 VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLI'S

EQUATION.

Experiment -1

Dr. Shahereen Chowdhury

Assistant Professor Dept.
of Mechanical Engineering,
BUET
 Exp_1:Verification of Bernoulli's equation.

Content
1 Introduction
2 Objective
3 Experimental Details
4 Calculations and Results
5 Discussion
 Bernoulli's equation
 Gives us an understanding on the concept of flow of fluids all around us.

 It essentially describes the relationship between pressure, velocity and elevation of a flowing
fluid.

 Bernoulli’s theorem pertaining to a flow streamline is based on three assumptions: steady flow,
incompressible fluid, and no losses from the fluid friction.

streamline
 Bernoulli's equation
Static Pressure Dynamic Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure

along a streamline

Pressure Kinetic Potential

Energy Energy Energy

conservation of energy

 Bernoulli’s equation is a statement of conservation of energy. It denotes along a streamline the

summation of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy remains constant.
Bernoulli's equation
Applying Bernoulli’s Equation to a flow through
a pipe which has a change in diameter.
Purpose is to observe change in pressure due to
the change in diameter of the pipe.
 Bernoulli's equation
Continuity Equation:

For a horizontal flow, an increase in velocity must be accompanied by a decrease in pressure.

 Objective
Observation:

The objective of the experiment is

 To investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when it is applied to a steady flow of
water through a tapered duct.
 Experimental Set-up
Variable head Convergent –divergent passage of rectangular cross-section
outlet tank with
control valve

Constant level inlet

tank
 Experimental Data
 Given Data (1): Table for cross-sectional area of the passage

Tube position Height of tube (mm) Width of tube (mm) Area of the tube
(mm*mm)
7.104

 Acquired Data (1): Table for flow rate

Weight of the Weight of the Weight of water Time of water Flow rate,
empty bucket bucket with (kg) collection, Q
(kg) water (kg) t (sec)
2.5 10.6 8.1 197
2.5 9.7 7.4 166
 Calculations
Observation no.
Cross sectional area of the passage, Ap =

Flow rate, Q=

Velocity, V = =

Velocity head = =

Manometric head= + 𝑧

Total head = + +𝑧
 Results
 Result

Tube Cross sectional Velocity Velocity head Manometric Total head

Position area head
 Table 1: Cross-sectional area of the convergent-divergent passage
Tube Position Height of the tube Width of the tube Cross-sectional area
(mm) (mm) (mm2)
1 24.132 7.104
2 21.16 7.104
3 20.00 7.104
4 17.14 7.104
5 16.016 7.104
6 15.08 7.104
7 14.518 7.104
8 11.7 7.104
9 9.995 7.104
10 8.880 7.104
11 6.670 7.104
12 8.880 7.104
13 9.995 7.104
14 11.700 7.104
15 14.518 7.104
16 15.080 7.104
17 16.016 7.104
18 17.140 7.104
19 20.000 7.104
20 21.160 7.104
21 24.132 7.104

Table 2: Calculation of flow rate

Weight of the Weight of Weight of water Time of water Flow rate,
empty bucket bucket with collected collection, t Q (m3/sec)
(kg) water (kg) (kg) (sec)
2.5 10.6 8.1 197
2.5 9.9 7.4 166

Table 3: Table for HGL and EGL

Tube Cross-sectional Velocity Velocity Head Manometric head, Total head ,
position area (m/s) V2/mg P/γ +z H= V2/mg+ P/γ
2
(mm ) (mm) (mm) +z
(mm)
1 257
2 259
3 260
4 260.5
5 254
 6 253
7 247
8 239
9 191
10 183
11 111
12 142
13 166
14 174
15 178
16 182
17 178
18 186
19 181
20 182
21 180
METERS(ORIFICE AND
VENTURI)
4(B) STUDY OF MINOR
LOSSES

ABDUL AZIZ SHUVO

LECTURER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BUET, DHAKA
EXPERIMENT OUTCOMES

