until we know
Check you have used 6 language.
more about the health implications. After all,
people's lives could be at risk.
B 8 Read the task and write an opinion essay.
GM crops produce seeds and flowers, like any Use the essay structure on the opposite page,
other crop. If these are pollinated, and cross the strategies in exercise 7 and ideas in the
contamination occurs with native plants and exercises to help you. Write 200-250 word s.
crops, there could be disastrous results. The
stronger, disease-resistant GM crops could begin 'Until there is no more poverty in the world,
to dominate weaker, native plants, thereby it should be illegal to sell non-Fairtrade
unbalancing the ecosystem. Until this has been products: Discuss.
studied further, we should ban GM foods in order
to protect the environment.
53
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 Evaluating: Evaluating: Expressing an
Discussing opinion
importance 2 Read the flyer and complete the handwritten notes with the
words below.
1 Underline the correct words to
complete the dialogue. exactly happy is this wanted what with ~
A: What ' do you think/
ore you thinking about these I l'm V10f v-eali'1 safistied WIth
clothes? It says here they're from fhis fimesc.ale. 1 fhiV1k we Should V-UV1
India, and they're made ethically. fhe c.ampaiqV1 (:ov- fwelve mOV1fhs.
B: Hmm, Ilike the fact that they're
2 naf IS V10f v-eali'1
ethical but they're not exactly
_ _ _ _ ouv-aim
trendy, are they? 2 Can't/Don't
is - we waV1f fo
you think the style is also
important, as well as being
eV1c.ouv-aqe sfudeV1fs, Ethical
V10f (:ov-c.e fhem .
ethical? school
A: You've got a point. But if we clothing
buy these clothes, we'll be
helping to support people in
campaign
less developed countries like
For the next couple of months, our
Bangladesh. 3 G-v-eaf! naf IS
school is running a campaign to
B: Yes, bu t it's not as simple as that. _ _ __ whaf
encourage students to buy ethical
There's a lot 3 to consider/ to think. 1 had iV1 miV1d .
clothing. The aim is to make students
I mean if the desig n isn't good,
wear only clothes that come from
they won't sell many cloth es, so '-+ 1 dOV1 'f like
ethical sources.
they won't make m uch money.
Tha t 's not goi ng to help poor SfudeV1fs will V1eveV-
countries, is it? aqv-ee fo if! make How will we do this? Firstly, our

A: I can see where you're coming fhe SC.hool uV1i(:ov-m ~ school uniform will be sourced
. :::. from
ethical clothing providers. Older
from but I'm not sure 4 why/ how

- B:
important fashion and style are
to people who buy these clothes.
5 How/Why do you think that isn't
important to them? Surely
everyone likes to look
fashionable.
A: Well, maybe the thought of
helping those who are less well
off is more important than the
thought of looking good.
B: Hmm. I'm 6 not sure/not definite
how true that 7 will be/is. Maybe
we'll have to agree to disagree.
5 nis iSV1 'f whaf 1
_ _ _ _ . If IS
students who currently do not have
to wear a uniform will have to do so.
~ This will ensure that everyone looks
V10f abouf 100kiV1q fite ~ the same and everyone is ethically
same - if IS abouf clothed. If students do not follow this
c.av-iV1q whev-e '10uv- new rule, they will be fined €5 for
c.lofhes c.ome (:v-om. each day they are incorrectly
dressed. We believe that by making
b ,Llv-e '10U _ _ __ students wear ethical clothing they
wifh fhis idea? will become better students.
1 f seems fo me if
fo ov-qaV1ise some
(:uV1d-v-aisiV1q
;-~~
7 _ _ _ _ fhis whaf '10u meaV1f?
c.ampaiqV1s fo help
efhic.al C.lofhiV1q
1 f hiV1k fhe c.ampaiqV1 Should educ.afe
pv-oduc.ev-s Md sf ud eV1fs abouf qlobal povev-f'1 So
(:av-mev-s. fhaf fhe'1 av-e mov-e awav-e aV1d C.hooS::
ef hic.a l C. lofhiV1q.

3 Rewrite the flyer, making changes based on the

handwritten notes.
S4
frenglish.ru
Use of English Exam t ask
Collocations Open doze
1 Underline the correct word to complete the 4 Complete the text with one word in
collocations. each gap.
child labour/ workforce/ employee
2 greenhouse fumes/ pollution/ gases When you consider the problems of the world

3 endangered creatures/species/ beast today, it's easy to get despondent. In poor

4 offset/ renew/carbon credits countries, sweatshops use child 1 (t?bol/7r to make

5 hybrid automobile/ car/ motorbike cheap products, which they then export to

6 warehouse/ factory/ office farming wealthier countries. The growth in the world 's

7 carbon weight/ footprint/ trail population means that cities are sprawling into the

8 climate change/alteration/ variation surrounding countryside, leaving little room for

9 ozone layer/ level/strip wild animals, so the number of 2 species

10 fossil energy/ fuel/ power is growing. The effects of 3 change

mean that damage has already been done to the
2 Write collocations to match the definitions.
4 layer and in the future, flood s could
1 natural things such as coal and oil that exist in a
become commonplace and deserts will expand.
country and can be used to increase its wealth :
I-'It?Tvrrt?( rC50l/7rCC5
However, we can all play a part to help

2 plants/food that have/has had their genetic structure _______ the environment and our fellow
changed: __________________ humans. Firstly, check where the products you buy

3 a renewable form of energy that comes from the sun: come from . Only buy eco- 6 products
and never buy cheap products made in
4 to keep the natural world safe from harm: sweatshops - check to see if you can find a
Fairtrade version before you buy. If you have to fly

5 the legal right to say what you want: somewhere, buy 7 credits to offset the
pollution your journey creates. Write to your
6 a chemical compound that is emitted by cars and government and ask it to invest more in

harms the environment: ----------------- _______ energy sources like solar power and
wind power.
3 Complete the collocations and match the sentence
beginnings 1-6 to the endings a-f. It's not too late to do something about

1 I don't agree with factory ft?rhAlhfjI

______ warming. If each of us plays our part,

2 The new panels on our roof we can reverse the 10 of climate change

3 I donate money every month and build a better future for our planet.
4 Sooner or later, fuels
5 If you recycled more of your waste,
6 I grow all my own fruit and vegetables
6§1b'
When you have to complete an open
a you could reduce your footprint.
cloze exercise, think about collocations
b because even animals bred for meat and which words commonly go together.
should have a happy life.
c so I never eat _______ foods.
d like oil will run out.
e will help us produce ______ power.
f to a charity that tries to save ______ species.
55
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 Vocabulary Grammar
Healthy eating Real conditionals
1 Decide if the items below are healthy or 3 m Match 1-6 to a-f to make sentences.
unhealthy and write them in the correct place 1 If you heat water,
in the table.
2 If you've followed the recipe correctly,
a large portion of chips ./ calcium 3 You may have high levels of cholesterol
dairy products 4 You can lose weight if
foods low in sodium chloride 5 If you want to lose weight,
junk food pulses saturated fat
6 If you do a lot of exercise,
unsaturated fat vitamins
wholemeal bread
a you eat mostly fruit and vegetables.
b you'll probably lose weight.
Healthy Unhealthy
c stop eating chocolate!
d if you eata lot of junk food.
e it boils.
f you'll have a delicious chocolate cake.

4 m Which of the sentences in exercise 3 are zero

conditionals and which are first conditionals?
2 Underline the correct words to complete the text. zero: first: _ _ __

5 C**) Put the words in the correct order to make

ince 2005, a young conditional sentences.
S British chef called Jamie
Oliver has been trying to
1 you/a vegetarian/meat/lf/you're/don't eat
If '1Dl/7 re Cl vef}etClY'{~0., '1Dl/7 dD0.1- eClt
change the nation's eating
MeClf:
habits. The British are now the
fattest in Europe, as too many 2 students/ban/schools/junk food/may/
people have a diet that is high in anything/refuse to/If/eat
1 calories/pulses and with a low
2 vitamin/nutritional value.

In his TV programme,
School Dinners, Oliver went 3 you/a healthy breakfast/ you're/l ess likely/fat/
to a school in London and eat/to/lf/be
found students tucking into lunches that were
swimming in saturated 3 intake/fat. Students were
getting few of the essential 4 vitamins/portions or
sfibrelcholesterol necessary for good health. 4 I/If/youlfrom the shop/ I'II/ buy/give/some
Jamie banned 6pulsesljunk food, which can cause chocolates/ some
7 heart diseaseIJat but it seemed the students didn't like
his new healthy food. When some students refused
to eat Oliver's food, some of their parents brought
5 eaten/ If/be sick. od ay, 'you'll/ six hamburgers/
8 portions/intakes of chips to the school and gave them to
you've/ proba b
the students. Only when Oliver began teaching
the students about food and the 9 dairy products/
recommended intake of vitamins and minerals needed
for a healthy body and mind, did change start to happen. 6 ry becoming/
Oliver's work has made a difference but there is still a
long way to go: it is estimated that one-quarter of all
schoolchildren in the UK are obese.

S6
frenglish.ru
6 (**) Choose the correct option, a, b or c to Grammar reference
complete th~ sentences.
Real conditionals
1 If you cycle to school instead of taking the bus,
you ~ be healthier. Zero conditional
a are b will.l c are going to We use the zero conditional to talk about events or
2 You _ to drink more milk and eat pulses if situations that are generally or always true, and their
you're lacking in calcium. results.
a need b will c should • If + any present tense/modal, any present tense/modal
3 _ you're going to eat a biscuit, choose one (the clauses can also be reversed):
with less fat and fewer calories. If you eat more calories than you use, you put on weight.
a If b When c That If we get to the restaurant before 6 p.m., we can choose
4 If you make time for relaxation, your blood from the cheaper early evening menu.
pressure _lower. If you're waiting for a table, you need to go to the end of
a will be b can c rise the queue.
5 You _ have high blood pressure if you have If you've eaten three chocolate bars today, you've already
too much sodium chloride in your diet. eaten your recommended daily intake of fat.
a are b won't c may We can also use an imperative in the result clause to give
6 You won't necessarily be healthier if you _ an instruction.
a lot of dairy products. If you want to lose weight, don't eat junk food!
a take beat c don't like First conditional
7 (***) Use the prompts to write zero or first We use the first conditional to talk about a specific
conditional sentences. situation in the present or future and its likely or
eat fewer calories ---+ lose weight possible result.
If you ec,t f e wer cc, (or"e'i< '1 0 1/1 i( (o'ie • If + any present tense, will (or other future form,
we"9 hI: modal or imperative) :
2 want to be healthy ---+ eat more fruit and If I do an aerobics class, /'11 burn a lot of calories.
vegetables If you have fruit or vegetables with every meal, you will be
If you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ eating your five recommended portions a day.
If you have eaten a lot ofjunk food, you will almost

3 increase your intake offruit ---+ drink fresh certainly put on weight.
orange juice for breakfast If you don't stop eating such unhealthy food, it may cause
You _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ you serious health problems.

4 feeling almost full
probably eaten enough
---+
If you _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ __
5 joints be more flexible ---+ do yoga
Your _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___
6 ever made a cake ---+ know how much sugar
they contain
If you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
7 drink plenty of water ---+ have good skin
Ifyou _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _______
8 might affect your grades ---+ not get enough
sleep
It ______________________________
Alternatives to if
Unless you stop eating such unhealthy food, you'll keep
getting fatter.
Provided/Providing that/ As long as/On condition that he
takes his medicine every day, his health will soon improve.
Even if I exercise every day, /'11 still never compete in the
Olympics. (emphasises that although something may
happen, another situation may remain the same)
Suppose we stop eating meat, will that be difficult?
(suggests a possible action)
We use should to make the condition seem less
likely.
If you should fall ill while on holiday, here is the number of
a local doctor.
Should you fall ill while on holiday, here is the number of
a local doctor.

57
frenglish.ru
 lI'!!!
~'" ~, 1-
"
00
1
<-

Vocabulary Grammar
Taste Introductory it and there
1 Underline the correct words to complete the sentences. 3 m Match 1-6 to a-f to make
1 I really hate cabbage. Just the smell of it turns my stomach/ sentences.
makes my mouth water. Spinach may be good for you
2 I try to eat healthily so I usually avoid disgusting/ fatty food. 2 There are some people who have
3 Sam finds coffee a bit bitter/ tempting so he usually adds a 3 There appear to be more
spoonful of sugar. 4 It is exciting that a new
4 The smell of bread baking is one of the best taste buds/ zero-calorie
aromas in the world. S It appears that the sense of taste
S My parents think a salad is much tastier/ slimier than a 6 There is little difference in taste
hamburger but I'd rather eat a burger.
6 I'm not a fan of chocolate because I don't like the taste of a is slightly different in each person.
anything picky/sugary. b a more developed sense of taste.
7 Juno's favourite food is pasta. Look at her having strong likes c but I don't like it.
and dislikes/ tucking into her dinner!
d between white and brown sugar.
8 Ugh! A runny egg yolk. I can't think of anything more picky/
e chocolate bar is being developed.
nauseating.
f calories in a banana than I had
2 Replace the words and phrases in bold with words with a thought.
similar meaning from exercise 1. Change the form if necessary.
4 m Look at it in sentences 1,4
and S in exercise 3. Does it refer
There's one food I find absolutely to something specific or does it
1 revolting clI5'}fl//5fth fj! ,and that's mushrooms. Even just simply introduce information?
thinking about them 2 makes me feel ill . And Sentence 1
then there's the texture - all 3 slippery and greasy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Sentence 4
Yuck! I can't even stand the 4smell _ _ _ _ _ ____ of them . Sentence 5
I did try a mushroom recently, just in case my tastes had changed,
5 (**) Complete the sentences with
but I found them strangely 5 sour . They the phrases below.
really are 6 sickening _ __ __ _ __ _
It is estimated that
It isn't surprising that
It would seem that There are
There is There seem .I

/h ere 5eelv> to be more

women supertasters than men
su pertasters.
2 so many
people are overweight. They
should ban junk food.
3 so much
salt on this food I can't taste
My parents often say I'm a 7fussy anything else!
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ eater but I think I've got a 4 the
Chinese eat more rice than any
highly developed 8 sense of taste _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
other nation .
I much prefer 9 sweet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ foods like cakes and
S you
biscuits. They're just so much 10 more delicious _ _ _ __ _ _ __ don't like cheese. Is that why you
than healthy foods! I might tryout a new recipe for an 11 appealing haven't eaten any of the pizza?
_ _ _ _ __ _ __ chocolate pudding. Admit it - doesn't 6 no foods
just the sound of it 12 make you want to eat it immediately I don't like. I'll eat anything!

58 - - -- - - - -- ?
frenglish.ru
 6 (***) Write sentences using the prompts.
Begin the sentences with It or There.
1 ridiculous/expect/child/choose/ eat/ lettuce
It- 15 na1CI//!01//5 t-o expect-?l cMlld t-o
cMo05e t-o e?l t- !etf"vtce.
2 tend/lots of/fresh vegetables/on/ menu
3 difficult/express/how much/I/dislike/tomatoes
4 plenty/of evidence/suggest/high-cholesterol
foods/unhealthy
5 a lot oflreasons/why/ pulses/ my/favourite food
6 seem/price/fresh vegetables/ increased/
dramatically
7 (***) Complete the text using an introductory
phrase with It or There and the correct form of
the words in brackets.
: It-15 5?lla t-M?lt- (say) you haven't tried the king of fruits
until you've tasted the durian. 2 (be) many
exotic fruits from Southeast Asia, including lychees, starfruit and
mangoes. However, the durian looks as though it has come from
another planet. When you buy a durian, 3 (clear)
that it will be a challenge just to get inside the skin. The size
of a football and covered in sharp spikes, the durian is a
scary-looking fruit. 4 (be) many descriptions of
what durians smell like: gas, old socks and rotting fruit are the
most common. It sounds nauseating. Yet 5 _ _ __ _
(seem) that the aroma bears no relationship to the taste:
6 (appear) to be just as many people who
describe its smell as 'di sgusting' as people who say its taste is
delicious. So what is the taste like? 7 (describe)
as creamy and a bit like custard. If you're ever in Southeast Asia,
why not try the durian? Just be careful not to take it home on the
bus: 8 (be) several countries that have banned
this fruit from public transport because of its terrible smell.
frenglish.ru
Grammar reference
Introductory it and there
It
We can use it as an empty or 'dummy' subject to
introduce information.
We use it as a dummy subject to talk about impressions,
attitudes, feelings and opinions
• with verbs (+ that) :
It would seem that, It appears that, It doesn't matter that/
what/ who/ why, It occurs to me that, It strikes me that,
It turns out that
It appears that fast food is becoming more and more popular.
• with adjectives + that:
amazing, apparent, awful, clear, doubtful, essential, evident,
funny, likely, obvious, odd, possible, probable, strange
It is alarming that people are getting fatter and fatter.
• with adjectives + to:
It is necessary to train hard if you want to run a marathon.
• with nouns (+ that):
disgrace, nuisance, pity, shame, surprise
It's a shame that the holiday was such a disaster.
We also use it to talk about the weather and time.
It's snowing/ warm/mild. It's three thirty.
• Othe r common phrases with it followed by -ing:
It's no use, It's no good, It's not worth, It's a waste of time,
It's pointless
It's not worth worrying about - you can't change your exam
answers now.
There
We use there as a dummy subject + be to say that
something exists or happens.
There are examples of people's tastes changing.
We often use there + be with
• quantifiers:
There is a lot of evidence that our senses are closely related.
• appear/seem/tend/happen :
There appears to be less chocolate on my cake than on yours.
• modals:
There may be/might be/could be proof of .. .
• in phrases with no or nothing:
There 's no point calling Alicia - she's on holiday.
There 's nothing I can say that will make it any easier.
• with adjectives such as likely, unlikely, sure and certain
to indicate probability:
There are likely to be new members at the next meeting.
Note that in English we cannot omit the words there or it.
59
 Vocabulary Reading
Food 4 Scan the text quickly and find answers to these
questions.
1 Cross out the item that does not belong in
each group. Each day, how many cups of tea are drunk
around the world? tNu,t'1 btf!r"Oh
1 tomatoes/marrows/chilli peppers/cinnamon
2 Where was tea first discovered?
2 cashews/guava/sunflower seeds/peanuts
3 What is the name of the spicy Indian tea?
3 cloves/ginger/cassava/nutmeg
4 What contains twice as much caffeine as a cup
4 pineapples/papayas/guavas/turmeric
of tea?
5 sweet potatoes/yams/cassava/mace
5 What two colours are most of the tea that we
6 aubergines/avocados/cloves/tomatoes buy?
7 squash/peanuts/pumpkins/marrows
5 Read the text again more closely and match the
2 Find six vegetables in the wordsearch. paragraphs A-E to the headings 1-5.
1 A centuries-long history
I b 0 5 q U a 5 h 2 The intricate art of tea tasting
t h u a n m 5 v u 3 The world's favourite drink
m p x c v n k I p 4 It's good for you too
a u b e r 9 i n e 5 Something for everyone
r m q r y u i P I 6 Read the text again and choose the correct
r p d e d f 9 n m answer.
0 k a v i y a m x 1 Tea is popular
a only in countries with large populations.
w i 0 t 0 m a t 0
b n b m d f 0 p p
® in countries with large and small
populations.
c in countries where the water supply is
3 Underline the correct words to complete the limited.
sentences.
2 Tea remained only in China
I don't like spicy food so I never use
a for almost 5,000 years.
chilli peppers/peanuts/papayas in my cooking.
b for around 1,000 years.
2 My grandma loves trying exotic fruits like
c for 1,600 years.
pineapples and cloves/guavas/yams.
3 In paragraph B, what does well-heeled mean?
3 My children are quite fussy. Just about the
a dressed in fashionable and expensive
only vegetable they'll eat is sunflower seeds/
clothing
mace/sweet potatoes.
b well travelled
4 If you've ever made an Indian curry, you'll
c rich
know you need to use a lot of spices such as
cinnamon, cloves and pumpkins/turmeric! 4 Indian chai is most likely to be infused with
maize. a guava.
5 You can make a simple pasta sauce with fresh b cinnamon and cloves.
ingredients like cassava/tomatoes/nutmeg and c seeds and pulses.
aubergines. 5 What is the effect of drinking tea regularly?
6 Did you know that marrows/cashews/squash a It is no better for you than drinking water.
grow on trees? b You need to drink at least four cups a day
7 For lunch, I try to eat something healthy such before it has a positive effect.
as bread made from wholemeal avocados/ c It is generall y thought to be good for you.
wheat/pepper, toasted and with beans on top. 6 The writer says tea tasters' tea is served 'black:
What does t his mean?
a They only taste black tea leaves, not green
tea leaves.
b The tea is served wi thout milk or sugar.
c Th e tea is served in black cups.

60
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 A
If you had a cup of tea with your breakfast this morning,
you're not alone. After water, tea is the most popular drink
in the world - it is estimated that around twenty billion cups
are drunk every day. This is perhaps not surprising given that
tea is the national drink of the two most populous nations on
earth - China and India. However, tea's popularity spans the
globe, from Canada to Taiwan, from Holland to New
Zealand How did this love affair with tea begin, and is it
rea lly healthy to be drinking so much of the stuff8
B
It is thought that tea was first discovered in China around
3,000 BC but it didn't reach Europe's shores until the 1600s,
when Dutch traders exchanged tea for the herb sage and
brought the leaf back with them. Incredibly expen sive in those
early days, only aristocrats were rich enough to drink tea. It
became incred ibly fas hionable amongst the well-heeled but
ordinary people could only dream of trying a cup Gradually,
as imports increased and prices fell, the upper classes, and
then the middle classes, could afford to buy tea themselves.
Tea bags were invented in 1909, making tea a qUick and
cheap choice that was available to the mass market.

C
One of the attractions of tea is that there are so many d ifferent
varieties to try from the light, delicate Earl Grey to the
spice-infused choi of India, from refreshing Japanese green
tea to an everyday cup of builder's tea in the UK, there's
something to suit everyone .
o
Another attraction is its repu tation as a pick-me-up, and there
is evidence to suggest that tea is indeed a healthy drink.
Compared to a cup of tea, a cup of coffee contains twice
as much caffeine. Drinking tea can help keep your teeth and
gums healthy, and may even have a protective effect against
heart disease and some cancers . It's no wonder we've been
enjoying tea breaks for more than 200 years.
E
Tea is grown around the world, notably in Taiwan , China,
Sri Lanka, India and East Africa, and is sold mostly as black
or green tea . Professional 'tea tasters' are employed to assess
these leaves, grade them and sometimes also to blend them.
It goes wi thout saying that tea tasters must have an
exceptional sense of taste and may have more taste buds
than the average person . However, tea tasters also use their
other senses to assess tea leaves - they handle the dry
leaves before they are brewed, look at the colour of the tea
produced by the leaves, check the aroma, and will only
then suck the tea into their mouths. Tea tasters need to fully
appreciate the subtle differences between the teas they
taste , so the tea is a lways served black.
Tea it's the drink the world can't live without. Go on, put the
kettle on.

7 Write short answers to these questions.

What word in paragraph A means 'having a lot of people'? pop 1/1 (01/15
2 What caused the price of tea to fall?
3 Is 'builder's tea' likely to be very special and expensive? Why?
4 What illnesses may tea be able to help prevent?
5 What four senses do tea tasters use to assess the leaves?
61
frenglish.ru
 Problem solving
1 Complete the conversation with
phrases a-h.
A: Are you excited about making
Christmas dinner for everyone?
B: Yes, but I'm a little bit nervous,
too. I'm not sure I know what to
do. Do you?
A: Well, I think we should keep it
traditional. For the starter, ' 4-
Describing process
2 Number the sentences in a logical order to make a
description of a process. Then rewrite the sentences in the
passive voice.
a 0 People harvest the oranges.
(h e OrtM" gte5 V.re h.v.rve5t"ed.
b 0 The sun ripens the oranges.
c 0 The shops sell the orange juice.

make a tasty winter soup?

B: Yeah, I like homemade soup but d 0 They take the oranges to a factory.
won't it be a lot of work? 2
some smoked salmon from the e [I) People plant the orange trees in an orchard.
fishmonger? Everyone loves
smoked salmon - and it doesn't
need any cooking!
f 0 They put the juice into bottles.

A: Do you think that's 3_ ?

B: Actually, I do.
9 0 They squeeze the oranges and extract the juice.

