INTERPRETATION IN HISTORY

The Human Lineage

Progressive Interpretation  Australopithecus afarensis
 History moves in one direction towards a more  Homo habilis
democratic value in the society.  Homo erectus
 Scholarship highlighted political changes.  Homo neanderthalensis
Intellectual Interpretation  Homo sapiens
 History is moved by ideas, which drive people to
make particular choices. Australopithecus afarensis
 Scholarship studied human thoughts and o A well-known example was Lucy
considered philosophical questions. o Walked upright
Social Interpretation o Likely to have used stone tools
 History is moved by people, not just elites. o Hairy body
Scholarship looked issues affecting all classes and o Fingers and arms are adaptive to climbing
often included consideration of gender. o Brain size is 1/3 of H. sapiens sapiens
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Homo habilis
o Large brain and small teeth
Historiography
o Facial feature is somewhat similar to modern
Primary Sources. Conveys first-hand experience.
Secondary Sources. Synthesis of primary sources. humans
Themes: o Has long arms and hairy body
Author, Intent, Audience, Context o Height is 3 to 4 feet

LEVELS OF CAUSATION Homo erectus

o Evolved from homo habilis
Primary. It is the immediate reason o Walked and run in an upright position.
Secondary. Less specific and less broad. o Adopted new forms of diet
Tertiary. The broader reason o Discovered the use of fire
o Same height with the modern humans
PERIODS OF CENOZOIC ERA o May have worked cooperatively w/ other homo
erectus.
Geologic Timescale o May have developed the ability to communicate
 Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era, Quaternary Period, o Migrated from East Africa to the other parts of Africa,
Pleistocene Epoch the Near East Europe, and East and South Asia.
 Most of Earth’s history happened during the
Precambrian (Hadean 13%, Archean 33%, Homo heidelbergensis
Proterozoic 42%) o Emerged in Africa before migrating.
 Tertiary Period is marked by the Rise of Mammals. o Have a larger braincase.
 Quaternary Period is the age of the Rise of Man. o Has flatter face compared to other species.
o First to live in colder climates
PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE EPOCHS
o Routinely hunt large animals
The last Ice Age happened during the Pleistocene Epoch
o First specie to build shelters using woods and rocks
Holocene Epoch founded the rise of Neolithic Period.
Homo neanderthalensis
EARLY HOMININ SPECIES
o They emerged outside Africa
Biological Taxonomy o Have huge nose, shorter and stockier bodies
 Homo sapiens sapiens is the scientific name for o Have similar brain size with modern humans
modern human. o Used sophisticated tools, fire, shelters, clothing, and
 Species: Homo sapiens ornamental objects.
 Genus: Homo
 Family: Hominids Homo sapiens
o Emerged in Africa before migrating
 Order: Primate
o Lighter skeleton built
 Class: Mammals
o Large brains
 Phylum: Chordates
o Less prominent brow ridges.
 Kingdom: Animals
  advancement in farming, home construction,
Out of Africa Model is a model that is the most widely and art (pottery, sewing, and weaving)
accepted model of the geographic origin and early  emergence of social hierarchy
migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo
sapiens).
The Metal Ages
STONE AND METAL AGES A. Copper Age (Chalcolithic Age)
 transition period
The Stone Ages  bone tools and metal tools
A. Paleolithic Age  increase of population and permanent
 2.5 MYA – 10,000 BC settlements
 happened during the last Ice Age in the  beginning of first known civilizations.
Pleistocene Epoch
 hunting and gathering B. Bronze Age
 stone tools and bone tools  metal tools and weapons
 used fire for cooking  invention of wheel, writing system, textiles,
 cave and tepees residence potters wheel.
 cave painting, example is Altamira  Formation of cities such as Ur, Uruk, Niniveh
Paleolithic Cave Painting found in Altamira,  Organized government, law, and religion
Spain  Bronze Age Collapse happened in
Mediterranean region.
a. Lower Paleolithic
 emergence of genus homo C. Iron Age
 use of fire  iron and steel
 use of simple Oldowan tools  forts and bridges
 scavengers to hunter-gathering  improvement in pottery and weaving
 longest (3.3 - 300,000)  city planning
 alphabets
b. Middle Paleolithic
 300,00 YA – 50,000 YA Characteristics of Civilization
 migration from Africa 1. Large Population.
 widespread use of fire Tenochtitlan in modern Mexico. It was the center
 h. sapiens domination of Aztec Civilization.
 growth of culture and social structure 2. Arts and Architecture
Great Zimbabwe Monuments
c. Upper Paleolithic 3. Shared Communication
 h. sapiens moved to S. and C. Europe Includes oral, alphabetical, or written
 50,000 – 12,000 YA communication. Cuneiform (records tax
 end of the era for Neanderthalensis payments and debt as well as literary pieces;
 end of Ice Age and Khipu systems which uses rope tying are
some examples.
B. Mesolithic Age 4. Government.
 10,000 BC – 8,000 BC Most ancient civilizations are monarchial in
terms of government.
 transition period
5. Division of Labor
 used of polished tools attached to antlers,
In Middle East and West Africa, Timbuktu served
bone, or wood
as a trading center for the regions.
 use of spears
6. Social and Economic Class
 establishment of nomadic camps near In Egypt, the pharaoh is at the top of the social
bodies of water. pyramid. The same is true to China where
 Introduction of agriculture emperors are considered as highest position.