1. Understand the principle of flow measurement in a pipe flow

2. Calibrate flow meters such as orifice meter and Venturi meter

3. Determine the K factor for sudden contraction and expansion

(A) STUDY OF FLOW METERS

• There are many types of flow meters: turbine-type flow meter, rotameter, orifice meter,
and venturi meter, etc
• Rotameters are suitable for measuring flow rate through a vertical pipe
• The orifice meter and Venturi meter are known as pressure based flow meters
(obstruction type)
OBJECTIVES

1. Understand the working principle of orifice meter and venturi meter

2. Calculate the mean Cd for orifice meter and venturi meter

3. Verify the relation between flow rate and pressure drop in orifice meter and venturi
meter by plotting the flow rate against manometer reading (pressure drop) in log-log
graph paper.
EXPERIMENT 4(B)
STUDY OF MINOR LOSSES

1. Minor losses in a pipe flow come from the change in flow area and (or) direction by
different types of fittings
2. Pipe fittings are always required to complete a hydraulic piping system
3. Example - sudden contraction, sudden expansion, valves, reducers, bends, elbows,
crosses, T-joints, etc.
EXPERIMENT 4(B)
STUDY OF MINOR LOSSES
OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this experiment are

1. To measure the minor loss in a sudden contraction and a sudden expansion fittings

2. To determine the loss coefficients or K factors for the sudden contraction and the
sudden expansion
SCHEMETIC EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
EXPERIMENTAL VIDEO
EXPERIMENTAL VIDEO
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR 2(A)

No Air L(M R(M Net( L(O) R(O Net( L(V) R(V) Net( Flow
Tem ) ) M) Mm ) O) V) rate(
p mm mm mm mm mm Qr)
m3/
min
1 38 280 325 48 230 365 135 290 310 20 2.5
2 42 285 320 35 252 339 87 290 311 21 2
3 47 293 315 22 272 322 50 299 309 10 1.5
4 53 298 307 9 289 313 24 300 308 8 1
5 57 300 307 7 294 300 6 302 300 2 .5
CALCULASIONS

• Observation1:
• Flow pressure, Pa =ꝭHg gH m,Hg +patm = 13.6*9.8*48+101325=107322.6 Pa

•
0.66
CALCULASIONS

. Qt= .66*(135*10^-3)^.5 =.24m3/s

• Pr=1000mm AqG+Pa
• =1000*9.8*1000*10^-3+
• 101325=101334.4
• Qa=0.032 m3/s
• Cd=0.13
•
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR 4(B)

No Air L(M) R(M) Net( L(C) R(C) Net(C L(E) R(E) Net(E Flow
Temp mm mm M) Mm mm ) ) rate(
Mm mm Qr)
m3/m
in
1 38 280 325 48 110 491 381 301 298 3 2.5
2 42 285 320 35 171 432 261 302 296 6 2
3 47 293 315 22 231 371 140 301 295 6 1.5
4 53 298 307 9 269 331 62 301 296 5 1
5 57 300 307 7 286 313 27 301 295 6 .5
EXPERIMENT DATA FOR 4(A) PIPE FRICTION
EXPERIMENT DATA FOR 4(A) PIPE FRICTION
Thank You
ME 224
Experiment No. 2
(a) Study of orifice meter
(b) Study of venturi meter