A: Okay, 4 _ that then. Now, I've

been thinking about the main h 0 Lorries transport the bottles tothe shops.
course. 5 _ roast a turkey with
all the trimmings - roast potatoes,
chestnut stuffing, carrots, peas . .. 3 Read the notes. Write a brief description of the process of
making jam.
B: Hmm, that doesn't sound very
exciting. 6 _ roast duck instead?
A: That would be different. I love o plant strawberry plants,
duck, so that's fine by me. The surround with straw to
protect them
only other thing to think about is
dessert. 7 if we made an e sun ripen s the fruit
old-fashioned Christmas
pudding? Maybe one with lots of
e pick strawberri es, wash
and remove green stalks
fruit and spices?
B: I suppose so but what 8_ ? We
o
could make a chocolate cake and
decorate it with silver stars, and o boil fruit and sugar mixture until 'setting point' reached
icing sugar, to look like snow. o pour the hot mi xture into clean jars
A: That's a great idea. But I thought o label the jars when

~
you said you didn't know what cold - enjoyl
to do!

a is the alternative ... .

b how about
c let's do • Other names for jam: conserve, jelly, marmalade (for jam
d the best solution made from bitter oranges), preserve.
e what if we bought • Almost any fruit can be made into jam The most popular
f what we could do is flavours are strawberry, raspberry and apricot.
• Jam is loved the worl d over. Breakfast = jam + toast/ pastries,
9 why don't we ./
Snack = jam sandwich, Afternoon tea = jam + cream + scone.
h would it work
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Use of English
Compound nouns
1 Underline the correct word to
complete the compound nouns.
1 taste lips/ buds/ senses
2 rain forest/jungle/ wood
3 saturated fat/ fattening/ fatness
4 chilli salt/ pepper/ spices
5 junk food/ eating/ dinner
6 mashed/ roast/ toasted beef
2 Complete the sentences with
compound nouns. Use a word from
box A and a word from box B.
A blood cheese food heart
orange smoked./
B burger disease j uice
pressure salmon./ stuff
I have never liked seafood so I'd
rather not have any 5fv>o/::ea'
5C.(fv>Oh , thanks.
2 It's difficult to eat enough f ruit
and vegetables but I always make
sure I have a glass of _ _ __
_ _ __ with my breakfast.
3 There's a history of _ _ __
_ __ _ in my family so I try to
eat healthily and keep fit.
4 Are you really going to eat that
_ _ _ _ _ _ __ ?Think of
the calories!
5 An important _ _ __
_ _ __ that early explorers
brought back to Europe was
the tomato.
6 The doctor told me my _ __ _
_ _ _ _ is too high so I'm
cutting down on salt and
starting to take yoga classes.
3 The words in bold are in the wrong sentences. Write them in
the correct sentences.
I don't agree w ith using hc.Y'fv> fu( animal pesticides on
foodstuffs so I always buy organic food.
2 Try using olive oil instead of butter when you cook. It
contains _ _ _ _ greenhouse fat.
3 If just one thing goes wrong in a supply _ __ _
potatoes, imported food may begin to rot before it reaches
its destination.
4 When I make a casserole, I always use sweet _ _ __
chain because they are healthy and delicious.
5 In my opinion, there is no justification for _ _ __
harmful testing, even if scientists are developing important
medicines for sick people.
6 The biggest threat to the planet in the next century is the
increased levels of _ _ _ _ unsaturated gases.
Exam task
Open doze
4 Complete the text with one word in each gap.
'; Ut. ,.!
Health A-Z
I iiOj choices for life
Life choices Health services Health news
Eat yourself healthy
Do you think it's possible to radically change your health ,
just by watching what you eat? Some doctors think it is.
Take June Francis, whose love of food rich in saturated
1 f c. f meant she had problems with her gall bladder
(part of the digestive system). Instead of an operation,
her doctor prescribed a diet based on her 2 _ _ __
daily intake of vitamins and minerals. Instead of white
processed bread, she began to eat 3 bread.
Instead of snacking on chocolate, she ate sunflower
_ _ _ _ . And 5 products like cheese and
cream were restricted. Six months later and June is
feeling much healthier, and may even avoid the
surgeon 's knife: the gallstones are smaller, meaning
much less pain. Another benefit of eating food
contain ing healthy 6 fat is that her cholesterol
level and blood 7 have dropped dramatically.
Well done, June!
.13 comments
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frenglish.ru
 Reading
Multiple choice
1 Read the paragraph and the questions and
answers. Underline words or phrases in the
paragraph that are similar in meaning to the
bold words in the questions and answers.
'Food Miles' is the term used to describe the distance
an item of food travels from 'field to fork'. For .
example, lamb reared in New Zealand and eaten m .the
UK would have a relatively high number of Food M1les.
However, the issue is not so simple,. as much ~roduce
that is high in Food Miles is grown m deve~op1.ng
countries, where income from these foods 1S Vltal.
Should we stop importing green beans fro.m Ken~a
because the carbon footprint they create 1S large. Or
should we continue, because to cancel ord~rs would be
to leave numerous Kenyan farme~s and then workers
destitute? It is not an easy question to answer.
An item of food can be considered to have a
large number of Food Miles if
a farmers who produce it cover a large
distance in the field.
b it is grown in New Zealand.
c it is transported by plane.
@the place it is produced is very far from
where it is consumed.
2 Why is the issue of Food Miles complex?
a Because food that is lower in Food Miles is
being developed in many countries.
b Because food imported from overseas
supports people in poorer countries.
c Because food low in Food Miles is the only
source of money for some farmers who
have nothing.
d Because less food that is high in Food Miles
is produced.
3 Why do many people see a dilemma in food
high in Food Miles?
a Because many other industries produce a
larger carbon footprint.
b Because there are many pros as well as cons
when it comes to food high in Food Miles.
c Because many countries are now reliant on
imports for their food.
d Because numerous farmers have different
sources of income.
2 Choose the best answers for the questions in
exercise 1.
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frenglish.ru
3 Read the article about eco-friendly food and
choose the correct answers.
We all want to play a role in protecting the environment
but sometimes the problem seems just too huge to
solve. It may seem laughable that one person's actions
could have any significant impact on such a global
issue. Yet many small actions add up to a larger whole ,
and one easy way we can all make a difference is in
the food we choose to buy and eat.
Eating an eco-friendly diet is not complicated. It all
starts at the shop or market, when we select the food
we want to buy. Wherever possible, choose organic fruit
and vegetables that are grown locally. These will have
been grown without the use of harmful pesticides, using
farming methods that are sustainable, and will not have
been imported from thousands of miles away.
If there is a local farmer's market or farm shop nearby,
buy your groceries there. The produce will have been
grown locally rather than shipped from the other side of
the world , so the carbon footprint will be lower. Food is
rarely packaged at a farmer's market, which is much
more eco-friendly. You can even take your own
shopping bag or basket to put your purchases in and
further reduce your reliance on plastic bags. Shopping
in this way is not just about being worthy - food bought
from local farmers will be in season and therefore will
taste much better than produce that is grown out of
season and forced under glass or in heated
conservatories. Furthermore, because the produce has
been allowed to develop naturally, it is also likely to have
a higher nutritional value.
We're not saying you should become vegetarian but if
you really want to eat in a sustainable and eco-friendly
way, you should try to eat less beef. Cows produce
huge amounts of methane, which contributes to global
warming. Furthermore, as demand for beef increases,
so does deforestation as farmers struggle to provide
enough land to graze their herds. Either cut out beef
altogether from your diet or choose a different meat
such as chicken. Just make sure it hasn 't been reared
using factory farming methods.
If you prefer to shop in a supermarket, pick food with
less or no packaging - plastic takes thousands of years
to biodegrade. Do your bananas really need to be
sealed in a plastic bag? What would happen if you just
placed them straight in your basket, and then in your
shopping bag ? If you're th rowing a party, don 't buy
disposable cutlery and plates. Spend a few minutes
washing up at the end of the evening and the planet
will thank you for it. At work or school , avoid buying
pre-packaged food for your lunch. Instead, take your
food with you in a lunchbox that can be washed out
and used again.
 Why does local produce ha ve a lower ca rbon fo otprint? Listening
a Because the shop is close to w here people live.
b Because ships produce a larg e amount of CO 2, 4 Read the sentences in exercise 5.
o Because packaging and t rans portation are
greatly reduced .
Decide whether the missing word is a
noun, adjective, name or verb.
d Because shoppers use the ir own plastic bags. 5 _ _ __
2 Why does the writer advise bu ying seasonal produce? 2 _ _ __ 6 _ _ __
a It will be fresher than food shipped from t he 3 7
other side of the world . 4 _ _ __ 8
b It will be hea lthie r and will have a better flavou r.
c You can select exactly the piece of food you want 5 OJ Listen to a radio programme about two
and put it in your own bag. artists and complete the sentences. Write
one word/number only for each answer.
d You can become friendly with your local farmer.
1 Unworn and unused possessions are a
3 Increasing demand for beef is damaging to the
environment because waste in terms of carbon emissions and
a farmers cut down trees and cows produce _ _ _ _ poorly spent.
harmful gases. 2 You can recycle items or take
b it reduces the number of vegetarians on the planet. them to a charity shop.
c farmers struggle to provide the ir herds with 3 Michael Landy's show was called Break
enough grain.
d farmers may have to use factory farming methods
in future. 4 A list of all Landy's possessions was
_ _ _ _ into a database.
4 What kind of meat should you choose to be
environmentally friendly? 5 Everything, including his birth
a chicken that has been factory farmed _ _ _ _ , was destroyed.
b beef that is raised in a sustainable way 6 Landy said he found the experience
c no meat at all
d any other kind of meat that has been raised in a 7 Jasper Joffe sold all his possessions so
sustainable way
that he could again.
5 What does the writer suggest with regards to
8 He did not sell his _ _ _ _ or
plastic packaging?
the clothes he was wearing.
a Fruit is almost always wrapped in plastic.
b Scientists need to develop a form of plastic that 6 OJ Listen again. Tick (.I) true, cross (X)
biodegrades more quickly. false or write (?) if there is no information.
c We have become so used to it, we don't stop to 1 D Most people would not treat
consider the alternatives. unwanted things in the same
d Many shopping bags are made of plastic. way as the artists described.
6 What may be the disadvantage of reusable plates, 2 D Michael Landy's show lasted
cut lery and packaging? forty-eight hours.
a People need to take the time to clean them 3 D Michael Landy's show sold out
after they have been used. within three hours.
b They are more expensive than disposable items. 4 D Michael Landy replaced all
the items he had destroyed.
c People avoid them because they are easier to break.
d Food inside them is not as fresh as pre-packaged
5 D The inspiration for Jasper Joffe's
exhibition was a personal setback.
food.
6 D The narrator of the story is generally
positive about what the artists did.

In multiple-choice exercises, think about the meaning of

the text and the possible answers. Some answers may
Think about the type of word you need to
contain the same words as in the text but this does not
listen for (e.g. verb, noun, adjective). Read
mean they are correct. The right answer will probably have
the instructions carefully - do not write
the same meaning as the text but will use different words.
more than the number of words permitted.

65
frenglish.ru
self-assessment
Vocabulary & Grammar 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets.
1 Complete the sentences with one word in If you eat more calories than you use, you
each gap.
--/Z!!J.L (put) on weight.
1 If we keep using the earth's natural re50l/lrce5 ,
2 At the moment, Tony (study) at
eventually there will be none left.
university in the Netherlands.
2 Just reading the menu was enough to make
3 If you walk fast, you (catch) the bus.
my mouth _ __ _
4 Fans (queue) up outside the shop
3 Do you know what your recommended daily
since midnight, and the queue now stretches
_ _ _ _ ofsodium is?
down the street.
4 There are still too many people in developing
S This time next year, I (live) in Brazil.
countries working long hours in _ _ __
6 If you (eat) too much junk food,
w here the conditions are terrible.
you may develop heart disease.
S Greenhouse _ _ _ _ are contributing to
7 Unless we combat carbon emissions, climate
climate change.
change (get) worse.
6 My mum says I'm a _ _ _ _ eater but I just
think there are lots of bad cooks!
7 I like the idea of a car because it 4 Correct the mistakes in the sentences.
uses both petrol and electricity. It
+I=lefe/ seems that some people do not buy

organic food because of the cost.

2 Complete the second sentence so it has a
2 Why made me give up junk food was when I
similar meaning to the first, using the word in
CAPITALS. Use between three and six words couldn't do my jeans up anymore.
and do not change the word given.
3 I watched the film you recommended last
1 I don't agree that we should test things on
animals. TESTING night but I didn't enjoy.
I am C1f}Alh ;;t C1h{fv..C1! te;;trhf} .
4 I had be hoping to visit Japan this year but I
2 There is a limited supply of oil and coal.
FOSSIL didn't save enough money.
The supply _ _ _ _ _ _ __
S It was my brother which first told me about
3 If you want to lose weight, you should stop
eating hamburgers and chips. JUNK climate change.
You need to cutout _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 6 If you eat all those chocolates, you're
to lose weight.
feeling sick.
4 I refuse to buy food that has been genetically
altered. GM 7 What make me really happy is spending time
Inever _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
with my fr iends and family.
S Tina has an allergy to milk and cheese. DAIRY
Tina is allergic _ _ _ _ _ __ ___
6 As soon as I see a bar of chocolate, I feel like I
want to eat it. WATER
Just looking at a bar of chocolate makes

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frenglish.ru
5 Complete the second sentence so it means the Communication
same as the first. Use no more than three words.
The storm forced them to take shelter in a
7 Underline the correct words in the first line of
each dialogue. Then choose the second line
nearby cafe.
from options a-h below.
IT N?l5 The storm that forced t hem to take
1 A: What do you think about/around
shelter in a nearby cafe.
becoming vegetarian?
2 Jean has been dancing for almost four hours.
B: ~
Jean _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dancing for
2 A: Shall/Let's take the dog for a walk.
more than four hours in a few minutes' time.
B:
3 The effects of climate change will be difficult
3 A: I'm not really satisfied for/with this
to reverse.
computer.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of climate change will
B:
be difficult.
4 A: Besides recycling, why don't/don't you think
4 You feel sick because you don't eat enough buying eco-friendly products is also
fruit and vegetables. important?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ more fruit and B:
vegetables, you'll feel much healthier. 5 A: Are you happy with/of your new haircut?
5 Scientists have evidence that the sense of B:
smell varies from person to person.
6 A: I ordered you a pizza with ham, pineapple
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ that some people and cheese. Is it/that what you wanted?
have a more developed sense of smell. B:
6 I felt guilty because my sister had paid for 7 A: What if/about we decorated the baby's
everything. room white? It would look bigger and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ feel guilty was brighter.
knowing that my sister had paid for everything. B:
7 You need to be at the station at 5.30 a.m. to 8 A: I'm not sure/ important how useful a
catch the first train. passport is.
If you the first train, B:
you need to be at the station at 5.30 a.m.
a Why don't you take it back to the shop?
"""--/6---'1
b No, I can't stand it. I wish I'd never got it done.
c I don't think I could ever give up meat.
Listening d Definitely, and we should try to save energy,
too.
6 IT) Listen and match speakers 1-3 to a-g.
e I'd rather not. It's raining outside.
The people can be chosen more than once.
f Are you crazy? It's essential if you want to
Who:
travel abroad!
a describes a favourite food/drink? _
g Yes, thank you. That sounds delicious.
b was egged on to try something by another
h What are the alternatives? Maybe we could
person? _ choose blue or pink instead.
c did not fully know what he/she was eating/
drinking at the time? _
d has tried the food/drink only once? Marks
e will not repeat the experience he/she Vocabulary & Grammar /29 marks
had? Listening /7 marks
f found the temperature of the food/drink Communication /14 marks
odd? Total: /50 marks
9 wouldn't make a habit of consuming the
food/drink?

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frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary
Seq uencers
1 Underline the correct words to
complete the sentences.
1 As soon as/Finally I hear from
Jane, I'll let you know.
2 Richard is making some jam. Next/
Meanwhile, I'm making pastry.
3 Surely the most important
invention is electricity. After that/
Once, I'd say penicillin.
4 I'll drop you off at the park but I
need to go to the post office
fi rs t/ then .
5 This book is 680 pages long but I
finished it after that/ eventually.
2 Complete the text with the
sequencers below. There may be
more than one possible answer.
after that as soon as
eventually finally first.l
meanwhile next once
then
... Using this gadget is really very simple. Just
follow these instructions l H"r5t , you need
to find a suitable recipe and check you have
all the ingredients 2 , you
measure out the ingredients flour, water,
salt, yeast and a little oil 3 _ _ __
you put all the ingredients into the machine
_ _ _ _ , you need to decide what kind
of crust you want light medium or dark.
_ _ _ _ you have decided which
programme you want press the 'start
button' 6 you press the button,
the machine will begin mixing.
_ _ _ _ , there is no need for you to
stay in the kitchen - the machine does
everything 8 , about three hours
later, the machine will beep to let you know
it has finished 9 you can taste
your homemade creation, and enjoy that
delicious smell I
3 What invention does the text in
exercise 2 describe?
68
Grammar
Modals of deduct ion and speculation
4 m Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
on time/ so/can't have/theyIThey're/very late/left
Ih e,,! re vel'''! (CIte 50 the,,! CClhf-hcwe (eltoh trfv>e.
2 might go/We/for/sunny/if it's/a picnic/ tomorrow/
3 must be/very/after running/tiredIYou /the marathon
4 10st/EstherIThis/could be/the/ mobile phone
5 phone bill/I/have forgotten/ must/to pay/my
5 m Which of the sentences in exercise 4 express (near)
certainty and which express possibility?
(near) certainty: possibility: _ _ __
6 (**) Underline the correct words to complete the dialogue.
A: If you ask me, matches are the most important invention.
B: Why?
A: Well, it 1 must have been/might be amazing when they were
invented. Imagine: instant fire whenever you need it!
B: I suppose it 2 could be!can't have been easy to make fire
before matches were invented. I'm not sure how they
did it. I suppose they 3 may have used!can't have used the
heat of the sun - they 4 might focus/ might have focused it
somehow, through glass perhaps.
A: Or they 5 must use!could have used
stones, like flint. If you strike them
together, it makes a spark.
B: It sounds like hard work! Matches
6 might make/ must have made
life so much easier.
A: Definitely. Plus, they were
portable. It 7 can't have been/
may have been exactly easy
to carry fire around with you
before they were invented .
B: Yes, it 8 might be/must have been
pretty dangerous. So, do
you always carry matches
with you?
A: Yes, always. You never know
when someone 9 must need/
might need a light!
frenglish.ru
 7 (**) Complete the sentences with the cor rect fo rm of the Grammar
verbs in brackets and a suitable modal.
You 1v>.1/75r h.c.ve been (be) so excited when your baby reference
was born. Modals of deduction and
2 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (go) to the cin ema w ith Steve speculation
later if I finish my homework. Certainty
3 That (be) Arnold that you saw in We use the following modals when fairly
the newsagent's. He's on holiday. certain about someth ing.
4 I'll come to the party but 1_ _ _ _ __ _ _ You look pale. You must be unwell. (present)
(not stay) late. It depends how tired I feel. You must have eaten something strange.
5 Do you think Lee (become) an (past)
actor when he's older? Maybe, but it can't be the dinner. Mum and

6 Tony _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ (forget) our dinner date - Dad ate it, too, and they're fine. (present)
No, it can't have been the water. That
he's never usually late.
wouldn't make me ill! (past)
8 (***) Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs Do NOT use mustn't to speculate or deduce
below and a suitable modal. in this way.
They're very lote 50 they mustn't hO'u'e left
be .I earn have keep look not do
on time.
protect signify smell
Possibility
We use the following modals when less
certain about something

Look lil{e an • present:

This might be an old-fashioned light bulb.

Egyptian What do you think?

It's too big and heavy. I don't think you could
hang it from the ceiling.
: is possible that the Ancient
It may fit in a lamp instead.
Egyptians 1 1v>.c.'1 h.c.ve been
:ne first people to use make-up. • past:
From around 4000 BC onwards, This might have been an old-fashioned light
-:ley used thick black make-up
bulb.
around their eyes and red
It's too big and heavy. I don't think you could
'lake-up on their cheeks.
ney 2 very dramatic! have hung it from the ceiling.
It may have fitted in a lamp instead.
nis black make-up, called kohl, was made from soot and
Do NOT use can to deduce or speculate.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ several uses. Black and green eye
'lake-up is seen in ancient tomb paintings and on statues so it is This alA be on old fashioned light bulb.
::Jelieved that it 4 status: the more We use well andjustto qualify possibility.
Lake-up used, the richer and more powerful the person. Men wore
Ask Jo. She may well know Sue's address.
-eavy eye make-up too, as they believed the adornment
_ _ __ _ _ _ __ their eyes from the glare of the sun. (more possible)
'iomen painted kohl around newborn babies' eyes as it was thought Ask Jo. She might just know Sue's address.
:-at this 6 them safe from evil spirits. (less possible)

her parts of the body were also decorated. Mummified remains

'Bveal that nails were painted with the dye henna. Nails were
"'- other strong indication of status: anyone with beautiful, manicured
-ails 7 manual work, and therefore
_ _ _ __ _ __ _ enough money to have servants.

,e Ancient Egyptians also made perfumes containing spices

5_ch as dnnamon and sweet unguents like honey. They
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ delicious!

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frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Grammar
1 Match the words 1-9 to the definitions a-i. Passive
decline 3 00 Complete the sentences with the correct
2 deterrent passive form of the verbs in brackets.
3 disperse 1 The police station 15 locc,tui between
4 eternal the library and the swimming pool.
5 gadget (locate/present simple passive)
6 indiscriminate 2 Photos of the lottery winners appeared in the
7 outcry press, without their names _ _ _ _ __
8 resourcefulness (reveal/passive -ing form)
9 turnover 3 The special news report _ _ _ __ _ on
Channel 2 at 9 p.m.
a going on forever and having no end
(show/ present continuous passive)
b an angry protest by a lot of ordinary people
4 The teenagers _ _ _ _ _ _ for anti-social
c to go away in different directions
behaviour.
d to decrease, fall
(arrest/ present perfect passive)
e the amount of business done during a
5 Reasons for the increase in crime need
particular period
f being good at finding ways of dealing with
practical problems (consider/passive infinitive)

9 something that encourages someone not to 6 Tickets for the concert _ _ _ _ _ _ at the
do something ticket booth for fifteen euros.
h a small, useful, cleverly designed machine or (buy/modal passive)
tool
4 (**) Find mistakes in the use of the passive and
without thinking about what harm something
rewrite the sentences.
might cause
1 A new degree in how to develop inventions is
2 Complete the sentences with the words below. being launch by the university this year.
A hew degree Iir. now to develop
deterrent disperse eternal gadgets
lir.vehTtoh'i 15 belir.g Ic,l/Ihcned b'1 the
indiscriminate outcry./ turnover
l/IhlVer51'h:J tHI5 '1 ec, r.
There is usually a public Ol/lt"Cr'1 if a group in 2 Anti-social behaviour have been a problem for
centuries.
society is treated unfairly.
2 Ilike that save me time.
3 Despite an increased , the
3 Anti-vandal mosquito devices is found in a
company still made a loss.
number of towns across the UK.
4 Prison sentences are not always an effective
_ _ __ against crime.
5 The tra in fare increase was _ _ _ _ - there
4 In the sale, all items have to been reduced by
were no special discounts for students or
at least ten percent.
the elderly.
6 The police used trained dogs to encourage the
crowd to after the football match.
5 All children visi t ing th e exhibition must be
7 To my _ _ __ shame, I didn't go to my accompany by an adu lt.
grandmother's funeral.

6 I enjoy be made to feel special on my birthday.

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frenglish.ru
 5 C***) Rewrite the sentences in the passive form.
Laura can't find her new handbag.
L-C?l/IYC. '5 heN frc.hdbc.fj CC.h'f- be fOl/lhd.
2 The doctor is making the patient aware of the
risks of surgery.
3 You can visit many art galleries in London.
4 Archaeologists have found ancient Roman
coins worth two million euros.
5 You have to extinguish all cigarettes before
entering the cinema.
6 They are opening a new art gallery in the city
centre today.
6 c***) Complete the text with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets. There may be more
than one possible answer.
Tough new rules at Clifford High
-"'IS morning, students at Clifford High School
c.ye be'Mfj Mc.de c.wc.re (make/aware) of
-::>ugh new rules introduced by the headteacher.
='om next week, school uniforms
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (must/wear) at all times
~ 'I students. The new rules also affect other areas
::;< student life. It 3 (expect)
jat rules about using mobile phones in school
.,ft I become stricter. Right now, students
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (tell) that they
::an no longer bring mobile phones to school.
:... '1y student who 5 (bring)
::: mobile phone to school will have it confiscated.
.'ost students 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
:::an/ expect) to comply with the new rules.
- owever, any students breaking the school rules
. I be 7 (punish) quickly
::I")d strongly, as an example to others.
- e new rules 8 (decide)
~ the headteacher and parents. Students say
- ey 9 (not/consult) about
e new rules and are shocked because the
::i1anges 10 (make) so
:::uickly.
Grammar reference
Passiv e
We use the passive to focus on what happens to the
subject.
The student was banned from using his mobile phone in class.
We use the passive with by to focus on who or what does
an action.
Several mobile phones have been confiscated by the
headteacher.
We use the passive when we do not know or it is not
important who or what does an action.
The victims body was found by a woman walking her dog.
We use the passive when it is obvious who does an action.
Five teenagers were arrested on suspicion of causing a
nuisance.
We use the passive to avoid saying who does the action.
The living room has been left in a complete mess.
Modal verbs + past participle
The effect of the mosquito device cannot be underestimated.
This file may be downloaded free of charge.
Be careful with verbs that ta ke prepos itions.
It reminded me of my childhood.
. I was reminded of my childhood.
After verbs and constructions which normally take the
infinitive or -ing form, the passive follows the same
pattern.
Students are thought to be angry about the action taken
against them.
They say it is unfair that they are being made an
example of.
Use the impersonal passive to talk about what other
people or people in general think, say, believe, estimate,
expect, assume, consider, suppose, etc.
It is estimated that fewer young people will go to university
next year.
It is said that drinking water improves your complexion.
She is said to have written the book in 7870 .
She is believed to be the richest woman in Europe.
She was thought to have changed her name after a
terrible crime.
She was expected to graduate from university with
flying colours.
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Listening
Positive and negative adjectives 3 Read the notes 1-9 in exercise 4. Predict
which answers will be numbers, nouns or
1 Complete the table.
adjectives.
Nouns Adjectives 4 @ Listen to the recording about a British
eccentricity/eccentric ' eccentric inventor and complete the notes. Use one
2
word/number for each answer.
ego/egotist
3
enthusiasm
Willy Johnson: British inventor
4
fame
5
Date of birth: 1 Apri l 1 ~
fanatic
Was inspired by a 2 _ _ __ in a book
intrepid
6
Inventions:
notoriety Computerised 3 _ _ __
7
oddity/oddness Airbags for 4 _ __ _
recklessness 8 Anti-snori ng 5 _ _ _ _
self-confidence 9 'MediMole' (medical 6 t hat det ects skin cancer)
'Microbarseal' (a security label that pro ves som ething
is 7 )
2 Complete the sentences with adjectives
from exercise 1. There may be more than one Employs: 8 people
possible answer. Personal wealth : £ 9 million
Lisa is very 5eff-confrdenT . She wouldn't
be afraid to perform on stage in front of
5 @ Listen again and answer the questions.

hundreds of people. 1 What makes Willy Johnson unusual amongst

inventors?
2 My uncle became _ _ _ _ _ _ after he
!--Ie not On It-:; dreClfv.5 vrp IhVenTron5,
appeared on a TV talent show.
he fv.ClKe5 fv.onet-:; ovrTofthefv., TOO.
3 I'm very about baking. I
2 Does Willy have a degree in Maths or Science?
make at least three cakes a week.
4 It was very _ _____ of Simon to go
trekking in India on his own.
3 Why did Willy not succeed in the British Army?
STony only thinks about and talks about
himself. He's so _ _ _ _ __
6 Don't you think it's rather of
4 What do Willy's computerised trainers count?
your dad to wear eight watches?
7 Mrs Thorne is so . Did you
know she often drives without a seat belt?
S How many people in the United States could
8 Joe is a _ __ ___ Manchester United
benefit from the Sschnore-no-more?
supporter. He goes to every game and has
spent a fortune travelling the world to see
them .
6 Does Willy manufacture products himself?
9 If I'm honest, I find Sophie a little bit
_ _ _ _ _ _ . She never smiles, she wears
a green wig and she takes a teddy bear
7 When does Willy say is the best time to
everywhere with her - and she's twenty-five! become an in ventor?
10 Why can't Vanessa ever be on time? She's
_ _ __ __ for being late.
8 What must a good inventor know, according
to Willy?