C. Neolithic Age
 8,000 BC – 3,000 BC COUNTRIES IN THE FERTILE CRESCENT REGION
 plot cultivation and animal domestication Iraq, Turkiye, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine,
 rose in Holocene Period Jordan,
 SOCIAL CLASSES OF CHINESE AND EGYPTIAN
CONTRIBUTIONS OF FERTILE CRESCENT CIVILIZATIONS
CIVILIZATIONS  Egyptian Social class
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS Pharaoh
 Sumerians Government officials, Nobles, Priest
 cuneiform Soldiers
Scribes
 epic
Merchants
 wheel Craftsmen
 ships Farmers and Slaves
 Ziggurats
 Major Cities includes Eridu, Ur, Nipur, Kish,  Chinese Social Class
Lagash. Emperor
Shi (wealthy nobles, poets, and scholars)
 Akkadians Nong (farmers)
Gong (craftsmen)
 introduced dynastic empires in North and
Shong 9Merchants and traders)
South Mesopotamia
 established in the Levant Region, and parts  Pschent was first worn by Djet.
of Anatolian Peninsula Region.  First female pharaoh was Sobekneferu.

 Assyrian PREDYNASTIC PERIOD, OLD KINGDOM, NEW

 First library built in Niniveh KINGDOM AND INTERMEDIATE PERIODS IN EGYPT
 Administrative systems
Pre-dynastic Period.
 Major cities: Ashur, Nimrud, and Niniveh  Rose during the Neolithic Period.
 The Egypt was divided into two parts.
 Babylonian/Chaldeans a. Lower Egypt in North is referred as the Red
 Chaldean is referred as the Neo-Babylonian Egypt. Pharaoh wears the Deshet.
empire. b. The Upper Egypt Located in South is called
 Code of Hammurabi the white Egypt. The pharaoh wears the
 Astronomy, Astrology, and Geometry Hedjet.
 Menes/Narmer. The first Pharaoh.
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Ishtar
 Djet. The first pharaoh to use the pschent.
Gate
Archaic or the Early Dynastic Periods
 Hittites  1st and 2nd Dynasties
 Established themselves in the Southern  Memphis – located in near delta region
Anatolian Peninsula  Hieroglyphics – earliest form of Egyptian writing.
 Divine Kingship – belief of gods living with man.
 Phoenicians
 Lebanon Mountains Old Kingdom 3rd to 6th Dynasties
 Revered as the Traders of Antiquity  Marked by the building of pyramids.
 Phoenician Alphabet  Step Pyramid of Djoser was the first pyramid to
be built. Built by Imhotep, Djoser’s right-hand.
 Tyrian Dye
 Pyramids of Giza. Khufu: highest; Khafre:
 Phoenician means purple.
middle; Menkaure: built for Menkaure.
6 CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION
First Intermediate Period 7th to 10th Dynasty
 Mesopotamia
 Egypt was divided into two.
 Egypt
 Lower Egypt: Heracleopolis; Upper Egypt:
 China Thebes
 India  This intermediate period thrived in the Lower
 Peru Egypt.
 Mesoamerica  Mentuhotep II unified these regions and led the
rise of Middle Kingdom.
New Kingdom 11th to 13th Dynasty 3. Longshan
 Amenemhet III. The first pharaoh of 12th dynasty. Millet and rice
 Sobekneferu. The first female pharaoh. Animal husbandry
Silk production
Second Intermediate Period 14th to 17th Dynasties Pottery using potter’s wheel
 The presence of Hyksos from West Asia
4. Liangzhu (in Yangtze)
New Kingdom 18th to 20th Dynasty
Stratified society
 Found the expansion of Egyptian territory.
 AHMOSE I – first pharaoh
Rice
 AMENHOTEP I and THUTMOSE I – contributed Jade works
in the expansion of Egyptian territory
CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES
 AMENHOTEP III – remarkable for building
structures such as Colossi of Memnon and the  Legalism, founded by Han Feizi. Highlights
Luxor Temple. loyalty and obedience to law and authority.
 NEFERTITI – Queen Regent.  Confucianism, founded by Kon Qiu.
 HATSHEPSUT – second female pharaoh Believes in the idea and ancestral worship.
 AMENHOTEP IV / AKHENATON – religious ren – benevolence
transformation; praised Aton. yi – righteousness
 RAMESES II – panahon ni Moses li – propriety
 TUTANKHAMEN – most intact coffin. zhi – wisdom
 The Valley of Kings xin – faithfulness
 Taosim, founded by Lao Tzu. White: Male:
Third Intermediate Period
Warfare. Black: Female: Coldness.
 Lived from 21st to 25th dynasties.
 Mohism, founded Mozi. Universal Love
th st
Late Period 26 to 31 Dynasty
 Marked by different leaders with no Egyptian
CONTRIBUTIONS OF CHINESE DYNASTIES
origin.
 26th – Persians led by Cambyses II
Xia Dynasty
 27th-30th – led by local Egyptians  few archeological evidence and historical
 31st – Persia regained control. documents.
 Semi-legendary
Greco-Roman Period  Yu the Great, founder
 Conquest of Alexander the Great  Jie, the last leader
 Territories: Seleucus I, Antigonus I, Ptolemy I.
 The Ptolemaic Dynasty ended after the death of Shang Dynasty
Cleopatra VII  Tang of Shang
CHINESE NEOLITHIC CULTURES
 Considered as the first Chinese civilization
 Neolithic Cultures  Oracle bones
1. Peligang (Yi Luo)  Stratified government and society
Have a little political organization  Bureaucratic government
Millet cultivation  Bronze technology (ceremonial and war
Carp fishing and animal husbandry purposes)
Pottery
Hunting (arrows) Zhou Dynasty
Mud and Straw Houses  Divided into two, W: Peaceful state; E:
warring state
2. Yangshao  Established by Wuwang
Millet cultivation  Mandate of Heaven
Animal husbandry  Feudal System/Fengjian (WZ)
Silk production  Book of Songs/Shijing (WZ), oldest existing
Pottery using underground kilns literary work.
  Different parts is caused by the transfer of
capitals. Hernan Cortes in 1521
 Warring States Period (EZ)
MINOAN CIVILIZATION
Qin Dynasty 1. Minoan-Crete
 Shi Huang Ti - Linear A writing system
- Knossos Palace
 Great Wall of China
- Declined due to land overuse and volcanic
 Short-lived dynasty
eruptions.
Han Dynasty
2. Mycenean – Central Greece
 Founded by Liu Bang
- Linear B writing system
 Confucianism as main religion - Religious system and rites.
 Merit-based promotion
 Civil Service Examination. GREEK OLYMPIC GODS AND GODDESSES
Zeus- God of the Sky
Poseidon- God of the Sea
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Ares-God of War
 Harrapa and Mahenjo-daro Aphrodite Goddess of Love
 Unified weights Hera- Goddess of Women
 Drainage system Demeter-Goddess of Harvest
 Trade networks Athena- Goddess of Strategy
 Indus script Apollo-God of the Sun, Music and Poetry
 Priest King, Dancing Girl Artemis- Goddess of the Hunt
Hephaestus-God of Fire
OLMEC, AZTEC AND MAYA Hermes- the Messenger God
Dionysus God of Wine
1. OLMEC
 Rubber people SOLON AND CLEISTHENES
 Mother of Mesoamerican civilizations  Solon. His remarkable legacy is the seisachteia
 Colossal stone heads which remove the debt responsibilities of
 Ulama (rituals) Greeks.
2. MAYA  Cleishtenes. Father of Athenian Democracy.
 Pyramids (Chichen Itza) Isonomia: all equal in the law.
 Slash-and-burn agriculture
 Concept of Zero Panhellenic Games
 Calendar systems with use of 1. Olympic Games
astronomical observation  Every 4 years
 Mayan codices  To honor Zeus at Olympia
 Chocolate and rubber  Price: Olive Wreath

3. AZTEC 2. Pythian Games

 Tenochtitlan
 Chinampas
INCAN (Peru)
 Originated in the Andes Mountains
 Qhapaq Nan - trade route
 Queshuachaca – rope bridge
 Khipu – rope tying communication
 Andenes – mountain side terraces
 Cuzco – Mexican city
 Machu Picchu – ancient Incan village
 Every 4 years (2 years after Olympic)
 To honor Apollo at Delphi
 Includes musical competitions
 Price: Laurel Wreath
3. Nemean Games
 Every 2 years (before and after Olympic
games)
 Held in honor of Zues at Nemea
 Established after Hercules killed the
nemean lion
  Price: Wild celery

4. Isthmian Games
 Every 2 years
 Honors Poseidon at Ishtmia
 Price: Pine

AUTHORS FROM THE GREEK ARCHAIC PERIOD

Renowned Authors:
 HOMER. Wrote Iliad and Odyssey
 HESIOD. Theogony : honor for the nine
muses; Works and Days; Father of Didactic
Poem
 PINDAR. epinicion: athletic victory poem
 AESCHYLUS. Father of Tragedy
 AESOP. Fables
 SAPPHO OF LESBOS. A Hymn to Venus, A
Lamet for Adonis