Experiment Outcomes
The objective of this experiment is to make students familiar with different types of flow meters and
understand the minor losses in a fluid flow. On completion of the experiment, the students should be
able to
1. understand the principle of flow measurement in a pipe flow
2. calibrate flow meters such as orifice meter and Venturi meter
Principles of flow measurement:
There are many types of flow meters: turbine-type flow meter, rotameter, orifice meter, and venturi
meter, etc. In turbine flow meters, a rotor is placed in a flow. The rpm of the rotor varies with flow
rate and by measuring the rpm, the flow rate is determined. Rotameters are suitable for measuring
flow rate through a vertical pipe. The location of the float in a rotameter depends on the flow rate.
Thus the flow rate is determined by measuring the vertical displacement of the float. The orifice
meter and Venturi meter are known as pressure based flow meters (obstruction type). These meters
reduce the flow area and creates pressure differential which depends on flow rate. Thus flow rate is
determined by measuring the pressure drop.
About the experiment
A venturi meter, a orifice meter and a rotameter are arranged in series in the test bench. A
compressor is used to flow air through the flow measuring devices. The flow rate is controlled by
a gate valve located at the discharge side of the compressor. Pressure drops in orifice meter as
well as in the Venturi meter are measured by water manometers and the theoretical flow rates are
calculated from these pressure drops. The orifice meter and venturi meter are calibrated comparing
the measured flow rate (theoretical) with the actual flow rate measured by the pre-calibrated
rotameter.

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the experiment are to
1. understand the working principle of orifice meter and venturi meter
2. calculate the mean Cd for orifice meter and venturi meter
3. verify the relation between flow rate and pressure drop in orifice meter and venturi meter by
plotting the flow rate against manometer reading (pressure drop) in log-log graph paper.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

Figure 2.1: A typical test bench for flow measurement device

NECESSARY EQUATIONS

2g −1
Theoretical flow rate for orifice meter, Q = k H = A   
T 1 m o 4
D 
1− CC  o 
 D1 

 
Theoretical flow rate for venturi meter, QT = k1 = A2


Actual flow rate, Qa = kH n

Qa
Coefficient of Discharge, C =d
QT
DATA COLLECTION

Given data:
Pipe diameter, D1 =
Orifice diameter, Do =
Venturimeter throat diameter, D2 =
Room temperature, Tr =
Rotameter absolute pressure, pR = 1000 mm Aq G
Rotameter absolute temperature, TR = 303 K

Experimental Data:
Specific weight of mercury =
Specific weight of water =
Specific weight of air =

Table 1: Manometer and Rotameter readings

Manometer reading
Air temp, inside the pipe, Ta (oC)

Flow rate from rotameter, QR

flow pressure in the across the orifice across the venturi
pipe (Hg manometer) (water manometer) (water manometer)
No of Obs.

(m3/min)
Right column (mm)

Right column (mm)

Right column (mm)

Left column (mm)

Left column (mm)

Left column (mm)

Hm,O (mm of water)

Hm,V (mm of water)

Hm,Hg (mm of Hg)
Net deflection

Net deflection

Net deflection

5
CALCULATION AND RESULT

Table 2: Calculation of Cd for Orifice meter

deflection, Hm.O (m)

flowrate, QT (m3/s)

Actual flowrate,
From graph

Manometric
No of Obs.

Theoretical

Qa (m3/s)

Mean Cd
Qa
pa Ta C=
k1 d
QT
(Pa) (K)
n Cd

Sample calculation for orifice meter:

Observation no:

1. Flow pressure, pa = Hg gH m, Hg + patm =

2. k = A 2g  −1  =
1 o


(assume Cc = 1.0)

3. Theoretical flow rate, QT = k1 =

QR  pR Ta
4. Actual flow rate, Q =   0.8 =
a
60 TR Pa
where 0.8 is correction factor and pR = 1000 mm AqG +patm

Qa
5. Coefficient of discharge, C =d =
QT
 Table 3: Calculation of Cd for Venturi meter

deflection, Hm,V (m)

flowrate, QT (m3/s)

Actual flowrate,
From graph

Manometric
No of Obs.