72
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Reading
6 Read the text and tick (.I) true, cross (X) false
or write (?) ifthere is no information in the text.
[{] Hans Laube invented man y other things
besides Smell-o-vision.
2 D The aromas released during the
Smell-o-vision film were carefully timed.
3 D Spray-on-hair is useful fo r people who
look older than they really are.
4 D Spray-on-hair is permanent so should be
applied with care.
S D A greasy screen can make a smart phone
more difficult to operate.
6 D Phone fingers cover the screen of a
smart phone.
7 D Dr Jarvis invented honegar.
8 D Dr Jarvis's patients who drank honegar
were unusually healthy.
7 Read the text again and choose the correct
answer, a, b or c.
The introduction says that Mary Tomlinson
takes a quizzical look at. What is this most
likely to mean?
a MaryTomlinson feels annoyed when she
writes about the inventors.
b MaryTomlinson strongly disagrees with
what the inventors have done.
0 MaryToml inson finds the inventions curious.
2 In paragraph 2, what phrase means 'an
experience that shocks you and makes you
realise that you must change'?
a short-lived b triggered c wake-up call
3 What does Spray-on hair seem to be?
a a kind of paint
b awig
c fine hair particles in a can
4 In paragraph 4, why does the writer use
intrepid to describe the inventors of Phone
fingers?
a to highlight the fact that their idea is new
and original
b to be ironic and make the point that they
are not at all daring or brave
c to suggest that the invention has been
difficult and complicated to make
S In paragraph 5, what does concoction mean?
a a mixtu re of things that are not usually put
together
b a drink that tastes pleasant and is good
for you
c a traditional medicine that you drink
frenglish.ru
An invention too far?
ot all inventions make life easier, bette r or safer.
For every invention t hat changes the wo rld ,
t here are hundreds more t hat swallowed t heir
creators' ti me, money and energy without giving
anything back. Mary Toml inson t akes a qu izzical look at
some inventions that didn't quite make the cut.
Smell-o-vision
f In 1960, inventor Hans
Laube created the short-
lived Smell-o-vision. His
goal was to al low film
viewers to smel l what
was happening on screen.
Scents were kept in
bottles and were piped to
cinemagoers' seats. Certain points in the fi lm's
, soun dtrack would trigger the aromas to be released,
, allowing viewers to see and sme ll at the same time.
Unfortunat ely, only one film was ever made that used
t his technology It must have been a to ugh wake-up call
for Laube.
Spray-on hair
Perhaps you wish you had t hicker hair, or maybe you're
going prematurely bal d? If so (and you are a little
egotistical), you might be t empt ed t o reach for a can
'\ of Spray-on hair. The inventors claim t hat it covers bald
spots, and makes users look years yo unger. Spray-on
hair is prod uced in a range of different hair colours
and is quick and easy to apply Just select t he best
match for your ow n head of hair - or what's left of it -
then spray The colour wi ll stay in place unti l you
decide to w ash it off. Just one question : what happens
if it rains or you go to a swimming pool?
Phone fingers
)
When you first get a smart phone it looks classy, sleek
and modern. But unless yo u're fanatical about washing
J your hands, pretty soon, its screen w ill be covered in
greasy fingerpri nts. Luckily, some intrepid inventors have
found t he answer. Phone fingers are lat ex coverings for
dirty digits. Slip them on and yo ur smart ph one screen
will remain as pristine as the day yo u bought it. But
you probably won't look as coo l as whe n you used
your phone bare-handed - w hich may have been the
very reason you bought t he phone in the first pl ace.
Honegar
Mix t oget her honey and
ci der vinegar and w hat
, do you get? Honegar.
) This disgusting-sounding
concoction was
championed by
Dr DC Jarvis, a doctor
based in Vermont in the US. He had noticed that many
of his patients had robust constitutions, and be lieved
their consumpt ion of home-made honegar was the
reason for this. It was bel ieved that honegar could
relieve aches and pains. Dr Jarvis spent many years
researching the properties of hi s patients' honegar and
I devising his own recipes but th is sickly-soundi ng drink
never became a household stapl e.
73
 Writing
A for and against essay

Grab the reader's attention
with a strong opening topic
sentence. You can also pose
a question. At this stage, do
not say what your opinion is.
2 Put one side of the argument
in the first half of the essay.
Use one idea per paragraph.
The internet has brought great benefits to many industries but for others
it has created more problems than it has solved. One such example is the
music industry.
There is no denying that the internet has made vast improvements to the
world of communication. A message that once would have taken days to
reach its destination can now be sent in a matter of seconds. This is a huge
advantage for many businesses.

In the music industry, the internet has enabled consumers to download

tracks quickly and cheaply, any time of the day. On some websites, music
can be downloaded for free, something which is irresistible for young
people who have very little money.

3 Put the other side of the
argument in the second half
of the essay. It does not
matter whether you put the
side of the argument you
agree with first or second.
4 Use set phrases to introduce
ideas/state your opinion, etc.
However, I would argue that the internet has made it easy to steal from
musicians. Downloading music illegally is the same as stealing a CD from
a shop. Effectively, downloading music from a music-sharing site is piracy,
and piracy is an illegal crime.
Furthermore, most people would agree that musicians do a job and should
be paid for that job. If they receive no money, eventually they will not be
able to produce records, and there will be no music industry. By refusing
to pay for music, we are signing the industry's death warrant.

5 In the conclusion, summarise To conclude, we cannot wholly blame the internet for illegal music
the main points and state downloads but it has made piracy much easier. In my opinion, each of us
your own opinion on the needs to take responsibility for the music we download to ensure that the
matter. future of the music industry is safeguarded.

Useful language
Stating your opinion
I would argue that .. ./In my opinion, .. ./
I believe that .. ./As far as I can see, .. .
Introducing a main idea
There is no denying that .. ./We have all witnessed .. ./
Most people would agree that .. .lIt is obvious that ...
Introducing a contradictory idea
However, .. ./Unfortunately, .. ./
To look at it from another angle, ...
Concluding
In conclusion, .. .!To conclude, ... !To sum up, .. ./
In summary, .. .
1 Read the essay and decide which essay title it
answers.
a 'Musicians have done little to take advantage
of new technologies and inventions like the
internet and MP3 players:
To what extent do you agree?
b 'When you can download it free from the
internet, there is no longer any reason to pay
for music.'
To what extent do you agree with this
statement?
c 'The internet and new inventions in the music
industry have made it cheaper and easier to
produce music on a commercial scale:
To what extent is this a good thing?

74
frenglish.ru
2 Read the essay again and complete the essay plan below. 6 Write a thesis statement for the
essay in exercise 5.

Introduction: 7 Complete the strategies box with

Internet --+ dramatic chang es, some positive, some negative the words below.

Arguments for: arguments brainstorm

_ _ __ quicker and easier (good for businesses) opinion paragraph
Music ca n be bought quickly and 2 _ _ __ passive title .I
Attractive for teenagers --+ music can be down loaded
3
A for and against essay
Arguments against: • Read the essay' fdie carefully.
Downloading free music = committin g a 4 _ _ __
Make sure your essay answers
If we don't pay for music, we'll kill t he music 5 _ _ __ the question.
_ _ _ _ ideas for the essay.
Conclusion: Pick the best ideas to use in your
6 is not to bla me --+ we need to take personal essay.
respon sibi lity
• Think of at least two 3 _ __ _
for and two against the essay title.
3 Find examples of the passive in the essay and decide why o Decide what your 4 _ _ _ _ on
the writer uses this form. Write the examples in the correct
the topic is.
place in the table.
o Use one 5 _ _ __ for each idea.
Why the writer uses Example(s) • Use a for ma l style, includ ing some
the passive phrases/ sentences in the
To describe a process Ct7>h hOW be 5ehi; ...
Ch eck your writing for errors in
spelling, pu nctuati on and
gramma r.
To talk about what people in
general think

8 Read the task and write a for and

against essay. Use the essay
4 Underline the thesis statement in the essay opposite. structure on the opposite page,
the strategies in exercise 7 and the
S Read the essay title below and complete the plan. Include
ideas in the exercises to help you.
two arguments for and two arguments against.
Write 200-250 words.
'The worst invention in the world is the car because it has led to
huge increases in CO 2 emissions:
To what extent do you agree with this statement? 'A university is planning to offer
a degree in inventing. This is
likely to be unsuccessful, since
Introduction: creativity and inventiveness
Car --+ made tra vel easier, some positive effects, some are something you are born
negative effects with. These are not qualities
that can be taught or learnt:
Arguments for: To what extent do you agree
with th is statement?
2

Arguments against:
3

Conclusion:
My opin ion

75
frenglish.ru
 Presenting information Emphasising a
1 Look at the statistics and underline the correct words to point
complete the summary.
4 Complete the sentences with the
phrases below.
Contact lenses - statistics from the US
can put it another way
• 16% of contact lenses are bought over the internet
• growth in internet sales of contact lenses is 1 to 2% per year important to
• more than 36 million North Americans wear contact lenses I was trying to say was ./
• of these, 21.9 million wear glasses some of the time point I'm making is that
Today I'd like to 1 share/report with you some statistics about one of still th ink that
the world's great inventions, the contact lens. To start 2 before/with, stress the fact that
you can see from these statistics that in the US almost one-fifth of
contact lenses are bought over the internet. Sales are growing by one What .£ N?l5 ty"Phf) TO 5?1'1 N?l5
to two percent per year. This is understandable. For 3 one/first thing, it is that if you can see well, you'll work
sometimes cheaper to buy things online. For 4 another/the second, it is
very convenient to shop from your own home . But remember, you well, and earn more money.
should always check your prescription with an optician first! 2 Imust ____________________
I'd also like to 5 say/ fell you about the demand for this great invention. if you need glasses, go and see an
As you can see , more than thirty-six million people in North America
optician. Don't just buy a pair!
wear contact lenses. In 6 plus/ addition, over two-thirds of these people
wear glasses, too. 3 The if
7 For/ In conclusion , contact lenses are an extremely popular product, you're constantly straining your
and demand for them is increasing each year. eyes, you'll get headaches.
Th e Vi sion Council: Mid-Year 2011 Statistics Committee Market Update Presentation 4 1___________________
glasses are the best things ever to
2 Match 1-4 to a-d and 5-9 to e-i to make sentences. be invented ,
A 5 It's ___________________
Finally, I'll be happy to[ a glasses have a positive effect have an eye test at least once
on the economy_
every two yea rs.
2 Then I'll explain how b the benefits to health and
education_ 6 If I ,if
3 To start with, I'd like c answer any questions you have_ you have difficulty seeing and
4 First, I'll talk about d to explain that I'm going to talk someone gives you glasses, it's
about glasses. like having new eyes!
B
5 For all these reasons, e have headaches, glasses may
5 Match the answers in exercise 4 to
the questions a-f.
help to relieve them.
a Aren't inventions like penicillin
6 I'd like to share with f enable people with sight
and money more important? 4
problems to see clearly.
7 In addition, if you g think you'll agree that glasses
I b Can you buy glasses from a shop?
are a life-changing invention . c But couldn't headaches be caused
8 For another, h you why I believe glasses are by other things, like tiredness?
so important. d How often should I get my eyes
9 For one thing, they they allow students and workers tested?
to do their wo rk more easily. e What did you mean when you
said that glasses are positive for
3 Put the sentences in exercise 2 in the correct order to make
the economy?
two paragraphs.
f Why did you describe glasses as
Paragraph A 1 3.£L 2 3 4
'life-changing'?
Paragraph B 5 611 6 7 8 9
76
frenglish.ru
Use of English Exam task
Sequencers Multiple-choice doze
1 Underline the correct sequencer to 3 Choose the correct option, a, b, c or d to complete the text.
complete the sentences.
First/Next, I'm going to have In days gone by, if you were a 1 ~ music lover, your house
something to eat, once/ then I'" would be filled with large, expensive discs called records. Some
call Josef. rather 2 music fans devoted whole rooms in their homes to
2 After Zara had explained the idea their record collections.
five times, Steve after that/ finally
understood. Now though, we can take our music collection with us. 3 _
3 Once/ Eventually the rice is there was the portable tape player. It was huge by today's
cooked, serve it straightaway standards, and the batteries were 4 _ for lasting only a few
with the chicken and sauce. hours, but at the time it was revolutionary. 5_ came the
4 As soon as/ Meanwhile I get your portable CD player. Yes, you could only listen to one album at a
message, I'll come and pick you
time (6_ the album finished, you would have to change the
up in the car.
CD) but the improvement in sound quality was 7_, and
S After two months, Graham
eventually/ first reached the end of personal CD players were very popular.
the book. The most dramatic development, how ever, cam e with the
6 Shall we go shopping? Meanwhile/ launch of the iPod in 2000. 8 users had a 9 device with
After that maybe we can go to the
rechargeable batteries and could store hundreds of songs. It's no
cinema or for a coffee.
wonder the estimated 100 million people who own an MP3
2 Complete the sentences with player are so 10 _ about them.
sequencers.
Tony did some research in the 1 a brave b fanatical.l c intrepid d famous
library. M ~ fl. t:l1-1J hd~, I looked 2 a self-confident b jealous c noisy d eccentric
on the internet 3 a First b Meanwhile c After d As soon as
2 A _ ______ I saw Isabel, l 4 a egotistical b enthusiastic c notorious d reckless
knew I would marry her one day. S a Once b Then c First d Meanwhile
3 E __ _______ , after hours of 6 a finally b as soon as c next d eventually
climbing, they reached the top of 7 a exaggerated b immense c largely d odd
the mountain. 8 a Before b Once c First d Finally
4 0 she had finished 9 a tiny b egotistical c famous d self-confident
downloading the files, she lOa indulgent b concerned c relieved d enthusiastic
switched off the com puter.
S F ____ , I'" go shopping for a
present, t ___ I'll wrap it.
am!!'
In multiple-choice cloze exercises, think about the order in
6 If _ _ ____ finished painting the
which things happen. Think about sequencers that could
room at midnight. fit logically into the gaps.
7 I've already learnt to ski. N ___ ,
I'd like to learn how to snowboard.
8 Let's clean the car, do the
shopping and vacuum the floors.
A ________ , we can sit
down and have a rest.

77
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Grammar
Advertising and marketing Relative clauses and reduced relative cl auses
1 Match the sentence beginnings 1-8 with the 3 CD Complete the sentences with the correct
best endings a-h. relative pronouns.
1 A successful advertising campaign 1 The person wHo5e keys these are should
2 Billboards are an effective way of collect them at reception.
(
3 It is not easy to promote 2 My aunt, works in advertising, sees
a lot of interesting new products.
4 Packaging needs to be attractive
3 The actor has the most talent is
S A product that sells well in one country
Johnny Depp, in my opinion.
6 A catchy slogan is a great
4 The noise kept me awake all night
7 You can reach a wide audience was a car alarm.
8 To market a product effectively, S The city has the best tourist
attractions is Paris.
a you need to take cultural differences into
6 The designer trainers I bought, _ _ __
account.
were advertised on TV, are really
b through television commercials. uncomfortable.
c is sensitive to cultural differences.
d way to make people remember your product.
4 (**) Put the words in the correct order to make
sentences containing relative clauses.
e will not necessarily sell well in another.
expensive/product,ladvertisediThis/on/isiTV,I
f a product in a new market. really/which/is
g and feature the company's brand name.
fhl5 pro dvrct wHICH 15 Cldverfi5ed Oh
h grabbing people's attention .
TV 15 reClllq expeh51've.
2 Underline the correct words to complete 2 advertised/is/product/well/will/that/welll
the text. probably/ A/sell

3 funny/the/was/United States/in/ the/is/thatl

advertiThis/ shown
Launching a 1 productlbjJlboard in a new
2 market! packaging is not a simple task First,

you need to check that the 3 brand name/

television commercial makes sense and is 4 who/watching/ brother,lthings/My/lot!
appealing in the language of your target adverts,lbuys/ of/ loves/ a
customers. For example, a]apanese sports drink
called 'Pocari Sweat' may sell well in Asia, but
does not sound so delicious to native
English speakers. Then you need a catchy S person/ called/w ritesl A/ copywriterlslogansl
<\ slogan/market that people will remember - and
who/ is/ a
that doesn't cause offence Finally; you're ready to
start your 5 billboard/advertising campaign. There
are many tools you can use 6 to package/to market
a product, including 7 television commercials/ 6 the/ is/ actor/i n/ newiThat/ advertising/the/
markets, 8 billboards/products and 9 packages/ appearing/ ca mpaign
packaglng. Just remember to do your homework -
check with someone from the country that you're
advertising in that you're not making any
mistakes.

78
frenglish.ru
 5 m Cross out the pronouns that can be
omitted in these sentences. Tick (.I) if no
change is needed.
1 [Z] The man who answered the phone was
very rude.
2 0 Sarah, whose brother is a famous actor,
wants to be an accountant.
3 0 The slogan which I was going to use was
actually offensive in Spanish.
4 0 The advertising campaign that we
launched in Europe has been very effective.
6 C**) Cross out the reduced relative clauses that
can be omitted in these sentences. Tick (.I) if no
change is needed.
1 0 Here you can see an advertising poster
'.... hich is being put up on a billboard.
2 0 The advertisement that is being broadcast
th is afternoon should reach two million
listeners.
3 0 The person who was sitting at the bus stop
was my sister.
4 0 The person whose wallet this is must have
dropped it.
7 C***) Read the following text. In some lines
there is an incorrect word or a punctuation
mistake. Find the mistakes and correct them.
=r oducts that don't translate
=J OU have ever gone shopping in the US or the Far East,
t i u;;; t
JU may have come across a short s called 'The Athlete's
=--..J01'. The shop which sells trainers for sports was founded
- 197 1 in the US. Unfortunately, the name was not such an
-50ired choice. Athlete's Foot is also the name of a medical
: :'ldit ion who is very common. The condition which
- .olves itchy and flaky skin between the toes is very
_-com fortable and unpleasant. The business does not
. =-em to have suffered too much from its questionable
: r:lr) d name however, and has expanded overseas.
= . ~ n major companies whose have huge marketing
.: _dget s sometimes get it w rong. Pepsi's slogan 'Come alive
-: '1 t he Pepsi generation' was translated into Chinese for
=Chin ese market. Unfortunately, the Chinese slogan, that
=5 a literal translation, meant 'Pepsi brings your ancestors
: ::: : from the grave'.
- -:J in India, Kellogg's struggled when it launched
::: flakes into the market. India is a country who people
: : 'lot eat cold breakfasts. Hot milk, which makes the cereal
_: : ey was commonly added and unsurprisingly people
='2 less t han delighted with the result.
frenglish.ru
Grammar r eference
Relative clauses
Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses define exactly who or what you
are talking about. They are a key part of the meaning
of the sentence and cannot be left out. Use which, that,
who, whose, whom, where.
The man who came up with this slogan is a genius.
The product that won the advertising award comes from
China.
When a relative pronoun in a defining relative clause
refers to the object of the clause, it is possible to omit the
pronoun.
The brand name (which/ that) they chose caused great
offence in Mexico.
Always use a defining relative clause after someone,
anything, anyone, everything, etc.
Everything that you see here is included in the price of the
flat.
Use that (NOT wOO or w/tiffi) after superlatives and
ordinal numbers.
It was the first time that I had ever seen the ocean.
Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses add extra information
about the subject of the main clause.
Use commas to separate the relative clause from the
main clause. Use which, who, whose, whom, where
(NOTfIw.t).
One Japanese sports drink, which is called Pocari Sweat, has
not sold well in Europe.
Prepositions
Use a preposition either at the end of a phrase (less formal)
or before the relative pronoun (more formal). After a
preposition, use which for things and whom for people.
This is the friend that I want to introduce you to.
This is the friend to whom I want to introduce you.
Reduced relative clauses
We can sometimes shorten a relative clause by omitting
the pronoun and the verb, when the relative clause
contains a present or a past participle.
This advertisement appeals to customers (who are) looking
for a bargain.
This is the brand ofjeans (which was) launched in Europe
in 2072.
79
 Vocabulary Grammar
Differences and similarities Modifying comparative structures
1 Match the words and phrases 1-9 to the 3 rn Underline the correct words to complete
words a-i to make phrases describing the sentences.
differences and similarities. 1 Samson is just getting taller and shorter/ taller.
1 polar a different 2 The more I get to know Rachel, the less/
2 refreshingly b different to the least I like her.
3 there is a world of c apart 3 My brother is easily/easy the best footballer in
4 worlds d opposites the school.
5 the exact e opposite 4 You're even the nicest/just about the nicest
person I have ever met.
6 differ f in common
5 I'm not nearly as pretty as/not nearly pretty like
7 fundamentally g difference between
my sister.
8 have a lot h similar
6 Lee is so better/so much better at English than me.
9 completely wildly
4 (**) Complete the dialogue with the correct
2 Complete the dialogue with phrases from comparative or superlative form of the
exercise 1. There may be more than one words below.
possible answer.
A: Su-Ling, you are from Singapore and your angry big.l considerably enough
fiance is British. Do you 1 htWe Cl (o t rh good important more (x2) relaxed
CO/rvl/rvlOh ?
A: Toni, what have you found different about
B: Ha ha! You obviously haven't met Richard!
living in Hong Kong?
We have exactly the same opinions about
B: By far 1 Me bi@@e5t difference is the way
some things, but in other areas we're
my girlfriend expects me to behave.
A: You have a Chinese girlfriend?
A: Well, they do say opposites attract. I wonder,
B: Yes, and she's noth ing like as 2 _ _ _ _ __
is this because Singaporean culture is
as the girlfriends I had in Italy.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ British culture?
A: Do you have to behave like a gentleman?
B: I'm not sure about that. I wouldn't say our
B: Yes, and the 3 I get to know
cultures 4 • I would
her, the 4 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 understand, but it's
rather say they are 5 _ _ _ __ _ _ __
very difficult. For example, Valentine's Day is a
A: Yet you describe yourself as 6 _ _ _ _ __
great deal 5 here than in Italy.
_ _ _ of Richard. Why do you think this is?
A: In what way?
B: I think a lot of it is down to your character and
B: Well, I bought my girlfriend a cute card, but
your talents and interests. For example, we're
apparently that's not nearly 6 _ _ _ _ __
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ when it comes
To show your love for your girlfriend, you're
to work. Richard is an accountant and I'm a
supposed to shower her with chocolates,
fashion designer.
teddy bears and flo wers - the bigger, the
A: I can see 8 _ _ _______ those two
careers. And what about in your free time?
A: Oh dear. Was your gi rlfriend annoyed?
B: Richard loves motorbikes and I love yoga.
B: Let's just say she was n't happy. All her
A: Do you think this marriage is a good idea?
colleagues at wo rk received flowers at the
B: Yes, because we are 9
office from the ir boyfriends.
when it comes to how we feel about the
A: I bet those wom en were 8
important things in life such as family, morals
happier t han your gi rlfriend .
and money.
B: You're not joking! Th at day was just about
A: That's a relief. Su-Ling, I hope you have a long
I have ever seen her.
and very happy marriage.
B: Thank you. I hope so, too.
80
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5 Complete the sentences with the comparative or Grammar
superlative form of suitable adjectives. There may be
more than one possible answer. reference
That's just about biggesT tree I have ever seen. Modifying comparative structures
It's enormous!
Comparatives
2 Are you tired? Your eyelids are getting _ _ _ _ and
This meal is nowhere near as expensive as
I thought it would be.
3 I find Italian food much _ __ _ than French food. I'm much less interested in money than he is.
It's delicious! I feel so much happier since I moved abroad
4 The you live, the you become. to live.
That's what my grandma told me - she's ninety-eight, Also: far, slightly, hardly, nothing like as ...
and the wisest person I know! as, not nearly as ... as, so much, a great deal
5 I've been living in China for three months but I'm hardly Superlatives
any _ _ _ _ at speaking the language than when I That's just about the ugliest building I have
arrived. I find it really difficult. ever seen.
6 I'm far _ _ __ at keeping my temper than you are. She's easily the most talented student in the
You're always so calm and relaxed. class.
Also: by far (the), much (the)
6 C***) Find seven mistakes in the text and correct them.
Progressive comparison
Repeating the same comparative form
emphasises increase or decrease.
Tom has been on a diet and is getting
thinner and thinner.
Complete the profile below
Combined comparison
and we'll find a match!
Use comparatives with the to say how
a change in one thing affects the other.
Notice the comma after the first clause.
The more I get to know Sascha, the more
I love her.
I The better I get at speaking Russian, the

I live in London and work for a fashion designer. I work a

great deal most hours than a lot of my friends. This means
-- -[
better I understand the country's culture.

I
I have less than less time to go out and enjoy myself and
meet a man! I think I have a good sense of humour and I
enjoy films . I love animals and far the most important thing
in my life is my cat, Percy. He is much more beautiful me!

Aboot me person you're looking for:

I am looking for a generous, funny man, preferably someone
who is tall. In fact, the tall the better, as I am 1.90 m tall.
Easy the most important thing for me is that he should be
kind . I love fashion so it would be ideal if he was well
I
dressed. However, this is not nearly as importance as loving I

l
animals. A man who loves my cat as much as he loves me

:OUld b~__~~~e_ct~_____________
I
~

81
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 Vocabulary Reading
Culture 3 Look at the text quickly and
choose the best title.
1 Match the words or phrases 1-11 to the definitions a-k.
a Not everything can be expressed
1 customs
through art
2 dialect
b Through the eyes of an expat
3 expatriate artist
4 fully accepted c Exploring cultural similarities
5 an outsider through paintings
6 overseas
4 Scan the text and find phrases that
7 traditions match the meanings 1-5.
8 transient lifestyle 1 an image tells us more than a
9 community long description (paragraph 1)
10 sense of connection v, p rctl/7re 5pev,/::.[?1 v,

11 communicate with someone in their own language th0l/75v,hd word5

2 tease someone or something
a considered completely right (paragraph 1)
b the form of a language spoken in one area
c the people who live in the same area/town, etc.
d things that are done by people in a particular country 3 constantly becoming smaller
because it is traditional (paragraph 2)
e the feeling that you understand someone and have
something in common
f a way of life where you only stay somewhere for a very
4 no later than twelve (paragraph 4)
short time
g to talk the same language as someone
h beliefs, customs or ways of doing something that have
existed for a long time 5 is in charge of (paragraph 7)

someone who is not accepted as part of a social group

j in a foreign country
k someone who lives in a foreign country 5 Read the text again more closely
and tick (.,I) true, cross (,x) false or
2 Complete the blog with words or phrases from exercise 1.
write (?) if there is no information
in the text.
[Z] Yang Liu has had an
international career.
Hi! I'm Claude and I'm fifteen. My country of birth is France but
I have lived in Asia since I was ten. My dad has worked for the 2 D Yang experienced a lot of
French government since he left college, and he has always had difficulty learning the
a 1 TYv,hSieht (r{e5ft1(e . When we first arrived, I felt like an German language.
2 . I had learnt some Chinese before 3 D People in Asia are far less
we came but the people where I live speak a likely to be late for
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which is quite difficult to understand. appointments than people
I want to learn more, though, because I really enjoy in Europe.
communicating with people 4 _ _ _._ _ _ _ __ 4 D When people try to queue in
I go to a school especially for 5 _ _ _ __ _ _ __ Asia, there are often lots of
students, so I have friends from all over the world and I feel a arguments.
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ with them. 5 D The writer believes that Yang's
I love living abroad but I think I would like to go back to live in exhibition is educational.
France one day. I am more used to the 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6 D Yang's paintings have only
and 8 there. After all, it's my true home. been shown in China so far.

82
frenglish.ru
 Yang Liu. b ography ~
Can a picture speak a thousand word s? In the case of Yang Liu 's work, the answer is probably yes.
The young *graphic designer's exhibition, East Meets West, explores the cultural norms of these two
very different parts of the world and pokes fun at them in an original and thought-provoking way.

Yang's country of birth is China but she moved to Germany when she was just fourteen. She has
studied in Bristol in the UK and Berlin in Germany, and has worked in New York. This experience of
cultural diversity puts her in the perfect position to highlight the vast differences that still exist in our
ever-shrinking world , as Yang explains.

'I feel neither Chinese nor German,' she says. 'The Asian and European parts both have influenced
me and my work. Actually, [my time in] New York has helped me a lot to identify myself. I feel as
though I belong to all the places I have been to . I also started this project in New York. The distance
gave me a better view of my personal history. '

Yang's bright, eye-catching images explain the differences between German and Chinese culture
in a fun and immediate way. For example, one image highlights differences in attitudes to
timekeeping. If you 're invited to attend a meeting at noon in New York, you 'd better be there at
twelve sharp. In many parts of Asia, people work on 'rubber-band time' - it 's more elastic. In
Western culture, it is normal to queue in a line, in an orderly fashion. In Asian culture, there is less
respect for queuing. Instead, people tend to collect in disorganised groups - those with the best
position near the front get served first. She also explores the very western idea of ego. In the West,
the sense of 'self' is highly developed, some would say to the point of arrogance. In Asian countries,
the group is seen as more important than the individual. A tour of Yang's exhibition reminds us that
there is much we can learn from each other.

Critics have argued that Yang 's work is perhaps a little too simplistic, even stereotypical. Yet there is
no denying the immediacy and effectiveness of her message, something which visitors to her
exhibition have instantly understood and appreciated.

'The Chinese response was very positive,' she explains. 'I was a little worried about the
reaction -I 'm sure there are people who like [the project] more or less - but after five exhibitions
since May this year (two in Berlin, two in Beijing and one in Nanjing), ninety-nine percent of the
reactions have been very positive. The German reaction was the same; I was surprised by how
much both sides were interested in this work.'

Yang Liu is currently based in Berlin, where she heads up Yang Liu Design. She is a professor at
the Berlin Technical Art University.

