PHYSICAL

SCIENCE
Teacher: Mr. Gian Carlo D. Merrera
WHAT IS PHYSICAL SCIENCE?
- the sciences concerned with the study
of inanimate natural objects, including
physics, chemistry, astronomy, and
related subjects.
ACTIVITY: WHO
AM I?
Direction: Identify the
following pictures and
use the given description
to find the answer.
IS ALL OF SPACE AND TIME AND THEIR
CONTENTS. WHAT AM I?
UNIVERSE
IS THE GRAVITATIONALLY BOUND
SYSTEM OF THE SUN AND THE
OBJECTS THAT ORBIT IT. WHAT AM I?
SOLAR SYSTEM
IS A CELESTIAL BODY THAT ORBITS
AROUND THE SUN. WHAT AM I?
PLANET/S
ARE SUBSTANCES THAT CANNOT BE
BROKEN DOWN INTO A SIMPLER
FORMAT. WHAT AM I?
ELEMENTS
ARE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE MADE UP OF
TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS COMBINED IN A FIXED RATIO.
WHAT AM I?
COMPOUNDS
KNOWING THE UNIVERSE:
ANCIENT AND
MODERN
ASTRONOMY
LESSON 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• describe early stories/theories about the
cosmos;
• compare and contrast the different
models of the universe; and
• summarize the contributions the different
Astronomers in the advancement of
Astronomy.
ASTRONOMY VS.
ASTROLOGY
Let’s compare and contrast!
WHAT IS ASTRONOMY?
• astron, meaning ‘star’
• omos, meaning ‘arranging’.
• branch of Science specifically deals with
the study of the planetary motions and
relative positions of celestial bodies.
WHAT IS ASTROLOGY?
• pseudoscience
• claims to divine information about human
affairs and terrestrial events by studying
the movements and relative positions
of celestial objects.
CREATIONISM
AND BIG BANG
Let’s explore!
WHAT IS CREATIONISM?
• the Universe and
living organism
originated or
created by a
divine being
(God).
WHAT IS BIG BANG
THEORY?
 BIG BANG THEORY
- states that 13.7 billion years ago, all
matter and energy in the universe existed in
a compact point called singularity which
later expanded in all directions.
DEVELOPMENTS IN
ANCIENT
ASTRONOMY
Let’s take a look back!
 1. PLATO (428 – 348 BCE)
• Described the stars embedded in the
outer space as eternal and divine.
• He also stated that the celestial motion
was circular or spherical, uniform, and
constantly regular.
• He was unable to explain the imperfect
motions of the sun, moon, and planets or
also known as the Retrograde motion.
 1. PLATO (428 – 348 BCE)
Retrograde
Motion - refers to
the apparent
change in
the movement of
the planet through
the sky.
 2. EUDOXUS OF CNIDUS (390-337
BCE)
• First astronomer to present a
geocentric model of the
universe.
• His model also claimed that the
universe was composed of five
other planets aside from the Earth
namely: Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn.
GEOCENTRIC MODEL
 2. EUDOXUS OF CNIDUS (390-337
BCE)
• Earth at the center and explained
that various spheres are needed
to explain the observed
movement of objects. The sun’s
sphere revolves around the Earth
once every 24 hours, while the
stars attached to the larger
sphere.
 3. ARISTOTLE (384 – 322 BCE)
• Aristotle’s model of the universe was
also geocentric, with the Sun, Moon,
planets, and stars all orbiting the Earth
inside of Eudoxus’ spheres.
• Aristotle believed the universe is finite
in space but exists eternally in time.
• Aristotle believed that space is
fundamentally different from the Earth.
4. ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS (310-
230 BCE)
• He was the first to conceive
the idea that the Sun, not the
Earth was the center of the
universe.
• He first suggested that the
Earth rotates on its own axis.
 5. PTOLEMY (90 – 168 CE)
• He developed Aristotle’s
geocentric theory.
• He knew that the planets
don’t appear to orbit in perfect
circles around the Earth.
 5. PTOLEMY (90 – 168 CE)
His claimed that:
• Earth is spherical object that
is freely suspended at the
center of the universe.
• The stars are fixed bodies
attached to a solid sphere
exterior part of the universe.
DEVELOPMENTS IN
MODERN
ASTRONOMY
Let’s take a look back!
 1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-
1543)
• The proponent of a heliocentric
universe wherein a moving Earth
is revolving around the Sun.
• Earth is considered as only one of
the planets that move around the
sun in perfect circular orbits.
 1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-
1543)
• Earth rotates on its axis daily
and revolves around the sun
once a year.
• Earth experiences an annual
tilting of its axis.
HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
 2. TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601)

• He designed and built huge

instruments used to make precise
measurements of the positions of the
planets and accurate observations of
the planetary motions.
• He proposed the geo-heliocentric
universe model.
 2. TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601)

• The Tychonic model had all

the planets (except Earth)
revolving around the sun, but
the sun is orbiting the Earth.
GEO-HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
 3. GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)
• He built his own comprehensive
astronomical telescope to explore the
heavens.
• He discovered the sunspots and the
rough surface of the moon
• He discovered the three moons of the
Jupiter and observed that these
moons move along with the planets.
4. JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)
• He studied Copernicus’ heliocentric
system and Tycho Brahe’s data,
which he continued after Brahe’s
death.
• His analysis of Brahe’s data showed
that the planetary orbits were not
perfect circles, but ellipses with two
foci lie on the same axis.
4. JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)
• An ellipse is a curve on a
plane surrounding two focal
points.
• Kepler develop his laws of
planetary motion.
a. LAW OF ELLIPSES
This law describes
that planets are
moving around the
sun by following an
ellipse path.
b. LAW OF EQUAL AREAS
This law describes the
speed of the planet while
orbiting around the sun.
A planet moves faster
when it is closer to the
sun and slower if it is
furthest.
c. LAW OF PERIODS
It gives an accurate
description for the time
and distance for each
planet's movement
around the sun.