Theoretical

Qa (m3/s)

Mean Cd
Qa
pa Ta C=
k1 d
QT
(Pa) (K)
n Cd

Sample calculation for Venturi meter:

Observation no:
1. Flow pressure, pa = Hg gH m, Hg + patm =

 
2. k = A  =
1 2

3. Theoretical flow rate, QT = k1 =

QR  pR Ta
4. Actual flow rate, Q =   0.8 =
a
60 TR Pa
where 0.8 is correction factor and pR = 1000 mm AqG +patm

Qa
5. Coefficient of discharge, C =d =
QT
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

(i). Relation between flow rate and pressure drop across a flow meter:
Draw the Qa vs Hm curve in log-log graph paper for both orifice meter and venturi meter

Results:
Value of Cd for orifice meter =

Value of Cd for venturi meter =

DISCUSSION
Experiment 4
(a) Study of Pipe friction
(b) Study of minor losses
EXPERIMENT 4(a)
Study of pipe friction

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the experiment are to

i. measure head loss in a pipe flow at various Reynolds number, Re
ii. find Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and Fanning friction factor from Moody diagrams
and estimate the corresponding head loss
iii. calculate the hydraulic gradient (hf/L)

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
L

h2
h1

ρm
 Figure 1.1: Experimental setup for study of pipe friction

DATA COLLECTION
Given data:
Length of the pipe, L =
Diameter of the pipe, D =
Room Temperature, T =
Sp. weight of the flowing fluid, γ =
Sp. weight of the manometric fluid, γm =
Density of the flowing fluid, ρ =
Viscosity of the flowing fluid, µ
=Experimental Data:
Table 1. Data for determination of head loss
Manometer reading for head loss Measured
Mass of
Time of Mass flow head loss,
No. of Water Left Right Net
Collection rate, hf
Obs. Collected Column Column deflection,
(s) (kg/s) (m of
(kg) (m) (m) h (m) H2O)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 Table 2. Data for variation estimating head loss using Moody diagrams
Volume Friction factor from
No. Mean Reynolds Estimated Hydraulic
flow rate, Moody diagram
of velocity, Number, head loss, hf gradient
Q
Obs. V (m/s) Re Darcy Fanning (m of H2 O) hf/L
(m3/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
i) Plot experimentally determined head loss against estimated head loss.
ii) Plot hydraulic gradient (hf/L) versus velocity (V) in a log-log graph and hence find the
value of exponent n to velocity V.

DISCUSSION
Minor loss:
Minor losses in a pipe flow come from the change in flow area and (or) direction by different types
of fittings. Pipe fittings are always required to complete a hydraulic piping system; for example -
sudden contraction, sudden expansion, valves, reducers, bends, elbows, crosses, T- joints, etc. Some
of them are shown in figure below:
Minor losses are different from the major losses because these come from the viscous
(friction) action between the fluid and the pipe wall. If the pipe is long and the number of
pipe fittings is small, the minor loss is small compared to the major loss and may, therefore,
be neglected. Even though they are termed “minor”, the losses can be greater than the major
losses. For example, when a valve is almost closed, the loss can be almost infinite or in a short
pipe with large number of fittings, the minor loss may dominate over the major loss.
Minor losses are directly related to the velocity head in a flow, meaning that the higher the
velocity head the greater the losses will be. Unit for minor loss is feet or meters of a fluid
column. For any fittings, the minor losses (hL) are related to the velocity head (V2/2g) by
introducing loss coefficients, K as shown below:
2
V
hL = K
2g
The same test rig contains arrangement for measurement of pressure drop across a reducer
(sudden contraction) as well as across an enlarger (sudden expansion). Head losses across
these fittings are calculated from the measured pressure drops. The velocity head is calculated
from the flow rate and flow area. The K factors of these fittings are determined from the
measured head losses and velocity heads.
EXPERIMENT 4(b)
Study of minor losses

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment are
1. to measure the minor loss in a sudden contraction and a sudden expansion fittings
2. to determine the loss coefficients or K factors for the sudden contraction and the
sudden expansion

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

Hm,C Hm,E

Figure 2.2: Sudden contraction and sudden expansion

15
Experimental data:
Pipe diameter at inlet, D1 = D3 =
Pipe diameter at contraction, D2 =
Room temperature, Tr =
Absolute pressure at Rotameter, pR = 1000 mm Aq
G Absolute temperature at Rotameter, TR = 303 K

16
17
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
(i) Determination of K factor from graph:
Plot on a log-log paper head loss against velocity head for both sudden contraction and
sudden expansion. Determine the K factors from the slopes of the curves.
(ii) Compare the K factors calculated in Table 5 with those obtained from the graphs.