6 Write short answers to these questions.

Why is Yang in a unique position to comment on cultural differences?
BeC?iVT5e 5Me N ?i 5 borM (0. CMI0.?i, IIve5 10. CterM?iM'1' M?i5 5flAtir'ed (0. fMe CdK ?iMd NorKed 10. fMe ?15.
2 Why does Yang say working in New York has helped her?

3 Is Yang's exhibition a very serious social comment? How do you know?

4 What is likely to happen if you are at the back of a group in Asia?

5 Does the writer agree with critics who say Yang's work is stereotypical? How do you know?

6 Has the Chinese reaction to Yang's work been less enthusiastic than the German reaction?
Explain your answer.

83
frenglish.ru
 Describing past
experiences
1 Underline the correct words to
complete the sentences.
1 It wasn't until/ as I met Ralph that
I realised how good -looking he
was.
2 I was reading/ had read a book
w hen suddenly I heard a scream.
3 Ever since that/ then, I've always
loved everything about Italy.
4 At the age of/ at twelve, I rode a
horse for the first time.
S I remember once/ ever I won a
singing competition.
6 Do you guess/ know what I did?
I sent her a Valentine's card.
7 Having/ By escaped, I ran home
as fast as I could.
8 Earlier the/ that week, I had
heard the star would be coming
to my town .
9 Looking behind/ back, I can see
that I was a bit foolish.
10 When I realised he was leaving,
I threw/ throw my arms
around him .
84
A review
2 Match the adjectives 1-8 to the extreme adjectives below.
Use a dictionary if necessary.
cliched distinctive emotive extortionate
fascinating./ ingenious intricate lacklustre
interesting fp,'2.clh c. fih&t-
2 very expensive
3 boring
4 clever
S unique/different
6 unoriginal/ dull
7 complicated
8 sad/poignant
3 Complete the plan for a review with the notes a-i below.
Willy Johnson: British inventor
Title:
1 M ,10h e''2. !<Vlhh U ·'2. b c. fffe ro rop ?por
First paragraph: Introduction (the event/people involved/where it
happened)
2
3
----------------------------------------------
4
Second paragraph: Detailed description of what happened
5
6
----------------------------------------------
--------- ------------------------------------ -
7
----------------------------------------------
8
Final paragraph: The outcome/ conclusion
9
Notes
a Jane's Run ners/indie band/original, distinct ive songs/real t alent/
winners of this year's competition
b Primrose High School
c Sweet Sunshi ne/series of pop covers/nothing origi nal
d Battle of the Bands (an nua l competition)
e Monster Moves/great musicalit y/unfortunately performance lacklustre
f students from school t ook part
g jazz quartet Junior Jammers/polished performance/songs a little
mature for audience
h Jane's Runners battle t o top spot
i reggae-inspired Dodgemslfeel-good music/runner-up prize rich ly deserved
4 Write the second paragraph of the review, based on the
plan in exercise 3.
frenglish.ru
Use of English Exam task
Words with more than one meaning Word formation
1 Complete each pair of sentences with one word from 4 Complete the text with the correct
the box. form of the words in brackets.

common market polar world If you go to live in a 1 differenT (differ)

country, you have to accept that the customs
a I bought some juicy fresh strawberries at the local
and 2 (traditional) of your adopted
Jv.?w/::.eT .
home may differ 3 (wild) from those
b How are you planning to _ _ _ _ this new product?
of your country of birth. Approach these
2 a Climate change means ice is starting to melt in the
differences with an open mind. For example,
_ _ _ _ regions of our planet.
4 (imagination) you ask for a cup of
b Even though they are twins, they are _ _ __
coffee at a food stall in Malaysia, and are given
opposites when it comes to their characters.
coffee in a plastic bag, with a straw. Is thi s
3 a There is a of difference between
_ _ _ _ (refresh) different or do you find it
reading a book and writing one.
so odd that you get annoyed and ask for a cup ?
b Whereabouts in the _ _ _ _ are you from?
4 a You must have a lot in with your husband. If you are invited to someone's home for dinner,
b Pigeons are very _ _ _ _ birds in this part of the it is important to appreciate thei r 6 _ _ __

country. (hospitable) and treat them with respect. For

example, do not eat all the food on your plate
2 Match the answers in exercise 1 to their meanings a-h.
in China. It is 7 (tradition) to leave a
a 0 close or relating to the North Pole or the South Pole
little food to show you have had enough to eat.
bOa great deal
Of course, there are some things that are
c ~ a place where people buy and sell goods
fundamentally 8 (similarity)
d 0 the planet we live on, and all the people, cities and
countries on it wherever you go. Remember to look people in
e 0 existing in large numbers the eye, be polite and smile. These are all things
f 0 to try to persuade people to buy a product by that are 9 _ _ _ _ (appreciation) the world
advertising it in a particular way over. Your 10 (customers) may be
g 0 share the same interests or attitudes different from those of your host country but
h 0 complete or exact when it comes down to it, most of us are
(fundamental) similar: we want to
3 Complete the pairs of sentences with the same word.
11

like and be liked, and get on with our fellow

1 a Doyouth i nkTerry 'sbosswillp ~QJv.Qt~ him?
human beings.
b How is the marketing team going to p ____ _ _
the company 's latest car?
2 a They feel so strongly about it that they're going to
c _ _ _ __ __ against the new law.
In word formation tasks, think about
b I think we need to add a bit more humour into this
the different fo rms a word can have
marketing c _ __ __ _ _ . and all the different meanings you
3 a Ilike that television c _ _ __ _ _ __ _ butthe problem know for that form. Use the context
is that I can't get the music out of my head now. to help you choose the right form
b Rachel doesn't work for a c _ ________ company; and meaning.

she works for a charity.

85
frenglish.ru
 Reading
True/False/No information
1 Underline key words in these statements.
1 The writer does not approve of the ~
woman's actions.
2 There was no TV before the Second World War.
3 The easiest way to invent a new product is to
identify a problem and find a way to solve it.
4 The police officer acted illegally when he
arrested Mrs Saunderson.
5 There is no evidence that the results will be
the same if the experiment is repeated.
6 Lionel will need to submit his invention before
30 October if he wants to compete.
2 Read the introduction to an article. Answer
the questions.
Thescrap
metal
inventor
hen Wu Yu lu left school more than twenty years
W ago with little more than a primary school
education, no one cou ld have predicted the global
attention he now receives. A Chinese peasant living on
the outskirts of Beijing , Wu makes a living from
farming - and then spends it all again on his hobby of
making robots from scrap metal. Over the past two
decades, Wu has made more than thirty robots. Wu ,
who has no formal education to fall back on , designs all
the robots himself.
Who would have known that Wu would
become famous?
2 What do we know about where Wu lives?
3 What is Wu's job?
Heisa _ _ __
4 What phrase means 'material that is no longer
wanted and can be reused'?
86
frenglish.ru
3 Read these statements about the introduction
in exercise 2 and use the notes to help you.
Tick (.1') true, cross (X) false or write (?) if there
is no information.
o Wu Yulu's fame was unexpected.
2 0 Wu owns his own home.
3 0 Wu's money comes from making robots.
4 0 Wu buys expensive components for his
robots.
4 Read the sentences in exercise 5. Scan the rest of
the article to find key information that matches
the sentences, and underline it. (You may not
find matching information for all the sentences.)
5 Read the text again. Tick (.1') true, cross (X)
false or write (?) if there is no information.
o Wu's interest in robots developed
recently.
2 0 Wu's crops grew more quickly when he
began using the seeding bicycle.
3
4
0
0
Wu's robots are both fun and practical.
Wu's robots are reasonably priced.
5 0 Wu's hobby was directly responsible for
the destruction of his home.
6 0 Wu has not yet repaid the people who
invested in his pony robot.
7 0 Wu's wife has become less tolerant of his
hobby over the years.
8 0 Wu wishes he had completed his
education and gone to university.
ItN,,'
The answers in the text will probably be
expressed in different words to the questions.
Pay attention to synonyms, or the same idea
expressed in a different way.
The obsession began early, when Wu set about
enhancing everyday machines so that they could help
with the daily grind of farmi ng. His bicycle, for example,
was adapted so that it could be used for seeding . His
collection of robots - which are described by Wu as his
'sons ' - include a robot frog, a grasshopper that hops,
a robot that can climb vertical surfaces and another that
can pour a cup of tea.

:Jespite spending at least two-thirds of his monthly
salary of 1,000 yuan (£100) on his robot addiction,
:vu has never sold one of his inventions. It is estimated
:'1at he has spent thousands of pounds on his hobby
:L'1d has even plunged his family into debt. The first time
':as when a house fire started after one of his robots
Jeveloped an electrical fault. Wu's house and
:)()ssessions were completely destroyed, and the only
':ay he could raise the money to rebuild the house
';as by borrowing . The second time , more recently, he
,.as lent 8,000 yuan (£800) by friends and neighbours
::::> fund a new project. The result was an eight-legged ,
:)()ny-sized robot. Wu hopes to claw back the money
'J'j charging children to ride on the robot's back at fairs
3ld festivals.
:Jespite burning down the family home, declaring that
~e loves his robots 'more than his sons ' and getting the
=3IT1ily into debt, Wu's family have stuck by him . His
,Ife, who once considered leaving him because of his
'Jbot addiction, has learnt to live with her husband 's
:;Gcentricities. As her husband 's fame grew in China and
;'adually to other countries, she has admitted she now
=sels proud of him. And as she shrewdly points out, at
sast he is not drinking or chasing other women .
3 iven suitable support and education, Wu might have
:scome a research scientist or engineer. Yet he is not
:l1er about such missed opportunities, and instead
-:; Ishes the media attention and the doors this has
:8ened for him (he now works with research teams in
_''lVersities on new robot designs). Content with his lot,
",L.l says he will never stop designing robots. His latest
:'oject? A robot that can give massages.
Listening
Matching
6 GDvou are going to listen to an examiner
setting an exam task. Underline the words you
think he will stress. Then listen and check.
'What I'd like you to talk about is the most
important thing that has ever been invented,
that is, the invention you think is the most
important:
2 'Please also explain why you think it is the
most important invention:
frenglish.ru
7 OD Listen to some students doing the task in
exercise 6. Match each person to the item they
choose.
Speaker 1 a dishwasher
2 Speaker 2 b aeroplane
3 Speaker 3 c e-book reader
4 Speaker 4 d contact lenses
8 OD Listen more carefully to the students
giving their answers and complete the notes.
1 Speaker 1 has thrown away all his _ _ _ _
books.
2 When did Speaker 2 start wearing glasses?
3 Does Speaker 2 feel less worried about her
looks now?
4 Does Speaker 3 still like the invention he
chose?
5 Speaker 4 follows a special diet because she is
6 Is Speaker 4 studying overseas ?
9 OD Listen again and match each perso n t o a
statement, a-f. The people can be chose n mo re
than once.
Which person".
a regrets not using the invention
sooner?
b thinks the invention makes life more
interesting?
c finds his/her height is an advantage in terms
of using the invention?
d says his/her home life is more harmonious
thanks to the invention?
e highlights how an invention can help people
stay in touch?
f has been able to organise his/her things better
thanks to the invention?
,*h'
In matching exercises, listen for the gist the first
time you hear the recording, and for specific
information the second time. Remember the
ideas in the questions may be expressed using
different words in the recording.
87
self-assessment
Vocabulary & Grammar
1 Complete the sentences with one word in
each gap.
1 Sam is so e!J-!2 ti2 Ns::. fl f that she never talks
about anything other than herself.
2 I left my country of birth in 2001 and have
been an e ____ for more than ten years.
3 Next year I'm going on holiday to Italy. It will be
the first time I've ever travelled 0 ______ _
4 That company is giving away free samples in
order to p ______ its new product.
S Despite my husband and me being p ___ _
opposites, our marriage has lasted
twenty-one years.
6 They have a t ________ lifestyle and move
countries every couple of years.
7 I saw a new pair of trainers advertised on a
b ________ as I was driving to work.
8 Stella climbed up that mountain all on her
own ?That's really i ______ _ .
2 Complete the text with the words below.
after finally first./ meanwhile
once then
Last year, my mum learnt to swim . She had long
wanted to but had always been too scared. So
1 fr'r5t- we had to find a swimming instructor
that was very kind and patient. 2 we
had done that, we booked some lessons so that
Mum couldn't change her mind. 3 _ _ _ _ we
went shopping to buy her a swimming costume
and some goggles because she doesn't like
getting water in her eyes. 4 we took
Mum to the swimming pool and she had her
first ever lesson. 5 Dad and I sat in the
coffee shop and waited for her. The lesson lasted
an hour and 6 that we took her out
for a meal. She was over the moon and said she
wished she had learnt to swim years ago.
88
frenglish.ru
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets.
The new university 15 belh!) opehut' by the
Queen this afternoon. (open)
2 You the train this morning
because there was a strike. (can not/take)
3 The two-year-old boy alone
in the shopping centre yesterday at 10 a.m. He
has since been reunited with his mother. (find)
4 You thrilled when you finally
passed your driving test. (must be)
S This packaging for use in
Europe and therefore has lots of different
languages on it. (design)
6 You the right ingredients
because it tastes revolting . (can not/use)
/10 I
4 Find the mistakes in the sentences and rewrite
them.
The person which first introduced me to oil
painting was my uncle.
/he per-50h NHO fr'r5t-lhiYodl/lced Me t-o
od PCHhtrh!) NW; M'1 I/Ihcfe.
2 It be expected that more than 300 people will
attend the public meeting tonight.
3 The car, it was launched in 2012, is electric.
4 The rare bird, which can only be find in
marsh land areas, is on the verge of extinction.
S These footprints, which are very large and
distinctive, may have be made by the burglar.
6 I don't believe you - you can feel very ill if
you're going out for a run.
7 Learning to ski was not near as hard as I thought.
8 The more I try to explain what I did to Thomas,
the least he understands.
9 The more Yolanda practises the violin, the
more better she is getting.
 Reading
5 Read the text and match the headings a-f to
the sections 1-5. There is one extra heading.
a The origins of the chewy stuff
b A sticky blot on the land scape
c Chew your way to bette r health
d Removable gum: the way forward?
e A short history of gum
f Don't overdo it
Communication
6 Complete the beginning of a presentation with the
phrases below.
For another For one thing
I'd like to tell you about.l
I must emphasise the fact that In addition
In conclusion It's important to To start with
Today, 1 I'd kf.e ro rei! 101/1 erbol/lr my
experience of living overseas, as an expat.
_________ , I want to say that my
experience was positive. 3 _ _ _ _ __ _ __

'any of us may think that chewing gum is a modern invention
:J in fact it is centuries old. Loved by some and loathed by
_ ers, here we examine the ups and downs of the sticky stuff.
2 you can do some wonderful activities in New
-Jday's chewing gums are made from a type of natural rubber.
-1e manufacturing process is highly mechanised and efficient,
--urning out almost 380 billion individual pieces of gum each
sar. Yet our love of chewing goes back centuries. The Ancient
'.ayan people used to chew chicle, a natural gum made from
::-e sap of the sapodilla tree. The Ancient Greeks also chewed
: atural form of gum from a tree, and the American Indians
_58d sap from spruce trees for their chewing gum. Early forms
:: chewing gum as we know it today were made out of tree sap
- ed with beeswax but mass production of individual pieces
:: gum did not begin until the mid-nineteenth century.
the local people were extremely friendly.
4 _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ , the way of life was very
relaxed and slow-paced. 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Zealand, such as glacier hiking. However,
6 _ __ _ __ _ __ New Zealand is a long way
from my country, Denmark. 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
remember that when you move to a new country,
you leave behind all your friends and family.
_ _ _______ , being an expat can be
very rewarding but you will undoubtedly miss
certain aspects of your life back home.

3 171
--ere are many advantages of chewing gum regularly. Studies
-c le shown that sugar-free gum can help improve oral health . 7 Number the sentences in the correct order to
- seems that when we chew gum, we produce saliva, which make a description.
-': ps reduce levels of bacteria in our mouth that can affect a D Looking back, I can see that I fell in love with
=_11S and teeth. Furthermore, if you're a serial snacker you him in that instant.
:. ~ht want to pack some gum before you set off to work or
:-:l()ol. Chewing gum after lunch has been shown to reduce b 0 At the age of twenty, I went to Paris to study.
-_ ger pangs later in the day, reducing the urge to snack. It c D When I turned round and looked at him, my
-cs also been suggested that the clean feeling in the mouth heart jumped in my chest.
=ated by chewing gum makes chewers less likely to eat
;..;ary snacks like biscuits or chocolate. Just make sure that d D Then do you know what I did? I went bright
-en you chew, you choose a sugar-free gum. red and couldn't say a word!
e D Ever since then, we've been together. We are
now eighty-five.
- mings should be taken in moderation, and chewing is no
:-=erent. It is fine to chew two or three pieces of gum a day, f D Having arrived, I went to my student flat.
:r:::erably after lunch , but do not chew constantly. People who g D In conclusion, I've had an extremely happy
::SN one piece of gum after another, like Sir Alex Ferguson, marriage and wonderful children.
- .:;nager of football team Manchester United, risk damaging
:: ' jaws due to the wear and tear caused by non-stop chewing. h D I had never felt anything like this before!
D I was unpacking my things when Jerome
knocked on my door and said hello.
- -: the drawbacks of gum don't stop with a sore jawbone.
=..e all trodden in chewing gum or found it stuck under a table.
--S futh is that when it is not disposed of properly, chewing gum
=-'3 es a real mess. Welded onto pavements and park benches, Marks
- :.ell be an unsightly form of litter. And its sticky properties
-E-'3n it is incredibly difficult to remove, often requiring a Vocabulary & Grammar /30 marks
-=: ','asher to get rid of it. Needless to say, most schools ban Reading /5 marks
::::. ng gum. The UK spends up to £150 million each year Communication /15 marks
-=- ving gum from streets and public transport so it is perhaps
-:; Nonder that countries such as Singapore have banned it Total: /50 marks
:::~:)Ietely. Gum, as with so many things in life, can be beneficial 89
- Jng as we do not abuse it, and dispose of it responsibly.
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary
Post-compulsory education
1 Match the sentence beginnings 1-11 with the
best endings a-k.
1 After school, I started work because
2 By the time I've graduated,
3 I spent two years at sixth-
4 I like being with people so I prefer
5 Tom wants to study Design, Photography
6 Lucy has been working for three years
7 During my apprenticeship I earned
8 Taking a degree is just one path to
9 I'm looking forward to the modules
10 Further education is for adults
11 Higher education is what you do
a at a college or university after finishing school.
b face-to-face learning.
c and History in a blended learning degree.
d but is not necessarily at a university.
e about rare and endangered animals.
f I couldn't afford university tuition fees.
g form college, then went to university.
h money as well as getting some qualifications.
a career - there are other ways, too.
I'll be twenty-four and I'll have a Master's
degree.
k and has gained two vocational qualifications.
2 Underline the correct words to complete the
sentences.
I'm going to stay on in the modules/sixth form
until I'm eighteen.
2 My brother graduated/took a degree last year.
I watched him take part in the ceremony.
3 It looks as though we have to study five
modules/degrees this term.
4 Shelly has got a part-time job to help her pay
for the sixth form/tuition fees.
5 Online degrees are fantastic as long as further/
face-to-face education is not important to you.
6 To be a nurse, you need to get vocational
qualifications/Masters degree.
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Gramma r
Unreal conditionals
3 rn Complete the second sentence so that it
has a similar meaning to the first.
1 I wish I had learnt to skate when I was young.
If only I hc.d (ec.Y'nr ro 5/;c.re when I
WC.5 qOl/1nfjl .
2 It's a shame you didn't invite Usa to the party.
I wish _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __
3 You should start earning some money.
It's about time _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __
4 We should pay the bill and leave.
It's high time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5 I wish I hadn't wasted my money on this
expensive phone.
If only _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6 We should go to bed.
It's high time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4 (**) Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the verbs in brackets.
I wish I hc.d fjl one (go) to college twenty
years ago.
2 1_ _ _ _ _ _ (travel) around the world if
_ _ _ _ _ (be) rich.
3 If 1 _ _ _ __ (work), 1 _ _ __ _
(save) fifty percent of everything I earn.
4 I wish you (tidy) up your
room. It's such a mess!
5 If I _ _ _ _ __ (pass) my school exams,
_ _ _ ___ (study) at university.
Unfortunately, I didn't.
6 We _ _____ (get) married much
sooner if we (have) enough
money.
5 C***) Use the prompts to make
sentences.
It/about time/you/learn/drive
It's t?lbol/1tflfv.e '101/1 (et?lrht
to drrve.
2 If only/they/not live/so far away/
we/see/them/more often
3 If/I/you/I/call/Peter/and/
apologise/him
4 I/wish/he/stop/being/so selfish
5 I/picklthem/up/from/train
station/if/they /ask
6 I/not come/to/school/if/I/know/
class/cancelled
6 C***) Complete the text with
suitable words or contracted forms.
Write one word only in each gap.
Five years ago, I finished uni. I have a
great job but also lots of debt. If I
1 were eighteen now, 2 _ _ __
I still go to uni? Maybe not. Here's
why: my friend Chris did an
apprenticeship after school. If he
had 3 enough money, he
would probably 4 gone
to uni, too. His parents said to him
'It's high 5 you got a job!'
So he did a two-year apprenticeship
and got some vocational
qualifications. If he had 6 _ _ __
to uni, that 7 have
happened. Now, we both work in the
same company and both earn the
same salary. If I 8 realised
I could get a great job without a
degree, 19 _ _ _ _ have so much
debt now. So, if 11°____
known then what I know now, I'm not
sure 111 _ _ _ _ have gone to uni.
Grammar reference
Unreal conditionals
Second conditional
We use the second conditional to talk about hypothetical or very unlikely
current or future situations and their results (which can't happen).
If I lived near the university (I don't), I would live at home.
Third conditional
We use the third conditional to talk about hypothetical events or
situations in the past and their results (which couldn't happen).
If I had tried to get a job at eighteen (I didn't), I would have vocational
qualifications now.
Mixed conditionals
We can mix second and third conditionals to vary the timeframe of the
situation or the result.
If she had arrived for the exam on time, she'd be a graduate now.
(she didn't arrive for the exam on time), (she's not a graduate now)
Variations
We use were to to make a condition more unlikely.
If I were to become a millionaire at twenty (this is very unlikely , I'd gi:e
lots of money to charities.
We use if I were you to give advice.
If I were you, I'd take some medicine and go to bed early.
More formally, conditional sentences can be inverted. We don't then
use if.
Were I to become a millionaire at twenty, I'd give lots of money to charities.
Had I realised, I would never have asked about her relationship.
Other unreal past expressions
We use It's (about/ high) time + past to say that something is not
happening and it should be.
It's high time you got a job!
We use wish or if only + past/past perfect to express a desire for
something to be different from how it actually is/was. Note that ifonly
has a slightly stronger meaning than wish .
I wish I had applied for an apprenticeship. (I didn't)
We use wish or if only + would when we want someone else to change
their behaviour but know that they probably won't.
If only you would study online, we wouldn't have to be apart.
We use would rather + infinitive to state a preference.
I'd rather go to the cinema than to the theatre.
I'd rather have watched a comedy.
We use would rather + past/past perfect to state a specific preference
for how someone else behaves or behaved when you can't control th is.
I'd rather you didn't talk about me behind my back.
I'd rather you had asked my permission first.
We use as if/as though followed by a clause to compare a real situation
with an imaginary one.
I feel as if I am being treated like a servant. (I am not)
frenglish.ru
 Vocabulary Grammar
Presentations Nominalisation
1 Put the words in the correct order to make 3 00 Underline the correct nouns or noun
sentences. phrases to complete the sentences.
a I'll explain/Before/of my/I begin,!talk/ 1 There has been little reduction/increase in
the structure/ university fees over the last ten years - they
Befo re I b eg /h ' If! exp(,:;; /h me are still very high.
5fr'l/Icf"l/Ire ofw, '1 f"c.(k 2 There is little refusal to/interest in online
degrees in our college. People would rather
b listening/you allfThank/for
study face-to-face.
3 Whatever your guess/decision, make sure you
let the university know your choice.
c I will/history/of cinema/talk about/Firstly,!the/ 4 I feel a certain reluctance/enthusiasm about
studying away from home - I think I'll miss
my family.
d like to/films/ever made/by talking/about/I'd/ 5 I got two reductions/offers of a university place
the first/start/ for next year.
6 If you want a refusal/qualification in Chinese,
why don't you go to Beijing to study?

el/degree in/to talk/Cinema studies/would like/ 4 C**) Complete the text with the nouns or noun
to you/aboutfToday/a phrases below.

applications assumption choice

completion decision demand for
f I/would now/ modern-day films/to move on/ energy interest in ./ reaction of
to talk/about/like

9 and/Hello/everybody/welcome

Genera! information

General information
h now/filmsI'Talkies'/to look at/that/I'd like/
If you have an 1 IMf"ere5f" IM
called/included sound,
theatre and performance,
why not consider a degree
in puppetry? Make this your
presentation/brings me/tofThat/the end/ _ _ __ and you'll learn
of this/ how to make your own
hand-crafted puppet. Not
only that, you 'lIleam how to
inject 3 into your
j / ou have/ask/hesitate/any questions,! puppet with movement and
:Jl ease don't/to/If your voice, so that it appears
to be alive.
There has long been an
_ _ _ _ that creative
2 :: _. t he sentences in exercise 1 in the order you
courses are not very practical.
Id expect to hear them in a presentation.
However, do not let thi s affect
234 5 your 5 . The 6 most employers to our past
7 8 9 10 students has been very positive, and graduates from this course
have found careers in film and the theatre. Course 7 _ _ __
takes three years.
There is strong 8 _ __ _ places on the course next year, and
the number of 9 keeps ri sing. So if you 're interested ,
apply now!
92 frenglish.ru
5 (**) Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first.
1 If you love animals, why don't you adopt a cat from the
rescue shelter?
If you have A (ove of AhlJ-v.A(5, wtw/ dOht- ,?ol/7 Adop T
A CAT frolvl Hu!, re5cI/7e 5he(f"er ?
2 It has long been assumed that low taxes benefit the rich.
There has long been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
3 The flowers will be delivered tomorrow afternoon.
There will _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4 If you dislike raw food, don't eat the sushi.
Ifyouhave ________________ _ __
S It has been decided that car parking charges will increase
next year.
_____________________________________ next year.
6 Last year there was an astounding fall in the number of
people completing their high-school education.
The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_______________________________ was astoundi ng.
6 (***) Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first. Use the noun form of the verbs in bold.
1 Students who are interested in sport are encouraged to
apply for a Sports science degree.
Students with Ah IhTere5T rh 5porT Are ehcol/7rAg ed TO
A pp(,? fo r A 5 p orT5 5Clehce degree .
2 In the first few sessions, students will discuss different
sports and their benefits for the body.
The first few sessions will involve ___________________
Grammar
reference
Nominalisation
In written and more formal spoken
English, we may use a noun phrase rather
than a verb phrase to be more concise
and elegant.
Unusual degrees are growing in popularity.
There is growth in demand for unusual
degrees.
Students will be interviewed by the university
in May.
Interviews of students by the university will
take place in May.
Applicants who succeed will be accepted by
the university.
Successful applicants will be accepted by
the university.
Note that the noun phrase is often made
up of two nouns linked by a preposition:
interest in sport, demand for degrees .
Too much nominalisation can make a text
very dense and hard to follow, 50 use it
sparingly.

3 Students will be trained how to plan an exercise and

healthy eating programme.
Students wi 11 aIso receive _________________________

4 Students will be assessed in written and practical exams at

the end of the third year.

by written and practical exams at the end of the third year.