DISCUSSION

18
Experiment -5
STUDY OF FLOW THROUGH A
CIRCULAR PIPE
Dr. Shahereen Chowdhury
Assistant Professor Dept.
of Mechanical Engineering,
BUET
 Content

1 Introduction
2 Objective
3 Experimental Details
4 Calculations and Results
5 Discussions
 Flow through a Circular Pipe
 Theoretical solutions are obtained only for a few simple
cases such as fully developed laminar flow in a circular
pipe.

 Rely on experimental results and empirical relations for

most fluid flow problems rather than closed-form
analytical solutions.

 Focuses are on
• Physical description of internal flow and the velocity
boundary layer.
• The understanding of the dimensionless Reynolds number
and its physical significance.
 Concept of Boundary Layer

Velocity boundary layer No slip condition (V=0)

Developing Fully Developed

Inviscid core velocity profile velocity profile
Vav Vav Vav

Entrance Region Fully Developed Region

∆𝒑
 Criteria: Reynolds Number
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑉 𝐷
𝑅 = =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜇
Re < 2300 signifies
Laminar Flow

Velocity Re > 4000 signifies

Turbulent Flow

Characteristic
Dimension

Density

Viscosity
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
 Difference in Velocity Profiles.
Turbulent flow Turbulent flow
R= 107 R= 107
Rough Pipe (f) Smooth Pipe (f)

Laminar Flow
Vav R< 2300

f= Friction Factor

 Shear due to fluid viscosity play an effect on the shape of the velocity profile.
 Further friction factor that depends on the pipe roughness also effects the shape of
the velocity profile.
 Objective
The objectives of the experiment are

1. To measure the velocity of flowing fluid

 At the throat of the inlet nozzle
 At various radii of the circular pipe.

2. To find the flow rate of the flowing fluid.

3. To compare the discharge obtained graphically (V vs r2) with that obtained through
the parabolic nozzle.
 Experimental Set-up
 At Inlet -Parabolic Nozzle

 Circular pipe

 At Exhaust -Suction Fan

 Experimental Data
 Given Data
• Geometry • Flowing Fluid Properties
Nozzle throat diameter = 2 inch = 5.08 *10-2 m Barometric pressure, P (Pa) =
Pipe diameter = 3.1 inch = 7.87*10-2 m Room temperature, T (K) =
Pitot tube diameter = 1.2*10-2 m Density of air, ρair (kg/m3) =
Viscosity of air, µair (N.s/m2) =
 Acquired Data (Set 1)
• The parabolic nozzle at the inlet of the pipe.
• For a speed of 3800 rpm.
Observation Position Manometric Deflection, Hw (m
of water)

Throat 0.245
 Experimental Data
 Acquired Data (Set 2)
• Linear distance travelled by the traverser after one full revolution= 0.1 inch = 2.54 mm
No. No. of Radial Manometric r2
of Revolutions Location, r Deflection, Hw
Obs. (mm) (m of water)

1 0 35.56 0.038

14 13 2.54 0.075

15
14 0 0.075

16
15 -2.54 0.075

29
28 -35.56 0.040
Pitot tube connected to an inclined manometer
…… (scaling in inches)

Up to 29 obs.
 Calculations
Observation no.