S Students graduate in June of the final year.
The _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is held in June of the final year.

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 Vocabulary Listening
Problms and solutions 3 Read the text in exercise 4. Predict which
answers will be numbers, nouns, names or
1 Match the words and phrases 1-10 to the
adjectives.
definitions a-j.
Numbers: - - - -
1 appalling
Nouns: _ _ __
2 disruptive
Names: _ _ __
3 empathy
Adjectives: _ _ __
4 to let someone down
5 mess up 4 o:D Listen to a headmaster being interviewed
6 social campaigner and complete the notes with one word in
each gap.
7 tactile
8 tearaway J.' .1.~11.·~ljl.jIl1l 1 i ,. ,-11 • 1 .of Jj I

9 turn around " it " .' 11 " It 11 I i 11 , , I I' 11 'I 1, I•.• I!

10 unconventional
my SheppeLj, headmasfey, foqafe SC.hool
a causing problems and preventing something In Uk, maVlLj sfudenfs musf Weay
from continuing in its usual way
unifoym unfil aqe I 'iIXTeer.
b to not do something that someone trusts or
expects you to do 4f foqafe SC.hool, unifoym is onlLj
c someone who takes action to try to solve c.ompulsoYLj uVlfil aqe 2 _ _ __
problems in society Sfudenfs c.annof have pieyc.inqs oy '
3
d a young person who behaves badly and often
gets into trouble
f-Jeadmasfey IS fiysf Vlame: 'I
e being different from the way people usually ----
beha ve, think, dress, etc. Sfudenfs have moye 5 foy
f very unpleasant and shocking feac.heys wheVl fheLj aye fyeafed as equals
g relating to your sense of touch T/,yee c.ayeey youfes affey SC.hool:
h to change and start to develop in the way
you want
• b ____ qualific.afions
the ability to understand other people's • SfudLj foy a 7 _ _ _ _ af univeysifLj
feelings and problems • do an 8 - - - -
to spoil or ruin something keLj fip: dOVl 'f be Myaid fo make
q

2 Underline the correct words to complete

the text.
When I was a teenager I was a real 1 tearawavl 5 o:D Listen again and write short answers to
social campaigner. My parents seemed to shout these questions.
at me every day! At school I used to tell jokes 1 Does Mr Sheppey think wearing school
and make silly comments to the teacher. Looking uniform contributes directly to discipline?
back on it now, I can see I must have been very
2 disruptive/ tactile. The way I became a teacher

was quite 3 appalling/ unconventional. I joined the 2 What does Mr Sheppey say the use of Mr and
army and the discipline I learnt helped me Mrs for teachers' names used to create?
4 turn my life around/act my life up. I enjoyed

teaching the new soldiers so when I left the army 3 What do most students from Rogate High
I trained to be a teacher. Some of the students in School do when they leave the school?
my class are 5 appalling/ social campaigners, just
like I was. But when they 6 mess up/ turn around,
4 How much were the tuition fees when
I have 7 teara way/empa thy forthem because I
Mr Sheppey went to university?
know what they're going through.

5 What exam did Mr Sheppey fail?

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frenglish.ru
 I was a bit of a tearaway at school
and I somet imes feel embarrassed
Reading when I think of how I used to talk
back to the teachers. It's no
6 Look at the photos. Predict each person's surprise that I left school with
career path after school. Match A-D to 1-4. nothing. Pretty soon I rea lised
1 plumber _ that if I wanted to make a success
of my life, it was all down to me.
2 bank employee _
I started a business selling shoes
3 businessman at my local market and it was a
4 wildlife expert _ huge success. I now have fifteen
shops and I'd like to open my first overseas shop next year. Aged
7 Scan the texts quickly and find words sixteen, I never would have believed I'd be a mil lionaire one day I
with similar meanings to 1-5. The lessons I have learnt are don't be afraid of hard work, and
follow your dreams.
1 in a foreign country (text A) oVer5e?15

2 misbehave (text B)
3 do extremely well (text B)
4 disadvantage (text C)
5 given a more important job (text D)
8 Read the texts again more closely and
match each person A-D to a statement.
The people can be chosen more than once.
Which person:
• succeeded despite
having no qualifications?
• combined academic
and vocational studies?
• is probably quite funny?
B 'iidWtiliiifiWi _
I'm not very academic and I
used to act up a lot at school.
I could have got better
qualifications if I'd tried harder
but I was too busy being the
class clown l After school, I
joined an app rent iceship
scheme to become a plumber. It
was a revelation when I realised
I had found someth ing t hat
I cou ld exce l inl I ganed My
vocational qua lifications and now work 0'1 construe;' "5':::5
helping to buil d new homes. I don't ~ee sor(~ a::JOlJ: ~8 ..
1 A beha ved at sc hool and univers;ty v/oulon t na. e 8e2~ '::" ~::
I enjoy worki ng hard and taking home a pa" cnecue al :~:: e~C :::; '
each month.
3

• regrets his/her After sixth form, I studied for a

4 degree in Geography at Plymouth
behaviour at school?
University. I made lots of friends
• tries not to worry
and real ly enjoyed study ing my
about his/ her problems? 5
subject It also enabled me to get
• has worked for my dream job. In my third year I
only one employer? 6 completed a work placement with
the Wildlife Trust, managing forests
• enjoys getting
and helping to protect native
a regular salary? 7_ and 8_
species. I got on so we ll that they
offered me a job after I graduated
9 Read the texts again and tick (1') true,
The only down side is the tuit ion fees. I gradua ted wit h a debt
cross (X) false or write (?) if there is no
of £35,000 and I have no idea if I'll ever be abl e to pay it back.
information in the texts. I t ry not to thin k about it too much, oth erwise I wouldn't be
1 [l] Alfred has always been rich. abl e to sleep !
2 0 Alfred's first shop was near the
market where he started his business. I started work st raight out of
3 0 Tim has no qualifications relevant school, aged sixteen. I've
to his job. worked for the same bank
the whole t ime. Working
4 0 Tim does not regret missing out on
full-time was hard at first -
a university education . I wasn't used to the long
5 0 Megan enjoyed the social and hours and the li mited
academic aspects of university life. holidays. I did li ke my salary
though I But gradua ll y it got
6 0 Megan chose her degree because
easier and I have been
of the work placement it enta iled.
promoted twice since I
7 0 Rozalia is not very ambitious. started, as wel l as gaining from professional qua lificat ions My
8 0 Rozalia works with graduates at dream is to be the branch manager one day I don't regret not
doing further education because I have benefi ted from all t he
the bank.
experience I have gained and I don't have a huge student debt

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 Writing
A problem and solutions essay

Tearaway t.eens' in many schoo ls not. only act. up in lessons, t.hey

Give an overview of the issue
in the introduction. Mention
any statistics or trends.
also bully t.heir fellow st.udent.s. Technology is providing bullies wit.h
new weapons to use aga in st. t.heir classmat.es, and t.he problem is
increasing.

Bullying has always been a problem, whet.her t.his involves

name-calling, social exc lu s ion o r physical assault.. Often, t.eachers
2 Use one paragraph for each wit.ness suc h bullying so it. is easy t.o st.op t.he bu lly and punish him /
problem. For each problem,
also suggest a solution. her. In t.his way, t.radit.ion a l bullying is eas ier t.o manage.

3 You can also mention if there
are any limitations to the
solutions proposed.
However, bu llies are n ow u s in g mobile phones t.o send abus ive t.ext.
messages to fellow st.u dent.s. Perhaps t.he best. solut.ion is for
st.udent.s not. to give out. t.heir m o bile ph one numbers, ot.her t.han
t.o close friendS. However, t.his cannot. solve t.he problem ent.irely as
phone numbers can be passed on t.o people we never int.ended
t.o have t.hem.

4 In the conclusion, you can
give your own opinion about
what can be done to tackle
the problem in general.
5 Use collocations and set
phrases to introduce
problems, solutions and
consequences.
Bullies also use socia l-net.working sit.es t.o post. abusive messages.
In t.he past., a sc uffle in t.he playground may have been seen by a
handful of st.udent.s but. a message post.ed on a soc ia l-net.working
sit.e can be seen by hund reds. Teachers and parent.s need t.o come up
wit.h a way t.o supervise social-ne t.working sit.es, and to st.ep in and
t.ake act.ion if necessary.
It. does not. matter what. met.hod is used, bu llying is st.i ll bullying.
The answer t.o t.he pro blem lies in educat.ing st.udent.s about. keeping
t.heir personal cont.act. det.a il s privat.e and about. respect. for ot.h ers.
Bu llying is not. a t.rivial issu e, so t.here must. be disciplinary act.io n for
bu llies regardless of t.h e m et.h ods t.hey use.

Useful language 1 Read the essay and choose the

Problems best essay title.

The extent of this problem is .. .lhas been underestimated. a Students are responding less to
To exacerbate the problem/make the problem worse, ... punishment and do not seem to
confront/address/tackle/deal with/resolve the problem understand disCipline. What is the
a minor/trivial issue/problem extent of the problem and what
a pressing/urgent issue/problem can be done to address this?
b Bullying is on the increase in
Solutions
many schools, not least because
come up with solutions to ... bullies are using new technology
The answer to the problem lies in ... to their advantage. What methods
There are also ways to ... are today's bullies using and what
Perhaps the best solution is to ... can be done to address this?
Talking about consequences c New technology has many
so/therefore/as a result/as a consequence/consequently advantages and many
disadvantages. What are these
and what is the outlook for the
future?

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2 Read the essay again and
underline the correct answers.
The style of the essay is formal/
informal.
2 The writer uses/ doesn't use
contractions.
3 The writer talks about the
problem in general/
his personal experience.
3 Find more formal equivalents of
these words and phrases in the
essay and complete the table.
Formal Informal
, IhCrec,5r' f1-
h getting bigger
2 attack
3
rude
4
only a few
5 Paragraph 1: Introduction (general overview of problem)
watch over
6 small, unimportant
7
involving punishment
8 no matter what
4 Complete the sentences with
formal words from exercise 3.
Confiscating mobile phones is
one _ _ _ _ measure teachers
can use.
2 Please don't talk to me in such an
_ _ _ _ way.
3 Most students have an excellent
grasp of grammar and spelling;
_ _ _ _ them do not.
4 Lisa, please can you _ _ __
these children while I answer
the phone?
5 _ _ _ _ what you think, what
you did today was wrong.
6 The problem of poor spelling is
_ _ _ _ every year.
7 Because this is not a _ _ _ _
matter, we must take action
immediately.
8 Under no circumstances does
the school tolerate any fo rm of
5 Match the problems 1-3 with the solutions a-c.
1 For example, social-networking sites are also adding to the
problem of bullying, as students can post messages about
each other.
2 Furthermore, bullying by mobile phone is also increasing,
as students use text messages to communicate.
3 Students are quick to adopt new technologies and use
them to their advantage, includi ng for bullying.
a Schools can ban mobile phones, although this does not
solve the problem of what students do with their phones in
their free time.
b Parents and teachers need to supervise the sites and take
action if necessary.
c Teachers and parents must be aware of what technology
students are using and what they are using it for.
G Put the problems and solutions from exercise 5 in a logical
order. Complete this writing plan.
Paragraph 2 : Problem: _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __
Solution: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
Paragraph 3 : Problem: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
Sol ution: _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
Paragraph 4 : Problem: _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _
Solution: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Conclusion: My opinion and solution to the general problem
7 Complete the strategies box with the words below.
formal logical plann ing question.l
solution vocabulary
A problem and solutions essay
• Read the essay ' f/l/le5nOh carefully. Make sure you understand
what it is asking before you begin 2 or writing.
• For each problem, think of a 3 _ _ __
• Organise your problems and solutions in a 4 _ _ __ way.
Make a plan.
Check that you have written your essay in a 5 _ _ _ _ style.
Check for errors in grammar, spelling and 6 _ _ __
8 Read the task and write a problem and solutions essay.
Use the essay structure on the opposite page, the strategies
in exercise 7 and ideas in the exercises to help you. Writ e
200-250 words.
'Many students are over-relying on technology to find
instant answers to questions and are therefore finding it
difficult to read complete texts or concentrate for long
periods of time: Discuss the problems and suggest
possible solutions.
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 Describing hopes Predicting
and plans 2 Complete the dialogue with
sentences a-i.
1 Use the prompts to complete the conversation.

Where do you think you'll be and

what do you think you'll be doing in
five years'time?

A: So, what about you, Thomas? 1 ~

B: Well, 2_. Developing a career
is really important to me.
A: 3

B: Maybe. I do love computers. But I

also love English . 4 _
A: Maybe you'll be a website designer!
B: Good idea! What about you? s _
A: Well, Magda and I are pretty serious, as
you know. 5 _
A: you/ any plans/ the holidays? B: Yes, I'm sure that will happen! 7_

1 f-Icwe '100 §lot- CI"''1 pfCl"'5 for the hofrdCl'15? A: In Warsaw. Both our families are there.
B: Yes, I/attend/summer school B: And what about a family?
A: I'd like to have children but 8 • We
A: That sounds exciting! you/ study/ English? both want to work first.
B: Aah, lucky you! 9_

B: No! I/ no plans/study/English/this summer
4
A: Oh, so what are your plans?
B: I/ intend/ go/ dance summer school
A: Oh, you'll love that. You're such a good dancer!
B: Thanks. I/ Iook forward / learn/new styles of dance
A: Well, my plans aren't nearly so exciting. 1/ hope/
find / a job
B: What/kind of job/ you/ like/ do?
A: I/Iove/a job/at/local cinema
B: Oh yes, then you can see all the films!
A: I've got an interview today. I/hope/start/next week
10
A: Just you wait. I'm sure it'll happen
sooner than you think!
a Do you think you'll be working in IT?
b Have you got any ideas about what
you'll be doing in five years'time?
c I bet that we'll be married in five years'
time, if not sooner!
d I don't know if I'll ever find someone
to marry!
e I have no idea when we'll have a baby.
f I'm sure that I'll have a job.
g It's my guess that I'll either be
working in IT, or something to do with
languages.
h What do you think will happen in
your life?
Where do you think you'll get married?

B: Good luck!
A: Thanks! Have fun at your summer school!
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Use of English Exam task
Prepositions Sentence transformation
1 Complete the phrases with the prepositions below. 4 Complete the second sentence so that it means
the same as the first, using the word given.
about./ by for for Do not change the word given. Use between
in into to with three and six words, including the word given.
1 There are not enough university places to
1 I'm not very enthusiastic ClboVlr meet demand. for
2 Face-_ _-face learning is effective Demand for VlNve.r51 'f1;z p iClCe.'l IS"
3 Demand _ _ vocational courses is high and exceeding supply.
4 Rudi is going to opt _ _ a Biology degree 2 Student numbers in the city have increased
5 My brother is studying for a degree _ _ significantly. in
6 My favourite book was written _ _ There has been a _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ in
the city.
7 I really feel empathy _ _
3 Su-Ling has lots of enthusiasm for her new
8 I don't want to get _ _ debt so
apprenticeship in marketing . about
2 Match the phrases 1-8 in exercise 1 with the Su -Ling is reall y in
phrases a-h to complete the sentences. ma rketing.
a D students who panic before an exam. 4 Jason has chosen to study a mod ule in mu sic
b D has never been higher. th eory. for
c D because he loves Science. Jason _ _ __ _ _ ___ a mod ule in
musical theo ry.
d D lan McEwan.
5 There was a public acknowledgement of the
e D I'm not going to university.
police officers' bravery. for
f [ZJ this new online language cou rse.
The police officers were publicly
g D because students can ask their teachers
questions if they don't understand.
6 You have the freedom to choose any degree
h D Modern languages. course you like. to
3 Complete the sentences with a suitable You are _ _ _ _ _ __ __ any degree
preposition. course you like.
I think students should opt ~ subjects 7 Students must be outside the exam room ten
that they find enjoyable, rather than choose minutes before the start of the exam. to

something they feel pressured to study. Students are the exam

room ten minutes before the start of the exam.
2 Suzanne left school _ _ fifteen and regretted
8 Try to avoid 'soft' subjects like Media studies.
it almost immediately.
as
3 Our restaurant is staffed the best chefs
It's a good idea to avoid 'soft' subjects
and waiters from around the world.
4 My father is an expert _ _ his field of Ancient
Roman history. He works at the university.
5 I have always been very interested _ _ music
and dance so I'm studying for a degree in In key word transformation exercises, think
about prepositions and phrases that contain
performance arts.
prepositions. Think about the meaning of the
6 I enjoyed studying and I did quite well _ _ prepositions and how they can fit logically and
school so I went on to study at university. grammatically in the sentence.
7 I am required _ _ wear a suit to work because
we have to deal with important clients.
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 Vocabulary
Positive and negative aspects of jobs
1 Match the definitions 1-9 to the words below.
antis'ocial hours career advancement
fringe benefits heavy workload
irregular hours mundane tasks
networking opportunities
on the job training perks ./
things you get from work in addition to
wages, such as a car, etc. per/:s
2 jobs that are ordinary and not very
interesting
3 working hours that have no regular pattern
4 opportunities for promotion in a field of work
5 an additional advantage of a job, besides wages
6 the chance to meet people who could help
you in your career
7 a large amount of work that a person has to do
8 being taught how to do a job as you work
9 a long working day that does not allow much
time to see friends and family
2 Underline the correct words to complete the
sentences.
I'm under so much stress and pressure/
antisocial hours at work that I can't sleep.
2 One of the best mundane tasks/perks about
Hillary's job is all the foreign travel she does.
3 Tony's enrolling on the management
programme because he's very keen on career
advancement/expenses.
4 The networking opportunities/on the job training
at this breakfast meeting are amazing - there
are at least five company directors here.
5 I had so many heavy workload/mundane tasks
to do in myoid job that I once fell asleep at
my desk!
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Grammar
Gerund and infinitive verb patterns
3 m Underline the correct words to complete
the sentences.
I forgot to have/having breakfast this morning.
No wonder I'm hungry!
2 To work/Working as an intern can give you
valuable experience.
3 Perhaps your parents could help you flnding/
to find a job.
4 He agreed taking/to take the job, even though
it was poorly paid.
5 I've been late every day this week and I'm
afraid of losing/ to lose my job.
4 m Complete the dialogue with the verbs
below.
achieve doing getting look
lying starting./ to buy to clean
to save working
A: So, Inge, what's the worst job you've ever done?
B: I once worked on a farm picking lettuces. It
meant 1 5T-c.rfihgt work at 6 a.m. every day.
A: That's early! Did you enjoy 2 there?
B: No, I hated it! I couldn't stand 3 up
at 5 a.m. And my hands were always cold and
filthy. I tried 4 the dirt off but
somehow I never got rid of it all.
A: So how long did you work there for?
B: Ten weeks, an entire summer. I wanted
up for a laptop computer.
A: And did you buy a laptop in the end?
B: Yes, I saved really hard, so before I went to
university I could afford 6 a
brand new one.
A: Did you learn anything from your worst job?
B: Actually, yes. I don't regret 7 that
job because I now know that if I really want
something, I can work really hard in order to
my goals.
A: I bet it has also made you appreciate
9
in in the morning, too!
B: It has! Oh, and I can't really 10 at a
lettuce in the same way anymore, either.
5 C**) Complete the sentences with
the correct form of the verbs in
brackets. There may be more than
one possible answer.
I asked the shop assistant a
simple question and she went on
r(7'(/::./0.§! for ten minutes. (talk)
2 She told me for the
job details on the internet. (search)
3 Elena looked so furious I didn't
dare _ _ _ _ her what was
wrong. (ask)
4 _ _ _ _ for a charity is a great
way to get working experience.
(volunteer)
5 I've been trying in vain
_ __ _ a university course
that really interests me. (find)
6 (***) Use the prompts to make
sentences.
You/not be/successful/
in music industry/without/bel
able to/accept criticism
YOu wo",r be 5ucce55{u( 10.
fhe fv>U5IC 100awify'1 With our
bel0.§! ?lb(e ro ?lccepr
crrTtc/5fv> .
2 I/emailed/company/find out!
whether/there/any job vacancies
3 Sophie/too exhausted/go to/
any more/interviews this week
4 It/no good/worry about!
whether you/did well/in/
interview
5 Gran/love/her job/so much/she/
want/keep/workluntil/she/85
6 After school/Naomi/went on/
study/university/Milan
Grammar reference
Gerund and infinitive verb patterns
Gerunds
We use the gerund (-ing form) when an action is the subject or object
of the sentence.
Completing a degree takes hard work and determination.
We use the gerund (-ing form) after prepositions.
My reason for doing an internship is to get experience.
We use the gerund (-ing form) after certain verbs and verbal phrases:
admit, appreciate, avoid, can't help, can't stand, consider, delay, deny,
dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, mind, miss, postpone,
practise, risk, suggest, understand, it's no good, there's no point (in) .
Infinitives
We use the bare infinitive (without to)
• after modal verbs:
You must answer all the questions on the form.
• after make and let:
Will you let me borrow your laptop?
• after certain phrases:
I'd better send Laurence a thank-you card.
I'd better apologise for lOSing my temper.
We use the full infinitive (with to)
• after certain adjectives:
I was happy to hear from Lucy.
He was unable to understand what she was saying.
The baby is due to be delivered next week.
• after certain nouns:
You have no reason to complain.
J'II give you another chance to prove me wrong.
There's no need to look so worried.
• after ce rtain verbs and verbal phrases:
afford, agree, appear, arrange, attempt, care, choose, claim, decide,
expect, fail, happen, hate, help, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage,
offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish
• after the construction too . .. to:
I'm too tired to cook dinner.
• to express purpose:
I'm doing this job to get some experience.
Gerund or infinitive
We use the gerund or infinitive with little or no change in meaning
after like, love, hate, prefer, can't bear, start and begin.
I can't bear seeing my daughter cry.
I can't bear to see my daughter cry.
Note that the gerund is slightly more general in meaning and the
infinitive slightly more specific.
We use the gerund or infinitive with a change in meaning after forget,
mean to, remember, stop, try and went on .
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 Vocabulary Grammar
1 Read the phrases below and decide whether they are Reported speech
positive or negative in a job interview. Complete the table.
3 (]J Underline the correct words
to complete the sentences.
1 a candidate who is smartly dressed
2 an interviewee who is overconfident Her boss criticised her for
3doing plenty of preparation before the interview wear/ for wearing scruffy clothes
4 ma king sure you give a positive impression in the office.
Stalking about your qualities and skills 2 They asked us explain/to explain
6 describing the unreasonable behaviour of an ex-boss our business plan in detail.
7 highlighting your interpersonal skills
3 She revealed that/us that she had
8 being punctual
got her dream job.
9 being honest
4 Paul insisted on asking/ to ask
10 being defensive
all the candidates the same
11 showing interest in what other people say
questions.
12 being able to answer difficult questions
5 They inquired for/about when I
would be able to start the job.
Positive I Negative 6 She wondered whether the
1, interview goes/ had gone well.

2 Complete the interview tips using the words or phrases in

4 (]J Complete the sentences with
the correct form of the reporting
bold from exercise 1.
verbs below. There may be more
than one possible answer.

!~p. .~~p.~. !~~. ~~~~~.~~~~. ~~~~~.~~ ............................. . admit claim discourage

explain ./ promise warn
o It's important to !JIve Cl p051nve lfv.pre5510h in an interview, so be
polite and dress smartl y
'I was late because I missed
o If an interviewer asks yo u personal or difficult questions, try not to get
the bus:

o Do plenty of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ before the interview by reading

the compan y's brochures and website.
He exp(Cllf-Ied he had been late
because he had missed the bus.

o Before the interview, find out where you need to go and how to get there.
It's impo rtant to be _ _ __ _ __ __
2 'I've lost your watch:
She she had lost his
o Try to be outgoing and confide nt but don't be _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
the employer wan ts to know you can fol low instructions'
watch.
3 'I'll give you the money back
o Make sure you em phasise your whi ch are
suitable for the job. For example, if you want to be a librarian, do n't say
tomorrow:

you love to talk.

He he would give me

o Be prepared to . If you need ti me to t hink,

ask for it - don't just say th e first thing that comes into your head.
the money back the following day.
4 'If you're late again, you'll be
o An interview is not the time to make _ _ __ _ __ _ _
requests such as a high sal ary or lots of paid leave. Focus instead on
punished:
They her that if she

o presenting yourself in a positive way.

When you are asked about your previous experience, be
_ __ __ _ _ _ _ . Ta lk about your skills but don't lie about
was late again, she'd be punished.
5 'I don't think you should take
the job:
e things you can't do.
If the job you have applied for entails dealing with the public or working
in a team, talk about how good your are .
He _ _ _ _ her from taking
the job.
G Make eye contact with the interviewer and show 6 'I'll be the successful candidate:
_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ . This will prove you are a good listener and
She _ _ __ she would be the
can work well in a team.
CD Don't just t alk about what you want from the job. The perfect successful candidate.
_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ will also talk about how he/she can help the
company t o grow and prosper.

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5 (**) Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1 'When will you let me know if I'm successful?' asked Sally.
5 c.((1 c.5Ked when I/we wo///(d !et her KnOW If 5he
wc. 2' 2'///cce2'2'(///!
2 'I feel really lonely; Julia admitted.
3 'You should dress more smartly; MrTurner advised.
4 'I failed my exams because I was ill; she insisted.
5 'I won't be late this evening; promised Katie.
6 (***) Read the interview and complete the article about it,
using reported speech. Remember to use the appropriate
tense.
A: Janice, I understand you've had some bad job interview
experiences. Can you tell us more?
B: Definitely, I'll be happy to. I hope that by telling you about
my mistakes, your listeners can avoid some of them.
A: So, what has been your biggest mistake?
B: Probably a lack of preparation. In my first ever interview,
the employer asked me what my biggest weakness is.
A: It's a standard question in an interview.
B: Yes, but I didn't know that then, so I said 'chocolate;
nothing to do with the job.
A: Oh dear. Do you suffer from nerves in interviews?
B: I used to. I remember one interview when I felt so nervous,
I laughed several times for no reason. The interviewer
looked at me as though I was really strange.
A: Is that your most embarrassing interview memory?
B: No. In another interview, I stood up to leave and knocked
my glass of water over the interviewer. I felt terrible, and he
was furious. Needless to say, I didn't get the job.
A: So what lessons have you learnt from these mistakes?
B: You should do lots of preparation and accept that you
won't get every job you apply for.
What not to do in an interview
Last week I met Janice Goodman, who 1 hc.2' hc.d some bad
job interview experiences. I asked her whether 2 _ __ _
and she agreed and said she 3 be happy to. She said
she 4 that by telling us about 5 mistakes,
we 6 avoid them.
Janice's biggest mistake was a lack of preparation. In her first
ever interview, she explained that the interviewer 7 _ _ __
her what her biggest weakness was. Her response? 'Chocolate'!
She remembered another interview when she 8 so
nervous, she laughed for no reason. On another occasion, she
said she 9 up to leave and 10 her glass of
water over the interviewer. Janice's tips are to do plenty of
preparation. She also advised that we must accept that we
11 get every job we 12 for.
frenglish.ru
Grammar
reference
Reported speech
Tense shift
In reported speech, we often move verbs
one step into the past but may not,
especially if the speaker's words are still
relevant.
Reported questions
Report wh questions with a suitable verb
(ask, wonder, enquire) + the wh word (or
about) .
He asked her why she had applied for the job.
I enquired whether there were any job
opportunities at the company.
Report yes/no questions with a suitable
verb + if or whether.
I asked whether they would consider taking
me on as an intern.
Reporting verbs
Verb (+ object) (+ not) + infinitive
She agreed to attend the interview on
1 October.
Also: advise, agree, decide, hope, offer,
persuade, promise, refuse, remind, tell,
threaten, warn
Verb (+ object) (+ preposition) + gerund
Shane admitted to stealing his friend's
phone.
Also: accuse someone of, admit, apologise
for, blame someone for, compliment
someone on, criticise someone for,
discourage someone from, tell someone
Note that many reporting verbs need a
specific dependent preposition and that
these are always followed by a gerund.
Verb + that + clause
He warned that if she was late again, she'd
lose her job.
Also: claim, decide, expect, explain, hope,
promise, threaten, warn
Verb (+ person) + that + clause
Mr Rogers told me that I wouldn't get paid as
an intern.
Also: advise, tell
103
 Vocabulary Reading
Entrepreneurial qualities 3 Scan the text opposite quickly and
answer the questions.
1 Match the sentence beginnings 1-6 to the best endings a-f.
What is the name of the
1 A natural business spark
inventor's product?
2 It takes a lot of guts and
Cft"ppV;kir-
3 To build a business, you need
2 How many products does the
4 Only by thinking outside the inventor have?
5 It's Marco's capacity to think
6 Francesca is full of 3 What award has she won?

a box will you invent something truly original.

4 What does she describe as being
b is something you're either born with or you're not.
'a very positive experience'?
c of new ideas that has made him a successful entrepreneur.
d gumption to set up your own business.
e to be willing to give something a shot and take a bit of 4 Read the article more closely.
a risk. Six sentences have been removed
from the article. Match the
f optimism about the future of her company.
sentences A-G to the gaps 1-6.
2 Complete the text with the words or phrases below. There is one extra sentence.
A To create your own brand - how
capacity to think of new ideas much fun is that!
confident about using technology naivety
B So the experience is certainly
natural business spark'/ optimism challenging, which is the point.
thinking outside the box
C Here, ClippyKit founder and
willing to give something a shot
London Business Award winner
Calypso Rose tells us about her
r--------------------------------------------------~~
Cl journey to success.
D In fact, I was planning a career in

How to be an television.
E It's been difficult to find people
entrepreneur who will give me good advice.
F Small gifts can be put into the
pockets.
Perhaps you don 't like working for other people, maybe you 're
motivated by money or possibly you just have a G With the increased turnover,
1 hC,TI/TY'C,( bW51hC55 5,pc,Y'1:: . Whatever the reason, if you're
I am now investing in a
__________________ , you could be the world's next millionaire. professional site.

Being an entrepreneur is not for the weak. You need to be prepared to 5 Read the article again with the
work hard and risk your own money. And it's no good following in sentences in place and choose the
other people's footsteps . A successful entrepreneur must have the correct answer.
3 and develop original products. Brainstorming People responded to ClippyKit
and 4 are key skills that any good products
entrepreneur must possess in order to create new, exciting products. a with little interest.
b positively and straightaway.
Most young entrepreneurs are 5 , and this is
c with amusement.
a great advantage in our increasingly electronic world , especially if you
want to use the internet to sell your products or services. 2 When Calypso says she is keen on
'a paper trail; she means
A word of warning: some people may try to dissuade you - and say a she likes to have everything
your hopes and dreams are based on nothing more than written down.
6 . Try to ignore them! Hold on to your b she likes to go for a walk along
positive attitude and 7 , work hard and focus a forest trail to clear her head.
on your goals. Good luck! c she likes to read a business
~------------------------------ newspaper every day.
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 3 What effect did winning an
award have?
a She earned more money.
b Calypso became famous.
c The number of possible orders
increased.
4 What two uses does Calypso
mention for her website?
a Advertising her product and
dealing with the press.
b Responding to customers and
taking orders.
c Communication and offering a
personal service to customers.
5 Calypso's attitude to work is
a to be creative and think
outside the box.
b to make the most of
networking opportunities.
c to keep working until
something is exactly right.
6 Complete the interview. Write
logical questions to match the
answers.
1 Q: f-1c. d'1-01-1 C. (N C. '1-'2. NVrJ'ITed
TO b e C.M c.cce'2.'2.oY''1-
d e '2.lg MeY'?
A: No, I had never had any plans
to be an accessory designer.
2 Q:
A: The reaction to my first bag
was unbelievable. Strangers
kept asking me if they could
have one.
3 Q:
A: Each day at work is different.
No two days are alike.
4 Q:
A: I am looking into site
affiliation and database
profiling.
5 Q:
A: My experience of being a
young businesswoman in the
corporate world has been very
positive and a lot of people
have helped me.
Calypso Rose - Online Profile
Making a name for herself
ClippyKit is a range of plastic
products with opening pockets
for photographs, fabrics,
buttons and beads. 1 ~
ClippyKit was started through
popular demand. I had no
previous plans to become an
accessory designer. 2 _
I designed the first bag to
house my own col lection of
photographs and the bag
sparked off an immediate
reaction. I was literally
stopped in the street by
numerous people who
wanted to buy one.
A year on and ClippyKit now has a range of eight products - files.
bags, wash bags and the new 'Dolly brolly', the first umbrella ha
can be customised by the individual.
It has all been a huge learn ing curve. I have had to dea :.~i:l
manufacturers, delivery, accounting, publicity - the lOt. ' _
Every day is different and brings excitement and also
disappOintments. I have learnt that a deal is never done until the
paperwork is signed and I have become keener on a paper trail
than I would previously have thought possible.
ClippyKit products take on the personality of whatever goes inside
them. 4_This makes them much more amusing than the
average goody bag or presentation pack. They have been used
by L'Oreal, Charles Worthington and Richard Wang among others,
and I feel that the potential in this area is huge.
Our customers have been very supportive of ClippyKit, and our
website has been very important. Over Christmas it was a vital link,
as thanks to the London Business Award and subsequent publicity
we were inundated with enquiries. •
My first website was D.IY and it has been worth its weight in gold ,
not only for the orders we have taken but as a means of instant
communication. 5
The internet is a huge growth area, very important to a small
personal company, and a fantastic financial boost at peak selling
times . I am interested in site affiliation and starting up database
profiling as a source of customer targeting .
Being a young businesswoman in the corporate world has been
a very positive experience so far - a lot of people have a genuine
desire to help.
The established companies I have dealt with have taken a pride in
my achievements and followed the company progress with interest
and encouragement.
I do work extremely hard, and I am a perfectionist when it comes
to my product and the business, but when I see my bags swinging
down the road, or the brollies lined up in a shop window, I feel a
surge of excitement at how far ClippyKit has come in a short time.
6
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frenglish.ru
 Interviewing
1 Complete the dialogue with the words
and phrases below.
a moment could you say that
do you mean by./ follow
good question quite understand
see shall I put it that clear
A: Hello, Sandra. Thank you for coming for
an interview at Rick's Cafe. I'm going to
do your orientation this morning.
B: Hello. I'm sorry, but what
, do 1ol/1 Me-Cl0- b1 'orientation'?
A: It just means I'm going to show you
around and tell you how things work.
Is 2 _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ?
B: Yes, thank you.
A: Now, we're looking for people to work
in service.
B: Sorry, I don't 3 _ _ _ __ _ __
A: Don't worry. 'Service' means - how
4 ? _ that you 'll
be in the restaurant, clearing tables.
Do you 5 now?
B: Oh, okay. So w hat kind of things do I
need to do?
A: That's a 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
You 'l l need to lay each table with
knives, forks and spoons, plus glasses
of course. Oh, and also check each
table has the correct condiments.
B: Sorry, again,
7 _ _ __ _ __ __
please?
A: Yes, 'condiments' - it just means things
like salt, pepper, vinegar and ketchup.
B: Oh, I see. And will I be working alone?
A: Well, let's 8_ _ __ _ _ __
The other service staff are .. . just
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ .. . Leanne
and Jean-Luc. After we've finished the
interview, I'll introduce you to them.
106
Information sheet;
dos and dont's
2 Match the elements of an information sheet 1-4 to
their descriptions a-d.
1 title
2 introduction
3 subheading
4 bullet points
a a secondary title that describes the section of a text
b one or two lines summarising the topic, at the
beginning of a text
c things in a list that each consist of a word or short
phrase
d a one-line summary of a text; it is short and snappy
3 Read the notice and the notes. Then expand the notes
and add them to the correct place in the spidergram
below. You can also add your own ideas.
:\1\ " ,'\ 1\ 'I 'I 1 1 j j ~ I r ! i, I ~ ~
· . \ ~~'+ 6 A.~ ,
_
, Cov.l.A yov. w"it-e "'I\.
il\..t!o"w.",t-iOI\. s\-\eet- t-o \-\ell' • qef up in fimc (don 'f wa ......
fo y-uSh)
st-v..Ael\.t-s w\-\o ",,,e ",bov.t- t-o
be polifeltY-iendiL1, smile
st-",,,t- t-\-\ei" -\1"st- job? • hea lf"'-t by-eaktasf (need e,,~
, It-'s .po" t-\-\e col1e~e 1\.0t-lcebo",".A • do eac.h fask well, ask toy- "'-
it ncc.essan..,
"'I\..A s\-\ov.l.A ~ive il\.t!o"w.",t-lOI\.
• qo fo y-ec.epfion desk,
",bov. t- w\-\",t- t-o .Ao 01\. t-\-\",t- inrroduc.e Lfouy-selt
.A",v.l\.t-ll\.~ -\1"st- .A",y ",t- wo,,\:.! • pey-sonal qY"Oominq (showey-,
c.lean C.lofhes)
, It- .Aoesl\.'t- l\.ee.A t-o be t-oo
• leavc CVlOuqh fime fo qef fc
.t!0"w.",1 bv.t- t-\-\e l",yov.t- s\-\ov.l.A be woy-k (plan betoy-ehand)
de"''' (yov. C",I\. v.se \-\e",.Ail\.~S "'I\..A • ay-y-ive af woy-k on fime
bv.l1et- I'oil\.t-s, et-c.) "'I\.A it- w.v.st- • don 'f WOY-Y-Lf abouf y-emembE
names (buf y-emembey- fhe
be v.se.f!v.l "'I\..A ",cc essible. boss IS name!)
Before you leave home
ucceeding in your first day at wor
....fit
I....
When you arrive When you start work
at your workplace
frenglish.ru
Use of English Exam task
Prefixes Word formation doze
1 Underline the prefixes in the words below. 4 Complete the text with the correct
form of the words in brackets.
antisocial bilingual.l disadvantage ex-boss
illegal inappropriate irregular overpaid Getting a job is tough. Some people have
overworked underpaid unpaid
likened the process of 1 C./?f2(~Jlhg
(application) for a job to a full-time job in
2 Complete the sentences with words from the box in itself. Don't 2 _ _ _ _ (estimate) the
exercise 1. There are three words you do not need.
amount of time and effort you'll need to
1 Tony is brllh.9//Tc'! - he can speak English and French.
devote to finding that dream job. Of course,
2 My mum is a nurse and she often complains that she is
it's 3 (high) unlikely that the first
_ _________ and __________
job you do will be your dream j ob. To start
3 I saw my ___________ Iast week. I can't believe it's five
with, you may have to work ~ _ _ __
years since I left his company.
(regular) hours for low pay, in a job that is
4 One of working hours is
utterly boring. Do not feel 5_ _ __
that it's difficult to see your friends and family.
(courage)! Even if the hours are long and
5 An internship offers valuable work experience but
you hate that firs t job, you'll still be getting
unfortunately it is __________
6_ _ _ _ (value) experi ence. That 's
6 Magda decided not to accept the job because it involved
something that money can't bu y. You can
__________ hou rs.
keep looking for a better job w hile you 're
3 Complete the sentences with suitable words. Use a prefix earning money and gaining skills. Whether
from box A and a word from box B. you are working as a cleaner or a manager,
your attitude is extremely 7 _ _ __
A I anti- bi- dis- .I ex- il- ir- over- under-
(importance). Be keen and hard-working but
B age agree.l excited legal monthly president try not to be arrogant or 8 _ _ __
rational virus (confidence). Approach each task with
_ _ _ _ (enthusiastic) and try your best.
I'm getting angry because I dl5c.gree with everything
People will notice your positive attitude
you've said about this project.
and before you know it, you'll be doing a
2 Shona was so about her new job that she barely
job you love.
slept at all.
3 Your computer is useless now because you forgot to install
the software.
4 The magazine I did an internship for is published _ _ __
In word formation cloze exercises,
5 We've got a day off tomorrow - a public holiday has been you may need to change the
announced in memory of the _ _ __ meaning of the given word (for
6 What's wrong with you? Your behaviour in that meeting example to its opposite, using a
was totally _ _ __ prefix like -il, -ir, etc.) as well as
the form.
7 Make sure you don't sell tickets for the film to anyone who
is _ _ __
8 In many countries it is for companies to pay
employees less than the minimum wage.

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 Reading
Multi ple-matching
1 Read about Myron's first job. Underline what he
says about the following things.
1 who he worked for
2 what he says about a long-term ambition he had
3 a negative aspect of the job
4 what he did after the work experience
B Myron Davies
My first experience of work was in a veterinary surgery.
When I was younger, I thought I wanted to be a vet
because I've always loved animals. In our final year
at school we had the opportunity to do some work
experience, and I chose to shadow a vet in my local
town. I hadn't realised how much stress and pressure
vets have to cope with . It's their responsibility to try to
save animals' lives every day. Also, a lot of their time
is spent doing mundane tasks like giving vaccinations.
The experience really opened my eyes, and as a result
I studied Chemistry at university instead.
2 Read the five sentences below. Tick (.I) the
ones that are true about Myron's experience.
1 [ZJ Myron had never worked before he did the
work experience.
2 D He'd dreamt of being a vet for a long time.
3 D He had to travel a long way to do his work
experience.
4 D The vet's job was more demanding than
he thought.
S D A vet's daily tasks are varied and exciting.
3 Read the descriptions B-D and match the
statements 1-7 with the people. The people can
be chosen more than once. Which person ...
1 was initially disappointed with his/her job?
2 did not feel ready to start his/her first day of work?
3 has experienced real highs and lows in his/her
job?
4 got his/her first job after completing his/her
education?
S believes that even junior positions can teach
you a lot about working?
6 may use his/her skills to help less fortunate
people in future?
7 does not plan to change his/her job in future?
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4 Underline the parts of texts B-D that helped
you identify the correct answers in exercise 3.
mVal Hislop
My first job was working for a fashion magazine when
I was sixteen. I was only the office gofer, so I had to
make cups of coffee, go to the post office and generally
do any little odd jobs that would help the editors. Even
though I had few responsibilities, I learnt some
important skills like punctuality, to ask for help if you 're
not sure what to do and to never make enemies in the
workplace. I've always had the capacity to think of
( new ideas and at twenty I went to college to study
fashion , and now I'm a fashion designer. I still know
some of the people I worked with at that magazine.
le ';''''b'iHIfld-!l'
It took me seven years to complete my degree in
Architecture, so when I finally left university I was really
eager to start working . When I got my first job
I thought I would be designing new skyscrapers
and office blocks, but of course it wasn't like that! As
a junior architect I was given some very basic jobs
to do, and at first it was very frustrating. As I'd never
worked before, I also had to learn a lot about things
like teamwork and meeting deadlines. It was a couple
of years before I really began to enjoy my job. Now I
can't imagine doing anything else.
Nothing really prepares you for your first day on the
) job as a doctor. It was terrifying! Suddenly there were
people in pain and distress, all looking to me to help
them! I was pretty daunted at times. The antisocial
hours are also difficult to cope with, and I remember
breaking down in tears at one point in my first year.
But the buzz you get when you help someone get
better is hard to beat. In fact I'm thinking about working
overseas for a charity next year. They need doctors to
work in developing countries affected by drought and
famine . The work will be tough , but really rewarding.
In multiple-matching exercises, read each text
carefully. You will need to find specific information
and match it to the statements. It may help you
to underline important information or write a
brief summary of each text.
Listening
Multiple-choice
5 Read the statement and the
options in exercise 6 and write
what you think the recording will
be about.
6 (ill Listen to the first part of a
presentation and choose the best
opinion, a, b, c or d.
Most of the people listening to the
presentation
a have never had an interview.
b have created a bad impression in
their job.
c have already got a job.
d have attended a similar
presentation.
7 OD Listen to the second part of the
presentation and decide why the
options a-d in exercise 6 are true
or false. Then match 1-4 to a-d.
The speaker says people don't
want to create a bad impression .
He doesn't say anything about
already having created a bad
impression.
2 The speaker mentions a course
called Succeeding at Interview but
doesn't mention anything about
having an interview.
3 This is the correct answer
because the speaker says many of
the listeners have completed the
Succeeding at Interview course,
when they would have heard
similar tips.
4 The speaker is talking
hypothetically about when the
listeners get a job. We don't know
for sure that any of them already
have ajob.
1St',,'
In multiple-choice listen ing
exercises, remember to listen for the
general meaning, rather than for the
specific words in the question.
Identify why certain answers are
wrong to help you choose the
correct answer.
8 OD Read the questions. Listen again and choose the
correct option, a, b, cor d.
In their first days and weeks in a new job, workers should
appear
a keen.
b intelligent.
c tired .
d smart.
2 If one of your colleagues is always complaining, what
should you do?
a Agree with him/ her.
b Refuse to talk to him/her.
c Try not to listen to him/her too much.
d Explain to him/her that you don't like his/ he r attitude.
3 What effect will being positive have?
a It will drain you of all you r en ergy.
b Your attitude w ill imp rove .
c You r boss w ill t hin k you are a positive person .
d People you work wi th w ill be positive too.
4 What limitatio n of higher education is mentioned?
a Students do not know what questions to ask.
b Graduates often lack work experience.
c Students are afraid of seeming stupid.
d Students can take years to learn something.
5 What reaction should workers who ask for help expect?
a People will think they are stupid.
b People will appreciate them.
c People will answer their questions and assist them.
d They'll make their boss happy.
6 What should you do at work if you are worried about a
family member?
a Focus on your work but talk to someone more senior if
worrying is affecting your job.
b Do not think or talk about your family when you are
at work.
c Ask for some time off work to deal with the problem.
d Talk only to your family members about the problem,
at home.
7 If you hear an interesting story about a colleague, what
should you do?
a Report it to your boss.
b Ignore it.
c Discuss it with your colleagues.
d Tell your friends and family about it.
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self-assessment
Vocabulary & Grammar 3 Complete the second sentence so that it
means the same as the first. Use no more than
1 Choose the best option, a, b or c to complete three words.
the sentences. Whatever you decide, we're confident you'll
After I finish ~ I'm going to go to university. enjoy studying at our college.
a sixth form ./ b modules Wt1?lfever dect5tOh 1 01/1 make, we're
c apprenticeship confident you'll enjoy studying at our college.
2 My sister has a strong interest _ drama and
2 Critics have described her as the greatest
dance. actress of her generation.
a of b in c for
She has the greatest
3 I don't want to study just one subject so I've
actress of her generation.
chosen a college that offers _ courses.
3 'Have you ever worked in marketing before?'
a higher education
They asked her whether she
b vocational qualifications
c blended learning _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in marketing before.
4 It takes a lot of guts and _ to start your own 4 There has been soaring demand for university
business. places in recent years.
a gumption b capacity c spark _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ university places has
S During my apprenticeship I'll get lots of soared in recent years.
on-the-job _ . S It's agreed that students living more than 50 km
a training b perks c expenses away will be guaranteed accommodation.
6 If you want to do a practical job such as being There is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ students who
an electrician, it's important to do lots of_ live more than 50 km away will be guaranteed
training. accommodation.
a face-to-face b vocational c blended 6 'I'm so sorry for forgetting your birthday:
He my birthday.
7 'It's Zara's fault that we missed the bus:
2 Complete the sentences with one letter in
each gap. Peter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ them missing
1 Lee got a part-time job to help him pay the the bus.
university t H {·t{·!2!:2 fees.
2 I've got such a h ____ workload that I need
4 Correct the mistakes in the sentences.
to work overtime. were
3 Hospital staff often have to work If I am/ rich, I would go on a holiday.
a hours. 2 Get paid a huge salary is important to me.
4 You've got such a natural business
3 If I had injured my foot, I might be a ballerina.
s ____ . You should think about becoming an
entrepreneur. 4 Alfie got his first degree in Physics, then went

S It was n that led Yulia to believe that on gaining a Master's degree two years later.
a degree would guarantee her a job.
S If I hadn't gone to uni, I never have met my wife.
6 You might have to do some m __ _ ___ tasks
6 You only gain experience by work but you
in your first job.
7 Maria has a young baby, so she is studying for often need experience to get your first job.
her university degree 0 _____ rather than
7 If I were working in a paid job instead of as an
going away to college.
intern, I would be earn some money.

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5 Complete the text with one word in each gap. Communica ·0
I'm hoping someone can offer me some advice.
At the moment I am rc'/;Ihg a deg ree in
7 Complete the tex1 "'-;:; - --:: - .:; -- -; ::. -: :-- :
1
of a p resenta 'o ,', - - - -:: 'C:~:: - ::::..::- ;==
Psychology in Berlin. I never have enough 1 /--le ::> aMc =_ :
I

money, so I'm trying to decide 2 _ _ __

like 0 :_ _ _ _ :: : _ =::_-: =:::: ::=.: ~-::: -cy
I should take on a part-time job. I've been offered . .
e . . =-c . . . c2_--:::._'.:=: = ,=:8 · _ __ _
a job in a pizza restaurant. I would have to work
b .... .g- ;;-: -;; :::==: - ::5 ·o~ ca see -he
irregular 3 but there would be
, E] ::2::=5 -:~ 5 c{)a'o and ' s essent ial your
some fringe 4 such as free food ! My
cPD ica:' o~ s'1 on -ime, or you may be rejected.
friend Gwen already works there, and it sou nds
I .',0 0 no,\ i e to" on to talk about
as 5 the job is hard work. Do you t hink
he applicat ion itself. Remember to complete
it's a good idea to work while you're studying ?
every question, to w rite clearly and to check your
There's another reason why I'm interested in this
application for spelling and grammar mistakes.
job. Until recently I had always thou ght that after
Yo u need to make a good impression!
I graduated, I would continue stud ying for a
That 5 me to the end of this
_ _ __ degree, but now I'm not sure. I'm presentation. Thank you all 6 listening.
thinking about taking a bit of a 7 _ __ _
If you have any questions, please don't
and opening my own cafe. The job in th e pizza
- - - - to ask.
restaurant would be great experience, and
there's always great demand 8 _ __ _

properly-made Italian pizzas, so I could get rich! 8 Match the questions 1-6 to the answers a- f.

What do you think? 1 Sorry, could you say that again, please ?
2 Are you hoping to get married in the near future?
3 Do you follow now?
4 Would you like a job overseas?
Listening 5 What do you mean by 'a professional attitude'?
6 CID Listen to a radi.o report about teenagers. 6 Are you hoping to get a job soon?
Tick (.f) true, cross (X) false or write (?) if there
is no information. a That's a good question . It's really about
behaving respectfully and conscientiously
D Max is fifteen years old.
when you're at work.
2 D Max volunteers to help people who have
b No, not at all. I don't even have a boyfriend!
nowhere to live.
3 D Researchers questioned people aged c I don't know if I'd want to leave my family and
friends.
twelve to twenty about their beliefs.
d Yes, I'd love to get some work with a local
4 D More than two-thirds of teenagers want to
company that designs cars.
be useful in their spare time.
e Of course. What I said was that the dress code
5 D Respondents were paid a small fee to take
at work is formal.
part in the survey.
f Yes, thank you for explaining that.
6 D Most teenagers want to do something
useful.
7 D One in ten teenagers has a job of some kind.
Marks
8 D Many teenagers waste their free time
because they are too tired to do anything Vocabulary & Grammar /30 marks
productive. Listening. /9 marks
9 D Listeners should send their comments by Communication /11 marks
10 p.m. this evening. Total: /50 marks

frenglish.ru
 Reading
1 Read the newspaper article about a teenager
who skied to the South Pole. Match the
sentences A-G with the gaps 1-6. There is one
extra sentence.
A Like Shackleton, Amelia and her team endured
permanent daylight, snow storms and freezing
temperatures, and slept in tents pitched on ice.
B 'I'm most looking forward to a comfy bed, a
shower and some chocolate brownies:
C The record was previously held by an
eighteen-year-old from Canada, Sarah Ann
McNair-Landry, who reached the Pole in 2005.
D 'Obviously, I wanted to make sure she returned
to the UK with all her fingers and toes:
E 'We arrived here and we all just hugged each
other and congratulated each other and it was
really nice to finally get here:
F 'I often felt sick and light-headed towards the
end of the day, when I was tired:
G When you have 156 kilometres to cover on
ice, pulling your belongings behind you, every
gram counts.
Listening
2 CID Listen to Ellen, a university student,
talking about her experience of living away
from home for the first time. For questions 1-6,
tick (v') true, cross (X) false or write (?) if there
is no information.
D Ellen says that since she moved to
university, she is more daring than she
thought she would be.
2 D Ellen eats different food now compared to
what she used to eat at home.
3 D Ellen says she is extremely interested in the
way ancient civilisations lived.
4 D When she was inside the cave, Ellen had a
candle so she could see where she was
going.
S D Ellen's new friends are people who have
the same hobbies as her.
6 D Ellen has not been able to avoid minor
arguments with her housemates.
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REAL LIFE NEWS
Teen walks to South Pole
Sixteen-year-old has become the youngest pers -
A ever to walk to the South Pole. David Ew'-
reports on her amazing achievement.
In December 2011, Amelia Hempleman-Ada:::
from the UK became the youngest person ever to 5~_
to the South Pole. The sixteen-year-old, accompanie_
by a nine-strong team including her explore-
father David Hempleman-Adams, skied a total
156 kilometres to reach the Pole. 1
Amelia and her teammates began their adventure _-
The Farthest Point South, where, more than a centu:'"
earlier in 1909, the explorer Ernest Shackleton w:...
forced to abandon his expedition. 2 _ They h«.:
neither motorised vehicles nor husky dogs to he:::
them - the entire journey was completed thro ~:.
sheer physical effort. This may be why Amelia's dad, 0-
discovering she had brought some homework with he:
threw it out of the sledge to reduce the weight she ha.:
to pull. 3 _ She did manage to take some Geograpb.
books with her but admitted that by the time she go:
into her sleeping bag at night, she was too exhausted _
read.
But all the effort was worth it - Amelia fin al>
reached the South Pole and spent several hours there
where she was pictured with the UK flag.
'I'm really proud to have actually made it and j ~:
really happy,' she said. 'It's really exciting to be able
achieve something like this. It hasn't quite sunk in ye:
that we've actually made it because it's been such _
tough journey, but I'm sure it will in . the next fe
days. 4 _
Mter their success, the team flew to the Unio::.
Glacier base, near the coast of Antarctica, and fror::.
there to Punta Arenas, in Southern Chile. Ameli:.
reported that what she most missed during the
expedition were her friends and home comforts
'I've really missed my friends and want to thank thee:
for all their messages, which kept me going,' she saic..
5
Amelia's father (who holds many records, includin,:-
being the first person to reach the South Pole alor.e
without a support team) said he was extremely prouc
of his daughter and was relieved that they hac
completed the expedition without any major setbacks
'This expedition was probably the most challengint-
for me,' he said. 'I'm very protective of Amelia, who i5
my youngest daughter. It's one thing going off on a:-
expedition on your own but another thing when yo'.-
are looking after your own teenage daughter. 6 _
Use of English
3 Complete the text with one word in each gap.
If your team has been playing for twenty years
and has never won a match, it must be difficult to
_ _ _ _ up the enthusiasm to keep on trying.
But this is exactly what the American Samoa
football team did, and it finally paid off.
Anyone who has ever experienced a losing
streak will be able to identify 2
American Samoa team. Having never won a
match in thirty attempts, they are ranked the
worst national side in the world, and hold the
record for the biggest defeat - a match against
Australia in 2001 when they ended 3 _ _ __
losing 31-0.
So the members of the American Samoa team
can't have been exactly 4 with
confidence when they faced Tonga's team for the
Oceania World Cup qualifiers in November 2011.
Tonga, a 5 island in the South Pacific,
far from anywhere else, has a population of just
55,000 but its football team is ranked slightly
higher than American Samoa's, at 202 versus 204!
When the qualifying match kicked 6_ _ __
no one could have predicted that this would be
a defining match. Yet, in the 44th minute, Ramin
Ott took aim and kicked the ball towards Tonga's
goal. The ball 7 into the goal off the
hands of the goalkeeper, and suddenly American
Samoa were ahead. In the 74th minute, the ball
was 8 _ _ _ _ to Kaneti Falele, who scored for
a second time. Tonga scored in the 87 th minute
but could not achieve an equalising goal. Since
the historic match, the 9 of the
American team has soared, with the players
constantly being asked for autographs. And with
the ir first win under their belt, it looks
l O_ _ _ _ if American Samoa could be on
the up.
4 Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first, using the word
in CAPITALS. Use between three and six words
and do not change the word given.
1 I used to love heavy metal music when I was
young but I've stopped liking it so much
recently. GONE
When I was young, I loved heavy metal music
but I've recently.
2 It's Lisa's turn to pay for a taxi home - I paid
the last time. COUGH
I paid last time, so this time Lisa should
_ __ __ _ _ __ a taxi.
3 I can't stand the way Hector always talks
about his accomplishments and
achievements. SHOWS
The problem I have with Hector is that
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ a lot.
4 It seemed to me that Rufus didn't really like
the present I gave him . IMPRESSION
I Rufus didn't rea lly
li ke his present from me.
5 Ca rla passed her driving tes oda, a S ~~5
absolutel y d elighted . MOO
Ca rla _ __ _ _____ she passea her
driving test today.
6 After we finish ou r exams, I'm goi ng to
organise a celebration for all the students.
THROW
I think l'II _ _ _ _ _ __ _ all the
students once the exams have finished.
7 Markus did a parachute jump for his birthday
but I would never do that. CATCH
You would doing a
parachute jump like Markus did for his
birthday.
8 It seemed like Monica would lose the race
but she drew level with the leader in the
final seconds. CAUGHT
We thought Mon ica would lose but right
at the end of the race she
_ _ _ _ __ ___ Ieader.
/10 I
Marks
Reading /6 marks
Listening /6 marks
Use of English /18 marks
Total: /30 marks
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 Reading
1 Read the biography of Norman Borlaug,
a scientist and humanitarian. Tick (.1') true,
cross (X) false or write (?) if there is no
information.
D Borlaug was an all-round student with
more than one skill.
2 D Borlaug studied under some of the
world's best plant pathologists.
3 D The land in Mexico had few nutrients
left when Borlaug arrived.
4 D Borlaug only managed to achieve
increases in yields in South America.
S D Borlaug's critics said the crops he
developed were not universally
affordable.
6 D Borlaug became extremely angry
when those who had no experience of
hunger criticised him.
Listening
2 OD Listen to five short recordings in which
people talk about healthy eating. Choose
from A-H the attitude(s) which each
person expresses. One speaker expresses
two attitudes. There are two extra answers.
Speaker 1:_ Speaker4:_
Speaker2:_ SpeakerS:_
Speaker 3:_
A reluctance at having to adopt a new
lifestyle
B the belief that eating healthily is quite
straightforward
C anger about being asked to do something
he/she doesn't want to do
D acceptance that people know what they
need to do but don't do it
E embarrassment about his/her current
situation
F certainty that his/her current situation is
only temporary
G frustration at being short oftime
H a refusal to accept that his/her lifestyle
is unhealthy
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frenglish.ru
Norman Borlaug: bi raphy
Father of the Green Revolution
Norman Borlaug was born in 1914 in Iowa, USA. He grew up 0'" =
small farm and was educated at an unassuming, one-room
schoolhouse. He was a talented athlete and excelled at wrestlin;;
skill which helped him gain a place at the University of Minneso a
where he competed on behalf of the university. Borlaug receivec -
Bachelor of Science degree in 1937 and went on to work for the
US Forestry Service. He earned his Master's degree in 1939, anc =
doctorate in 1942. His special ism was plant pathology.
In 1944, Borlaug joined the Rockefeller Foundation where he b8f::'
research into cereals , pests , agricultural practices and yields. In
charge of wheat development, he developed a high-yielding,
disease-resistant crop. He took this, along with cutting-edge
agricultural practices such as chemical fertilisers, pesticides and
irrigation methods, to Mexico, where much of the land was
exhausted through overuse. When Borlaug's new form of wheat
was introduced there, production increased threefold. In one tovr
where he worked, the local people were so grateful that they
named a street in honour of Borlaug.
Having achieved such huge success, Borlaug began to expand r ::
'green revolution ' to other countries where crops were failing and
hunger was rife. He worked on the development of new strains 0;
wheat with scientists in Mexico, India and Pakistan . On the sub-
continent, harvests soared by sixty percent thanks to his innovations
Having seen the difference his work could make in communities o~
the brink of starvation, Borlaug now took on a new role - that of
humanitarian, as well as scientist. By bringing new crops into
production, he aimed to help those who were unable to help
themselves. He modestly described his achievements as 'a
temporary success in man's war against hunger and deprivation '.
Borlaug received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.
Despite the huge success and recognition, Borlaug was not
immune to critics. After the initial huge jump in production, yields 0=
crops introduced by Borlaug often dipped, usually due to poor
weather and insufficient use of fertiliser. The high-yielding crops
were also more expensive than traditional crops, which led to
criticism that the poorest of the poor could not afford them and so
continued to suffer.
Borlaug countered such attacks, saying 'Some of the environmen a
lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many
of them are elitists. They've never experienced the physical
sensation of hunger. If they lived just one month amid the misery 0'
the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out
for tractors and fertiliser and irrigation canals and be outraged that
fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things.
In his later years, Borlaug passed the torch on to a new generation
of budding scientists. Through his intemship programme, he trainee
almost 2,000 young scientists in crop research and production.
Though little known beyond the world of plant pathology and the
communities in which he lived, Borlaug is said to have saved
more people around the world than anyone who ever lived. He dieo
in 2009.
Use of English 4 Think of one word only which can be used
appropriately in all three sentences.
3 Choose the correct option, a, b, c or d to 1 I wouldn't say Emre is a close friend because
complete the text.
we don't really have a lot in _ _ __
Most people nowadays are aware that we need
Is it _ _ _ _ for people to own pets like cats
to do more to 1 the environment. We know
that CO 2 and other greenhouse 2 _ are having and dogs in your country?
a negative impact on the ozone 3 _ , and that It's knowledge that we need to do
we need to slow down 4 _ change in order to more to protect the environment.
prevent the ice caps from melting and deserts
from spreading. Recycling and investing in green 2 If you're going to the fruit and vegetable
energy such as 5 _ power are all very well but _ __ _ , please can you buy some spinach
do we need to consider the size of the human and carrots?
population?
The sales team thinks that the best way to
Every human being on earth makes demands on _ _ _ _ the product is through TV
the planet and creates a carbon 6 _ . In some
advertising.
parts of Africa, people live basic lives, so the
carbon footprint for each person is 7 _ . By
Prices in the property _ _ __ are the
contrast, the carbon footprint of people in lowest in more than twenty years.
developed countries is 8 _ , putting a greater
3 Scientists have proven that climate change is
strain on the planet. And the earth's population
causing the ice caps to melt.
just keeps growing. In 1350, it is estimated that
there were just 370 million humans. 9 _ If you and Roberta are such _ _ __
effective medicines were discovered and people opposites, how is it that you get on so well?
began eating well, the population grew quickly- Did you see that natu re prog ra mme abo ut t he
by around 1800 it had reached one billion, it
baby bears? They were so cute!
passed two billion in 1927, and 10 _ seven
billion in 2011 . According to the UN, the world's 4 Losing some weight can make a of
popu lation could reach fifteen billion by 2100. It difference to your hea lth.
is hard to 1 1 _ that our planet will be able to
Th is inventor's creations are -famous.
support twice as many human beings. Just like
freedom of 12 _ , in most countries the freedom The largest mamma l in the is the
to have as many children as we want is regarded blue whale.
as a basic human right. But perhaps we also need
S The students are going to against
to consider the health of our planet, without
which our children and grandchildren will have a higher tuition fees for university.
bleak future. The political of the fa iled presidential
candidate was based on lies and cheating.
a recycle b shelter c look d protect
The police have launched a to
2 a airs b gases c chemicals d harms
tackle antisocial behaviour.
3 a level b layer c air d coat
4 a weather b temperature c warming 6 A millionaire at just seventeen, Benson's
d climate _ _ _ _ success has been amazing.
S a sun b sunny c solar d heat I don't understand the point of that TV
6 a footprint b trace c trail d mark _ _ __ . What are they t ryi ng to sell?
7 a traditional b commercial c egotistical When the band first started, their music was
d tiny very unusual, but lately it's become more
8 a renewable b immense c imminent
d minute
9 a Finally b First c Once d Then
10 a then b first c as soon as d once Marks
11 a realise b imagine c forget Reading /6 marks
d appreciate Listening /6 marks
12 a speaking b talk c expressing
Use of English /18 marks
d speech
/121 Total: /30 marks

115
frenglish.ru
 Reading
1 Vou are going to read details of some further t ~~~~~J~
education courses. For sentences 1-10, choose
from the courses A-D. The courses may be A Accountancy )
chosen more than once. At the end of this course, successful candidates will
have the tools they need to embark on a career as
In which course details are the following
an accountant. The course may be studied full-time
mentioned?
for two years, or part-time for four years. Part-time
D Original and unusual applications will students are required to attend four two-hour
give students an advantage. seminars at the college every month. For those
2 D This course is suitable for students who living too far from the college to attend face-to-face
want to become doctors. seminars, we also offer online tutorials. The
3 D The learning environment is very up to Accountancy department and staff have built up
strong relationships with major accountancy firms
date.
over the years, enabling many of our students to
4 D Students will be immersed in another gain places as interns.
culture during the course.
S D Students can work as teachers during B Combined sciences )
this course. This two-year course, designed for schoolleavers,
6 D The course can be studied remotely. aims to extend students' knowledge of Biology,
7 D This course does not have to be studied Chemistry and Physics. Assessment is through
practical examinations throughout the course , a
full -time.
final written exam and project-based coursework.
8 D Tu t o rs use three methods to assess The Combined sciences course is a useful
stude nts. foundation for those wanting to study one or more
9 _ Prompt app licatio n for this co urse is of the three sciences at university, or those wishing
essentia l. to go on to study Medicine or Veterinary Science.
10 0 Students may be abl e to do unpaid work
directly related to the job they plan to do. C Media studies )
The Media studies course gives students a strong
/10 I foundation in media law, journalism skills and
production of TV, radio, print and online media.
Seminars and lectures are held at the new media
Listening centre on campus, which has state-of-the-art
2 QI) vou will hear an interview with a young technology, super-high-speed broad band, and the
latest tablet computers and eBook readers. Media
entrepreneur. For questions 1-6, tick (.I) true
studies is the most popular course at Highfield
or cross (,X) false.
College, therefore please make sure your
1 D Simon gained skills as an employee before application is received well before the deadline or
he started his business. you will not be considered. Applicants should also
2 D Simon thought people would pay for a note that competition for places is fierce so it pays
product that could help them with to make your application stand out from the crowd .
domestic chores.
3 D The entrepreneurs took their products to a
D Modern languages (jointV
local market to check people liked them . This is a two-year foundation course during which
students learn two modern languages (French,
4 D Fruit Foods are expensive because they are
Mandarin, German, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Polish
made from more expensive ingredients.
and Czech). Applicants must have a good basic
S D Simon Jeffries says there is little we can do level in at least one language but the second can be
to improve food production methods. studied from scratch. This is a sandwich course,
6 D Simon Jeffries donates ten percent of his which means students must spend six months living
profits to charity because it is a legal abroad in one of the countries whose language they
requirement. are studying. Students ca n either teach English or
study at a foreign university during this year.
116
frenglish.ru
Use of English
3 Read the text below and underline the correct
words to complete the text.
A future muffin millionaire?
When Harry's school announced a trip to the
foothills of Mount Everest after his final exams, he
was desperate to go. However, the cost was £ 1,650
and Harry's parents told him it was' high/highly
unlikely that they could afford to cover the cost.
Harry was determined to pay for the trip but didn't
want to get into 2 indebtedness/debt so he decided
to earn the money himself, and started baking and
selling muffins.
'At the start, I 3 overestimated/underestimated how
much work would be involved and I was surprised
at how many hours I had to work. I never used to be
very 4 enthusiastic/ enthusiasm about work but now I
love it, and I've earned enough to go on the trip;
said Harry.
According to Harry, working for himself has been
such a 5 valuable/ valueless experience that he wants
to set up his own business after his exams. 'Some of
my friends have decided to go to university, some
are looking for jobs, others are doing 6 paid/unpaid
internships where all they receive is training; he
said. 'With 7 regarding/ regard to my future, I'm going
to continue working for myself and hope to open
my own shop next year. It's important to have goals
and dreams, and mine is to be a muffin millionaire
by the age of twenty-one:
4 Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first, using the word
in CAPITALS. Use between three and six words
and do not change the word given.
1 To receive their exam results, students must
come to the school office.
REQUIRED
Students _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
to the school office for their exam results.
2 I left that company because I never liked the
boss I had to work for.
EX-
Inever _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
that's why I left the company.
3 Petra is often tired because sometimes she
works during the day and sometimes she
works at night.
IRREGULAR
It's no wonder Petra is tired - she's always
4 We don't have enough apprenticeships to
satisfy demand.
FOR
has exceeded su pp ly.
5 The staff on aeroplanes are often young and
good-looking .
BY
Aeroplanes _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __
people who are young and good-looking.
6 I'm afraid you are too young to be conside red
for this position .
UNDERAGE
Sorry, the reason we are not going to give you
this job _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
7 Selina has more enthusiasm for her job than
anyone I've ever met.
ABOUT
I've never met _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
as Selina.

Marks
Reading /10 marks
Listening /6 marks
Use of English /14 marks
Total: /30 marks

117
frenglish.ru
_writing
A report
Give your report a
title. The title should
be short but still
-'" Newbridge School:
I---.:.--~
give the reader a Current sports and recommendations for the future
clear idea of what
the report is about.
Purpose
2 Divide your report This report will examine the types of sports currently on offer at Newbridge
into sections and School, and their popularity It will also propose some new activities that the
give each section a school might consider introducing, and why such activities would be beneficial
su b-head i ng.
to students.
3 In the first section,
explain why you are Current sports
writing the report At present, Newbridge School offers traditional sports including football, rugby,
and who you expect hockey and netball. Students enjoy all of these activities but football is by far the
to read it. You can
paraphrase the
most popular. This is probably because the football team has been extremely
exam question in successful in the inter-school championship. Students are keen to join the team,
this section. the training is enjoyable, and matches are well attended by supporters.
4 Use formal language Possible future sports/activities
in a report, even if After surveying students about activities they currently participate in, and those
the report is for
someone you know they would like to try, it seems that many are interested in a variety of sports such
or someone of a as tennis and basketball. Students explained that they would like to try something
similar age to you. new, and would choose such activities purely for the enjoyment of doing them,
5 You can use the
rather than simply to win a game or score points.
passive in reports to
make your writing
Recommendations
more formal. It is obvious that students appreciate the sports currently offered by the school
and would like to continue participating in these. However, the range of
6 Make a activities on offer is limited and primarily of a competitive nature. Furthermore,
recommendation!
suggestion in the not all students want to play team sports. Alternative, non-competitive activities
final section of your such as dance and yoga could be offered. This would encourage students to
report. expand their horizons and exercise for enjoyment, rather than to compete or
play in a team.

Useful language Giving explanations

Explaining purpose This is probably because ...

This report will examine ... The most likely reason for this is ...
One reason for this is ...
The purpose of this report is to ...
The cause of this is linked to ...
In this report, ... will be studied.
This report considers ... This can be explained by ...
The following report is an analysis of ... Making recommendations
It will also propose ... It is obvious that ...
It also contains suggestions for ... It is suggested that ...
Recommendations are included about ... A major improvement would be ...
Ideas for improvement are offered in the One change that could be considered is ...
'Recommendations'section.
The future strategy could be to ...
118
frenglish.ru
 A formal letter
Write your address in
the top right corner.
This is the address
the recipient will
send his/her reply
to. Include the date
below your address.
2 Put the recipient's
address below yours,
on the left.
3 Use Forthe
? For the attention of: Janice Adams, college principal
attention of and
state the name and
title of the person
Vr
you would like to
read the letter.
4 Use Dear Mr/Mrs/
Miss/Ms if you know
the name of the
person you are V answe r these for me.
writing to.
Otherwise, use Dear
Sir/Madam.
S Include the subject
of your letter - in
bold or underlined -
so that the reader ~ of the UK while I am in Oxford, including doing some sightseeing.
knows what the
letter is about before
he/ she reads it.
_---~ 15a Rue de Lisieux
Livarot
Normandy
France
20 April
Brittania Language School
22 Brockwood Close
Oxford
OX20ZZ
Dear Mrs Adams,
6 In paragraph 1,
Re: Information regarding summer school explain w hy you
I am writing with regard to a six-week language course I will be are writing.
attend ing at your co11 ege th is summer. I h ave receive d th e course
7 Order yo ur
descn·ption and I have looked on the college website but have a questions logically,
fewu nanswered questions. I would be most grateful if you could
using sequencers.
Use one paragraph
"""': for each topic.
Firstly, I am aware that we have classes every day. Please could you
let me know how long the classes are? Do they last the whole day, 8 Use formal
or just part of~th~e~d~a:2y'!..?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _1 language. Do not
use contractions.
Secondly, I would like to learn a little about the culture and history
Does the college organise trips and activities for students when
they are not in class? If not, is this something you could help me to
arrange myself?
In addition, I am not sure whether I should bring my laptop 9 Close the letter
computer, or whether we will use the college's computers. Also, are politely, in a way
there any books I need to buy before I arrive? I am expecting that indicates you
to bring my French-English dictionary with me. expect a repl y.

Many thanks in advance for your help. I look forward to coming to 10 If you know the
your school and taking part in the course. name of the
person you are
Yours sincerely, ~-----------_________----:~
writing to, sign off
!}e-/l..8'VV\.e- le- le- +L+ with Yours sincerely.
Otherwise, use
Yours faithfully.

Useful language Asking for assistance/information Thanking the reader/

Explaining your reason for
writing
I am writing with regard to ...
I am writing to enquire about ...
I am contacting you on the
subject of ...
I am interested in receiving/
obtaining ...
With reference to .. .
My letter concerns .. .
I would be most grateful if you
could ...
I would appreciate it if you
could .. .
Please could you let me know ...
Is this something you could help
arrange?
Could you possibly let me have ... ?
Do you know of ... ?
I would like to know whether ...
It would be helpful if you CQuld
let me know ...
My enquiry relates to ...
frenglish.ru
Ending the letter
Many thanks in advance for
your help.
I thank you for your assistance.
I appreciate your prompt reply.
I look forward to hearing
from you.
I would appreciate a reply at you r
earliest convenience.
119
 A narrative
Begin your article
with a surprising ~ Imagine you are twelve years old and have always dreamt of
statement or
question, to grab the
reader's attention . /are taking you on holiday, to Spain. This is what happened t o me
2 The style is informal
and informative.
Use you, your, etc.
to talk directly to
J( !I
p
( ?
the reader.
II
II
I
3 Use time
expressions to make
it clear when the
action took place.
4 In paragraph 1, set
the context for the
narrative - give
information about
where and when it
happened and who
is involved.
Useful language
Involving the reader
Imagine you are ...
Have you ever dreamt of ... ?
How wo uld you respond if
so meone asked you ... ?
What would your reaction be if ... ?
o doubt you have ...
If, like me, you have always
wanted to ...
120
travell ing abroad. Then imagi~ your parents tell ing you they
a few years ago and it was the best holiday of my life.
~ ~
was over the moon when I learnt my dream of travellinUj was to
5 Use idioms and
collocations to make
your writing fluent.
come t rue. Furthermore, I had neve; been on an aeropla~e before. 6 Use a variety of
tenses, for example
I'll never forget that feeling of anticipation as the plane took off. the past perfect to
I could barely speak I was so excited ! show an event
before another
event in the past,
I had learnt a little Spanish at school but I was nervous the first the past continuous
to set the scene, the
time I tried it out at a local market. I was absolutely thrilled to past simple for
discover that the people understood me! This single event set single actions, etc.
me on my current path of studying Spanish at university. 7 Use vivid
descriptions to help
the reader imagine
However, the highlight of the holiday was a vis it to an aquapark. what you saw, felt
I don't think I've ever laughed so much as during those hours we and experienced.
Use strong adjectives
spent flying down water slides and bobbing about in wave pools. to make your writing
At the end of the day, my brothers and I were exhausted but / interesting.
ecstatic, and we felt like a really special family. 8 End your narrative in
a strong way. You
can pose a question,
Now my older brothers have left home and married and soon I'll make a prediction
go to university. It is un likely we'll ever go on holiday as a __ about the future or
~~----~------~------~----- reflect on what you
family again but I'll always have my memories of that first trip have learnt.
abroad to remind me about fun, family and the thrill of new
advent ures.
Talking about past experiences Strong adjectives
It was the best/worst/ amazed anxious ecstatic
most unforgettable/most awful ... excited exhausted horrified
of my life. overwhelmed thrilled
I'll never forget ... Idioms and collocations
This single event set me on my dream of
current path of ...
be over the moon
I will always have memories of ...
my dream came true
I remember it as if it was yesterday.
set me on a path of/to
I can remember every detail.
at the end of the day
I often think about ...
frenglish.ru
 A story

1 Use the past perfect

tense to set the
scene and describe
actions that
happened previously.
2 Use direct speech to
make your story
more dramatic.
Theresa was worr ied that soon it would be too dark to find her
way home. She had come to the loca l forest to walk her dog and
now he was missing. He had been running ahead of her w hen he
had spotted a rabbit and chased after it. Theresa had not worried
to start w ith but now, thirty minutes later, Buster was still
missing. She began to lose her nerve.

3 Use a range of
reporting verbs to
tell the reader how
the character says
something.
4 Use a variety of
strong verbs,
adjectives and
adverbs to add
U of strange men dressed in black. And here sne was alone, and sti ll
interest to your
story.
'Buster! Come!' she yelled, exasperated. The light was fading fast.
'Busterl' Suddenly she spotted a shape ahead of her, amongst the
trees. It was too big t o be a dog.
'Who's there?' she cried, sound ing braver than she felt. The shape 5 Use the past simple
for the main events
was gone instantly. Theresa's mind began to whirl with thoughts
in the story.
no sign of Buster. Panicking, Theresa began to run in the other 6 Tell the reader how
direction, towards home. the characters feel
and what they see
and hear.
Her heart thumping, Theresa was almost home when she saw a
light outside her house. Who was it? At her front door was a 7 The climax or twist
shadowy figure, holding a torch. He spun round as he heard her should come at the
approac hing. end of the story.

'Theresa Hardwick 7 ' came a deep voice from the darkness.

'Yes: gasped Theresa, barely able to speak.

'It's the police. I've got you r dog here. We've been searching the
woods today fo r an escaped prisoner. We didn't catch him but I
found Buster with your address on his tag. So I've brought him
home.'

Theresa sobbed with relief. She was safe and so was Buster.

Useful language Describing emotions

Reporting verbs
cry gasp giggle mumble mutter
shriek yell whine whisper
Senses
Suddenly she spotted ...
I could see .. . ahead of me.
.. . was just visible.
She glimpsed ... for an instant.
In the distance he could hear .. .
There was the faint sound of .. .
There was a loud crack/rumble/roar.
The smell/sound/taste of ... was unmistakable.
She was worried (sick).
She began to lose her nerve.
scream
She was exasperated.
I began to pan ic.
I was so terrified I could barely speak.
He felt sick with nerves.
Gloomy and despondent, he .. .
They were delighted when .. .
Elated, Suzanna decided to .. .
Strong adjectives (Adverbs)
anxious(ly) brave(ly) dejected(ly) exasperated
excited(ly) instant(ly) relieved sudden(ly)

His hands caressed/grabbed/gripped/ squeezed ... Strong verbs

crash dash fade halt plunge snap soar
spin swell thump whirl zoom
121
frenglish.ru
 An opinion essay
Begin your essay
with a strong
statement or
question to grab the
reader's attention.
Remember you can
restate the essay title
in your own words.
2 In the introduction,
summarise the
argument you are
going to make.
3 Explain one side of
the argument and
give reasons and
examples to
support this. You can
use a topic sentence
to do this.
4 Use adverbs of
opinion to make
your personal views
clear.
5 Distance yourself
from views you do
not agree with,
using phrases like
Some people argue . ..
Useful language
Beginning an essay
Few people would disagree that .. .
It is widely acknowledged that .. .
One of the biggest problems facing mankind is ...
A major difficulty in current times is ...
Expressing personal opinions
I would argue that ...
In my opinion, ...
It is my personal view that ...
Personally, there is no question that ...
It is my belief that ...
122
Few people would disagree that we must tackle climate
change if we want to safeguard the future of our planet.
Electric cars, which unlike their petrol counterparts do not
emit CO 2 , are considered by many to be an obvious way to
help combat this problem. Others, though, see them as
impractical.
Electric cars are beneficial for the environment in several
ways. They are much cleaner than traditional petrol cars.
Furthermore, oil is beginning to run out and fuel costs are
soaring. Clearly, electric cars would limit our demands on the
6 Also describe the
earth's resources and cut household bills. other side of the
argument, including
reasons and
Some people argue that electric cars are impractical. It is true examples. J
that today's electric cars take a long time to charge and there '..
, 7 Use linkers of
are few recharging points, making longer journeys
problematic. In addition, electric cars are prohibitively
expensive, typically costing twice as much as a petrol-
)7--I contrast to move
from one side of
the argument to
another. I
powered car. Replacement parts and batteries are also costly. ,-_ _ _ _ _ __
8 Explain why you
disagree with the
However, I ;ould argue that these problems stem from the - - ! ' - - - other side of the
fact that electric cars are in their infancy. As technology argument. J
progresses, they will become quicker to charge, there will be
more charging points and the distance they can cover will
increase. Furthermore, as production volumes increase, the
9 Summarise the key
purchase price will begin to drop. issues in the
conclusion . I
In conclusion, scientists tell us that the earth's temperature
10 Make your personal
is slowly climbing and a key reason for this is CO 2 emissions. .--l- opinion clear at the
In~my opinion, replacing petrol cars with electric cars is an end.
obvious solution to climate change. Electric cars are clean
and green and once their price drops and technology
improves, I cannot think of a reason not to use one.
Introducing opposing views
Some people argue that .. .
Critics contend that .. .
Detractors insist that .. .
One criticism of ... is .. .
Linkers of contrast
but conversely however nevertheless
nonetheless on the other hand though yet
frenglish.ru
 A review

1 Give your review a

short, snappy title. ,
Ideally the title t.J\US\C. I FEATURES a REVIEWS I
should summarise
your opinion. \ RE'J\EV; I1

~ ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
2 In the first part of
the review, give a
general overview.
In the second part, I Huge talent on ;ungshouJ""'"
iI
give more specific
information and I Adele made her mark with herfirst album , 19, which was
examples. The last ,?7 recorded when she was just nineteen years old. Now two
part of your review • years later, her second album , 21, has firmly esta b lished
can be a summary or I
, Adele as a force to be reckoned with in the music i~
recommendation.
industry. Indeeii, it is sometimes difficult to believe that i&
3 Give the name of the /the artist singing these songs was just twenty-one years 6 Name specific songs
old when she made this record, as the lyrics display a that you like/ dislike,
album in the first r-- V and explain w hy
depth of emotional understanding way beyond her years.

V
one ortwo you like/ dislike
them.
sentences. : In th is album, Adele's rich, bluesy voice seems more
/ intense, dee p er even. Hers is a voice that is instantly

~
4 Include personal 7 State your opinio n
recognisable and she uses it to superb effect in both~

[J
observations. of the music/a rt ist
catchy, upbeat numbers such as Rolling in the Deep and
5 Use a variety of slow, emotive love songs like Take it All. This is an artist ___ V clearly and
succinctly.
adjectives to make at the top of her game as not only does she perform
your writing 1--1 8 The style is fairly
brilliantly, she also wrote much of the music and lyrics.
interesting. informal but always

I;
Adelereally lets us see inside her heartache and pain in informative.
songs such as Set Fire to the Rain , and surely recording
this album must have been a cathartic process for her. 9 Explain who the
i album would
Th is album has mass appeal and will be appreciated by I appeal to.
anyone who loves catchy melodies and st ro ng vocals.
A modern-day classic . Buy your copy now!

10 End w ith a
recommendati on.

Useful language Making observations/ Making recommendations

Stating opinions This album has mass/limited
Positive adjectives
... is a force to be reckoned with. appeal.
brilliant catchy classic
It is sometimes difficult to believe This album would appeal to
dramatic emotive
that ... anyone who . ..
inspirational intense moving
poignant rich superb It seems/appears that .. . Those who appreciate ... will love
thrilling upbeat Surely, this a ... performance. this album .
This is a/an ... at the top of Don't miss it!
Negative adjectives
his/her game. Buy your copy now!
abysmal amateur dire
dreary downbeat dull You cannot help but be It is hard to imagine who would
forgettable lacking repetitive impressed by .. . wholeheartedly enjoy this album.
unemotional wooden No one else in the industry The audience for such music is
can .. . like ... very small.
There is nothing remarkable This album will only appeal to a
about .. . niche market.
Quite simply, it's the worst .. . I wouldn't waste your money
I have ever heard. on this.
Find something else to spend
your money on.
123
frenglish.ru
 An information sheet
1 Give your
information sheet a
catchy title so the
reader knows
instantly what it is
V gateway to England
about.
2 The style is fairly
informal.
3 Include a brief
overview at the
beginning.
4 Use sub-headings to
organise your
info rmation sheet.
Use a different
section and
sub-heading for
each topic.
S You can use bullet
points before each
poin t to make your
information sheet
easy to read.
5 _se descri ptive
":::,ec ;ves to make
:-:: ,'ormation
-:::',, :'1 erestin g
,,-: 3Dpealing.
Useful language
M aking factual statements
.. . location on the (English south)
coast ...
- is (so uth) of ...
From here, you can ...
. .. is home to ...
1- has long been associated with ...
t is an important centre for ...
It is fam ous for ...
It is the (biggest) city in ...
124
Portsmouth
Not sure where to start your UK holiday?
Then why not try the naval city of Portsmouth?
Location
• Portsmouth's location on the English south coast makes it the perfect
place for a city break, with easy access to beautiful countryside.
• From here, you can catch a ferry to France or Spain or to visit the
beautiful beaches of the Isle of Wig ht, just a half-hour sea crossing
away.
History and heritage
• Portsmouth has more than 800 years of naval history. In the
Historic Dockyard, you can board Admiral Lord Nelson's
HMS Victory, perhaps the most famous warship ever built.
• Why not visit the beautifully restored museum ship, the Mory Rose,
w Ich sank in 1545 and was raised from the seabed in 1982?
• World famous author Charles Dickens was born here 200 years
ago - and his small home is now a museum.
7 Try to offer several
suggestions, to
Things to do appeal to a broad
range of people.
• If you're brave enough, the views from the top of the 170-metre-high
elegant Spinnaker Tower are breathtaking.
• Gunwharf Quays, with its discount designer outlets, restaurants and
multiplex cinema, is great for a spot of retail therapy.
• If you're into more adrenaline-packed activities, why not learn to sail
or sailboard? Or head to the beach with friends to try your hand at
beach volleyball.
• After all that, you might w ant to relax on the seafront with
a traditional British favourite - takeaway fish and chips. 8 End with a brief
conclusion of one or
--=- two sentences.
We hope thiS information sheet will offer some helpful Ideas
for your trip to Portsmouth. Happy holidays!
Making recommendations Talking about things to do or see
Why not visit . . . ? ... makes it the perfect place for ...
If you're brave enough ... A popular activity is ...
A trip to see ... is fascinating. Tourists can try their hand at ...
If you prefer ... activities, ... is the There are many opportunities to ...
ideal place to .. . Don't forget to try .. .
After that, you might want to ... A star attraction is .. .
You may like to .. . Do not miss '"
Visitors might be interested in ... When you go sightseeing, visit ...
Don't miss .. .
Descriptive adjectives
adrenaline-packed
beautifully restored breathtaking
elegant perfect traditional
world famous
frenglish.ru
body parts clothes and silver (adj)
turquoise (adj)
ankle (n) advertising violet (adj)
belly button (n)
advertising campaign (n)
calf [calves] (n)
baggy (adj)
chest (n)
billboard (n) culture,
chin (n)
elbow (n)
brand name (n) differences
casual (adj)
heel (n)
cough up (phr v)
and
hip (n)
designer (adj) similarities
limb(n)
lace (n)
lower back (n) appreciation (n)
leather (n)
palm (n) broaden (v)
market (n + v)
shin (n) challenge (v)
old-fashioned (adj)
shoulder (n) citizenship (n)
packaging (n)
spine (n) communicate with sb in their own
product (n) language (phr)
thigh (n)
promote (v) community (n)
thumb (n)
quirky (adj) completely different from/to/
torso (n)
shiny (adj) than (adj)
waist (n)
shop around (phr v) country of birth (n)
wrist (n)
skimpy (adj) custom (n)
slogan (n) dialect (n)
suede (n) differ wildly (v)
celebrations television commercial (n) different cultures (n)
and special tight-fitting (adj) expat (n)
velvet (n)
occasions vintage (adj)
fully accepted (adj)
fundamentally similar (adj)
celebrate reaching adulthood have a lot in common (phr)
(phr)
insulting (adj)
ceremony (n) colours and language (n)
come of age (phr)
extended family (n)
light live overseas (phr)
markedly different (adj)
festival (n) azure (adj) misunderstand (v)
make a speech (phr) blazing (adj) offend (v)
make it a night to remember bronze (adj) offensive (adj)
(phr)
copper (adj) outsider (n)
over the moon (phr)
crimson (adj) polar opposites (n)
spend a small fortune (phr)
gold (adj) potential (adj)
throw a party (phr)
indigo (adj) put across [a message] (phr v)
venue (n)
jade (adj) radically different (adj)
magenta (adj) refreshingly different (adj)
maroon (adj) seek out (v)
mauve (adj) sense of connection (n)
scarlet (adj)
125
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 significantly different (adj)
domestic take a degree (phr)
since time immemorial (phr) tuition fees (n)
slightly different (adj) tasks and unconventional (adj)
subtly different (adj) housework vocational course (n)
the exact opposite (n) vocational qualification (n)
accommodation (n)
there is a world of difference
between (phr) change a plug (phr)
tradition (n) change the washer in a tap
(phr)
expressing
traditional dress (phr)
transient lifestyle (n)
domestic task (n) preferences
dust the surfaces (phr)
worlds apart (phr) I [doubt] if I'd enjoy ... (phr)
he doesn't lift a finger (phr)
I find ... really exhilarating
put a piece of flat-pack furniture
(phr)
together (phr)
describing put up a picture (phr)
I love the feeling of ... (phr)
I often wish I could ... (phr)
data redecorate a room (phr)
I prefer to ... rather than ...
remove a stain (phr)
about the same level (phr) (phr)
sew on a button (phr)
change (n) I quite [fancy] the idea of ...
take out the rubbish (phr) (phr)
climb (n+ v)
unblock the u-bend (phr) I sometimes like to ... (phr)
decrease (n + v)
vacuum the floor (phr) I'd never want to ... (phr)
dip (n + v)
wait on sb hand and foot (phr) really doesn't [appeal] to me (phr)
dramatic (adj)
you would never catch me ...
dramatically (adv)
(phr)
drop (n + v)
erratic (adj)
education
fall (n + v)
flat (adj)
appalling (adj)
apprenticeship (n)
food and taste
fluctuate (v) blended learning (n) aroma (n)
fluctuation in (phr) campaign (n) aubergine (n)
gradual (adj) catastrophe (n) avocado (n)
gradually (adv) context (n) be after (phr v)
increase (n + v) face -to-face (adj) bean (n)
noticeable (adj) forensic science (n) bitter (adj)
noticeably (adv) further education (n) cashew (n)
peak (v) graduate (n) cassava (n)
plummet (v) high profile (adj) chilli pepper (n)
plunge (v) higher education (n) cinnamon (n)
remain stable (phr) literacy (n) clove (n)
rise (v) Master's degree (n) consume (v)
sharp (adj) module (n) dairy product (n)
sharply (adv) numeracy (n) disgusting (adj)
significant (adj) plagiarism (n) distinctly (adv)
slight (adj) post-graduate (n) drastically (adv)
slightly (adv) potential (n) fatty (adj)
small (adj) prayer (n) ginger (n)
soar (v) remortgage (v) guava (n)
steadily (adv) sixth form (n) harvest (v)
steady (adj) supernatural (adj) incorporate (v)

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junk food (n) peel (v) crime (n)
mace (n) press (v) endangered species (n)
maize (n) prong (n) ethically (adv)
makes your mouth water (phr) roller (n) extinction (n)
marrow (n) seal (v) factory farming (n)
nauseating (adj) shake (v) financially independent (adj)
nutmeg (n) squeeze (v) freedom of speech (n)
papaya (n) stick (v) get into debt (phr)
peanut (n) stimulate (v) global warm ing (n)
pepper (n) turn (v) GM food (n)
picky (adj) inflation (n)
pineapple (n) landfill (n)
portion (n) giving new initiative (n)
outcry (n)
pulses (n)
pumpkin (n)
examples poverty (n)
recipe (n) . .. is a case in point (phr) radioactive (adj)
slimy (adj) a good example of this is ... (phr) sweatshop (n)
sodium chloride (n) by way of illustration (ph r) wave power (n)
squash (n) for example (phr)
strong likes and dislikes (phr) for instance (phr)
sugary (adj) such as (phr) health
sunflower seed (n) take, for example, (phr)
blood pressure (n)
sweet potato (n) to illustrate this point (phr)
calcium (n)
taste bud (n)
calorie (n)
tasty (adj)
tempting (adj) giving choleste rol (n)
deficient (adj)
tomato (n)
opinions fibre (n)
tuck into (phr v)
heart disease (n)
turmeric (n) I can't help thinking that . .. (phr)
high in protein (ph r)
turn your stomach (phr) I can't help wondering if . .. (phr)
medication (n)
unsaturated fat (n) I get the impression that ... (phr)
meditation (n)
wheat (n) I hate to say it, but ... (phr)
nutritional value (n)
wholemeal bread (n) I honestly feel ... (phr)
put on [weight] (phr v)
yam (n) I just don't see ... (phr)
recommended intake (n)
I'm convinced that . . . (phr)
saturated fat (n)
if you ask me ... (phr)
stress (n)
gadgets It looks to me as if ... (phr)
vaccination (n)
tedious (adj)
blade (n) vitamin (n)
the truth is ... (phr)
chain (n) there is no way that ... (phr)
cog (n) you might consider ... (phr)
device (n)
you will never convince me that ... multi-word
drain (v)
drum (n)
(phr)
verbs
envelope (n) back down (phr v)
gadget (n) global issues catch on (phr v)
handle (n) check out (ph r v)
high-pitched (adj) child labour (n) egg on (phr v)
confl ict (n)
127
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 end up (phr v) bond (v) over-indulged (adj)
getting on (phr v) brash (adj) over-protective (adj)
give in (phr v) brimming with confidence (phr) proactive (adj)
go off (phr v) confident (adj) protective (adj)
go up (phr v) conscientious (adj) reckless (adj)
grow out of (phr v) counsellor (n) resentful (adj)
hang on (phr v) creative (adj) resou rcefu Iness (n)
pass over (phr v) crewman (n) run round after [sb] (phr)
put off (phr v) disruptive (adj) scruffy (adj)
show off (phr v) dyslexia (n) self-centred (adj)
take on (phr v) eccentric (adj) self-confident (adj)
think [it] over (phr v) egotistical (adj) selfish (adj)
empathy (n) skinny (adj)
engrossed (adj) sponge off (phr v)
narrative enthusiastic (adj) stand on his/her own two feet
(phr)
writing environmentalist (n)
extrovert (adj) supportive (adj)
apprehensive (adj) famous (adj) take advantage of (phr)
creak (n + v) fanatical (adj) take [sb] seriously (phr)
crouch (v) fashionable (adj) tearaway (n)
crunch (n) frumpy (adj) trait (n)
delicately (adjv) generation (n) unselfish (adj)
dread (n) generous (adj) vegan (n)
early (adv) gloomy (adj) vegetate (v)
everywhere (adv) grandiose (adj) weird (adj)
exclusively (adv) guts and gumption (phr) wrap [sb] in cotton wool (phr)
fade (v) hand down (phr v)
glow(n) hardworking (adj)
haul (v) [have] high self-esteem (phr) problem
heavily (adv) house mate (n) solving
how l (v) imaginative (adj)
in the morning (phr) kind (adj) come up with solutions (phr)
intrepid (adj) laid-back (adj) confront (v)
intriguing (adj) layabout (n) deal with (phr v)
nearby (adj + adv) laze around (phr) exacerbate the problem (phr)
patter (v) lazy (adj) has been underestimated (phr)
quickly (adv) [have] little motivation (phr) issue (n)
stunning (adj) messy (adj) make the problem worse (phr)
thud (v) miserable (adj) minor (adj)
transmit (v) naivety (n) perhaps the best solution is to . ..
(phr)
narrow-m inded (adj)
pressing (adj)
non-conformist (n)
prioritisation (n)
people notorious (adj)
problem (n)
octogenarian (n)
address (v) resolve the problem (phr)
odd (adj)
at ease with yourself (phr) tackle (v)
on the old side (phr)
bail [sb] out (phr v) the answer to the problem [lies in]
optimism (n)
bold (adj) . .. (phr)
outgoing (adj)

128
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the extent of this problem is .. . points (n) ozone layer (n)
(phr) referee (n) protect the environment (phr)
there are also ways to . .. (phr) ricochet (v) reduce emissions (phr)
t rivial (adj) risky (adj) renewable energy source (n)
urgent (adj) score (n + v) reverse the effects (phr)
set (v) shore (n)
team (n) sola r panel (n)
sequencers the ball hit the post (phr) solar power (n)
thrilling (adj) underground (adv)
add (v)
thrill-seeker (n) unspoilt (adj)
after that (adv)
thump [ball into net] (phr)
as soon as (adv)
two-n il (phr)
eventually (adv)
finally (adv)
time
fi rst (adv) as recently as (phr)
meanwhile (adv)
the currently (adv)
next (adv) environment foresee (v)
once (adv) in recent times (phr)
agricultural produce (n)
then (adv) in the near future (phr)
barrel (n)
never (adv)
bio-fuel (n)
not long ago (adv)
carbon credits (n)
sport carbon dioxide (n)
now (adv)
nowadays (adv)
bang [ball into net] (phr) carbon footprint (n)
often (adv)
blow the whistle (phr) cliff(n)
over the last few years (phr)
brave (adj) climate change (n)
prior to (adj)
catch up (phr v) contamination (n)
soon (adv)
court (n) controversy (n)
then (adv)
dangerous (adj) dawn (n)
today (adv)
deadlock (n) deforestation (n)
tomorrow (adv)
draw (n) destruction of the natural world
dribble (v) (phr)

exciting (adj) deterrent (n)

extreme (adj) devastating (adj) travelling

final score (phr) disperse (v)
abroad (n)
foolhardy (adj) eco-friendly (adj)
astronomical (adj)
goal (n) fertile land (n)
at the end of the day, ... (phr)
goalkeeper (n) fossil fuel (n)
be ripped off (phr v)
hazardous (adj) frost (n)
bustling (adj)
kick off (n) greenhouse gas (n)
city break (n)
mark (v) hybrid car (n)
conflicting (adj)
match (n) indiscrim inate (adj)
expedition (n)
net (n) like (prep + v)
fast (adv)
one-nil down (phr) livestock (n)
get away from it all (phr)
opponent (n) natural gas reserves (n)
go on (phr v)
pace (n) natural resources (n)
here (adv)
pass (v) offset (v)
off the beaten t rack (phr)
penalty (n) offshore (adv)
over-priced dump (n)
pitch (n) over-population (n)
recharge your batteries (phr)
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 remote (adj) commodity (n)
stumble upon (phr v) concept (n)
tourist trap (n) conditioned (adj)
user-generated (adj) confident about using technology
(phr)
constrained (adj)
verbs of dependable (adj)
expenses (n)
speaking facilitate (v)
add (v) foolproof (adj)
agree (v) fringe benefit (n)
answer (v) fully-fledged (adj)
argue (v) get off to a good start (phr)
beg (v) heavy workload (n)
call (v) initiative (n)
claim (v) internship (n)
complain (v) irregular hours (n)
declare (v) launch (v)
exclaim (v) lucrative (adj)
explain (v) manufacturer (n)
gasp (v) motivate (v)
giggle (v) mundane task (n)
insist (v) natural business spark (n)
laugh (v) networking opportunity (n)
mutter (v) on the job training (n)
plead (v) perk (n)
protest (v) pressure (n)
reply (v) sector (n)
scream (v) set up a business (phr)
shout (v) supervision (n)
sigh (v) take a risk (phr)
snort (v) think outside the box (phr)
stammer (v) willing to give [sth] a shot (phr)
suggest (v)
urge (v)
whisper (v)

work
ambitious (adj)
antisocial hours (n)
budding (adj)
candidate (n)
capacity (n)
capacity to think of new ideas (phr)
career advancement (n)
client (n)

130
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 ar
Infinitive 2 nd Form 3,d Form Infinitive 2 nd Form ~Fonn
(Past Simple) (Past Participle) (Past Simple) (Past Participle)
be was/were been let let e"
become became become lie lay a"
begin began begun light lit Ij-
break broke broken lose lost los·
bring brought brought make made made
build built built mean meant meant
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt meet met met
buy bought bought pay paid paid
catch caught caught put put put
choose chose chosen read / ri:d/ read /red/ read / red
come came come ride rode ridden
cost cost cost ring rang rung
cut cut cut run ran run
dig dug dug say said said
do did done see saw seen
draw drew drawn sell sold sold
dream dreamed/ dreamed/ send sent sent
dreamt dreamt set set set
drink drank drunk sh ine shone shone
drive drove driven show showed shown
eat ate eaten shut shut shut
fall fell fallen sing sang sung
feed fed fed sit sat sat
feel felt felt sleep slept slept
fight fought fought smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt
find found found speak spoke spoken
fly flew flown spend spent spent
forget forgot forgotten spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
forgive forgave forgiven stand stood stood
get got got steal stole stolen
give gave given swim swam swum
go went gone take took taken
grow grew grown teach taught taught
have had had tear tore torn
hear heard heard tell told told
hide hid hidden think thought thought
hit hit hit throw threw thrown
hold held held understand understood understood
hurt hurt hurt wake woke woken
keep kept kept wear wore worn
know knew known win won won
lead led led write wrote written
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
leave left left

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 self assessment and exam tests answer key
self-assessment test 1
1 2 penalties, 3 venue, 4 take out,
S redecorated, 6 catch her up, 7 made
2 2 f, 3 a, 4 c, S e, 6 b, 7 d
3 2 I would go to watch my favourite
football team every Saturday when
I was young.
3 My brother was the first one in my
family to go to university.
4 My dad is a doctor.
S I can't stand tuna. It is my least
favourite food.
6 I started taking gymnastics lessons
last month and so did my sister.
4 2 had checked/checked
3 was
4 would/used to bake
S was going to buy
6 had already left
5 2 brave, 3 dangerous, 4 likely,
S absolutely, 6 catch, 7 thinking, 8 does,
9 foolish / foolhardy, 10 feet
6 1 New Zealand,
2 a video of other people jumping,
3 a river, 4 her ankles, S her dad
7 1 c, 2 b, 3 b, 4 a, S c
8 2 I doubt if I'd enjoy it, 3 highly unlikely,
4 what you say, S It's probably
9 2 to, b, 3 it, e, 4 to, f, S me, a, 6 that, c
self-assessment test 2
1 2 a, 3 a, 4 c, S c, 6 a
2 2 stunning, 3 vintage, 4 looking,
S extrovert, 6 designer, 7 leather
3 2 Have you eaten in that awful Italian
cafe?
3 She has beautiful long blonde hair.
4./
S In terms of character, I take after
my mother.
6 You look like a little old lad y!
4 2 has flown
3 haven't learnt
4 had dreamt/ had been dreaming
S hard
6 had (the plane) taken off
7 were landing
5 2 c, 3 a, 4 b, S b, 6 a, 7 c, 8 a, 9 c
6 1 Andrew, 2 Maria, 3 Stefan, 4 Ulia,
S Andrew, 6 Maria, 7 Ulia, 8 Stefan
7 2 The truth is, 3 I'm sorry to hear,
4 prefers . . . to, SOh, 6 awful
8 a 5, b 7, cl, d 3, e 6, f 8, g 2, h 4
self-assessment test 3
1 2 water, 3 intake, 4 sweatshops, S gases,
6 picky, 7 hybrid
2 2 of fossil fuels is limited
3 junk food if you want
4 buy GM food
S to dairy products
6 my mouth water
3 2 is studying, 3 '11 catch,
4 have been queuing, S '11 be living,
6 eat, 7 will get
132
4 2 What made me . ..
3 ... enjoy it
4 had been hoping ...
S ... who/that firsttold me .. .
6 ... you'll feel sick
7 What makes me ...
5 2 will have been
3 Reversing the effects
4 If you eat
5 There is (scientific) evidence
6 What made me
7 want to catch
6 a Speaker 3, b Speaker 1,
c Speaker 1, Speaker 3,
d Speaker 1, Speaker 2,
e Speaker 1, f Speaker 2, 9 Speaker 2
7 2 Let's, e, 3 with, a, 4 don't, d, 5 with, b,
6 that, g, 7 if, h, 8 sure, f
self-assessment test 4
1 2 expat, 3 overseas, 4 promote, 5 polar,
6 transient, 7 billboard, 8 intrepid
2 2 Once, 3 Then, 4 Finally, 5 Meanwhile,
6 after
3 2 can't/couldn't have taken
3 was found
4 must have been
S is/was designed
6 can't have used
4 2 It is expected that more than
300 people will attend the public
meeting tonight.
3 The car, which was launched in 2012,
is electric.
4 The rare bird, which can only be
found in marsh land areas, is on the
verge of extinction.
S These footprints, which are very large
and distinctive, may have been made
by the burglar.
6 I don't believe you - you can't feel
very ill if you're going out for a run.
7 Learning to ski was nowhere near as
hard as I thought.
8 The more I try to explain what I did to
Thomas, the less he understands.
9 The more Yolanda practises the violin,
the better she gets.
5 1 e,2 a, 3 c, 4 f, 5 b (d is not used)
6 2 To start with
3 For one thing
4 For another
S In addition
6 I must emphasise the fact that
7 It's important to
81n conclusion,
7 2 f, 3 i, 4 c, 5 d, 6 a, 7 h, 8 e, 9 g
self-assessment test 5
1 2 b, 3 c, 4 a, 5 a, 6 b
2 2 heavy, 3 antisocial, 4 sense, S naivety,
6 mundane, 7 online
3 2 been described as
3 had ever worked
4 Demand for
S (an) agreement that
6 apologised for forgetting
7 blamed Zara for
frenglish.ru
4 2 Getting paid a huge salary is
important to me.
3 If I hadn't injured my foot, I might be a
ballerina.
4 Alfie got his first degree in Physics,
then went on to gain a Master's
degree two years later.
S If I hadn't gone to uni, I would never
have met my wife.
6 You only gain experience by working
but you often need experience to get
your first job.
7 If I were working in a paid job instead
of as an intern, I would be earning
some money.
5 2 if/whether, 3 hours, 4 benefits,
S if/though, 6 Master's, 7 risk, 8 for
6 1 ?,2 ./, 3 X, 4 ./, S ?, 6 ./, 7./,8 X, 9 ?
7 2 talk, 3 start, 4 move, S brings, 6 for,
7 hesitate
8 2 b, 3 f, 4 c, S a, 6 d
exam test 1
1 1 C, 2 A, 3 G, 4 E, 5 B, 6 D
2 1 ./, 2./,3 ?, 4 X, S X, 6./
3 1 summon, 2 with, 3 up, 4 brimming,
S remote/ tiny, 6 off,
7 ricocheted/ bounced, 8 passed,
9 popularity, 10 as
4 1 gone off it
2 cough up for
3 he shows off
4 got the impression (that)
S is over the moon that/ because
6 throw a party for
7 n't ever/ never catch me
8 caught up with the
exam test 2
1 1./,2?, 3 ./, 4 X, S ./, 6 ?
2 Speaker 1 G, Speaker 2 A, Speaker 3 D,
Speaker 4 F, H, Speaker 5 B
3 1 d, 2 b, 3 b, 4 d, 5 c, 6 a, 7 d, 8 b, 9 c,
lOa, 11 b, 12 d
4 1 common, 2 market, 3 polar, 4 world,
5 campaign, 6 commercial
exam test 3
1 1 C, 2 B, 3 C, 4 D, 5 D, 6 A, 7 A, 8 B, 9 C,
lOA
2 IT,2F,3T,4T,SF,6F
3 1 highly, 2 debt, 3 underestimated,
4 enthusiastic, 5 valuable, 6 unpaid,
7 regard
4 1 are required to come
2 liked my ex-boss
3 working irregular hours
4 Demand for apprenticeships
5 are often staffed by
6 is that/because you are underage
7 anyone as enthusiastic about her/
their/ a job
Pearson Education Limited Text acknowledgements
Edinburgh Gate
We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright
Harlow
material:
Essex CM20 2JE
England Extract in unit 3 from Touching the Void, published by Vintage Books
and Associated Compan ies t h roug hout the w o rld. (Joe Simpson, 1997) pp.71-74, copyright © 1989 by Joe Simpson.
Reprinted by permission of the author, The Random House Group Ltd,
www.pearsonELT com
and HarperCollins Publishers; Extract in unit 7 from The Vision Council:
© Pearson Educati on Limited 201 2 Mid-Year 2011 Statistics Committee Market Update Presentation, The
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The right of Jo Kent to be ident ifi ed as author of this Work has been
from "Ma king a name for herself: London Business Matters, Issue 14,
asserted by her in accordance w ith the Copyright, Designs and Patents
p.16, March 2005, www.clippykitlondon.co.uk. Reproduced by
Act 1988.
permission of London Chamber of Commerce and Clippkit Limited.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced,
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