Manometric deflection, Hw (m of water) =

∆
Throat velocity, Vth = = =

Nozzle throat cross-sectional area, Ath =

Flow rate of nozzle, Qnozzle = Cd * Ath* Vth = Co-efficient of discharge of the nozzle, Cd = 0.98
 Calculations
Velocity at a radial location , Vr= =

Discharge obtained graphically, Qgraph = π * area under the curve (V vs r2)

= (using Trapezoidal rule)

Cross sectional area of the pipe, Ap =

Velocity of air (m/s)

Average velocity, Vav = =

Reynolds number, Re= =

% of error in flow rate = * 100 % = r2 (mm2)

 Results
 Result ( Set 1)
Observation Position Velocity of Air
(m/s)

Throat
 Result (Set 2)

along the cross section(mm)

Radial Location, r Velocity of Air
(mm) (m/s)

Position

Velocity of air (m/s)

Discussion
Barometric pressure, P (Pa) = 101325 Pa
Room temperature, T (K) = 24O C
Density of air, ρair (kg/m3) = 1.22
Viscosity of air, µair (N.s/m2) = 1.8442 * 10-5
Specific weight of water γw (N/m3) = 9783.5

Table 1. Data for Velocity of Flowing Fluid at the Throat of the Parabolic Nozzle (For the constant
operating speed of 3800 rpm)

Manometric Deflection, Hw Velocity of Air, Vth

Observation Position
(m of water) (m/s)
Throat 0.2451

Table 2. Data for Velocity Profile in Circular Pipe (Measuring with pitot tube)

Radial Manometric
No. of No. of r2 Velocity of Air
Location ,r Deflection,
Observations Revolutions (mm2) (m/s)
(mm) (m of water)
1 0 0.038
2 1 0.046
3 2 0.054
4 3 0.056
5 4 0.060
6 5 0.062
7 6 0.064
8 7 0.065
9 8 0.067
10 9 0.069
11 10 0.070
12 11 0.072
13 12 0.074
14 13 0.075
15 14 0.075
16 15 0.075
17 16 0.074
18 17 0.071
19 18 0.069
20 19 0.068
21 20 0.067
22 21 0.065
23 22 0.063
24 23 0.062
25 24 0.059
26 25 0.057
27 26 0.054
28 27 0.047
29 28 0.040
Experiment No. 5
Study of Flow through a Circular Pipe

EXPERIMENT OUTCOMES
The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the velocity variation at throat and different
radii of a circular pipe when air flows through that pipe. On completion of the experiment, the
students should be able to
• Understand physical description of internal flow and the velocity boundary layer.
• Visualize the velocity distribution around a circular pipe due to the fluid flow.
• The concept of laminar and turbulent flow in a circular pipe.

FLOW THROUGH A CIRCULAR PIPE

Concept of Velocity Boundary layer
For an internal flow as such the current study, when a fluid enters a circular pipe at a uniform
velocity, the fluid particles at the boundary of the pipe come to a complete rest because of the no-
slip condition. As a result, the fluid particles in the adjacent layers slow down gradually due to
friction. To keep the mass flow rate through the pipe constant, the velocity of the fluid at the
midsection of the pipe increases to make up for the velocity reduction. Thus, a velocity gradient
develops along the pipe. The region of the flow in which the effects of the viscous shearing forces
caused by fluid viscosity are felt is called the velocity boundary layer. The hypothetical boundary
surface divides the flow in a pipe into two regions: the boundary layer region, in which the viscous
effects and the velocity changes are significant, and the inviscid (core) flow region, in which the
frictional effects are negligible and the velocity remains essentially constant in the radial direction.
The region from the pipe inlet to the point at which the boundary layer merges at the centerline is
called the hydrodynamic entrance region.

The region beyond the entrance region in which the velocity profile is fully developed and remains
unchanged is called the hydrodynamically fully developed region. The velocity profile in the fully
developed region is parabolic in laminar flow and somewhat flatter (or fuller) in turbulent flow
due to eddy motion and more vigorous mixing in the radial direction. However, in fluid flow, it is
convenient to work with an average velocity Vav, which remains constant in incompressible flow

1
when the cross-sectional area of the pipe remains constant and fluid properties evaluated at some
average temperature are also treated as constants.

Criteria:
Fluid flow regime is mainly characterized by the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in the
fluid. This ratio is called the Reynolds number and is expressed for internal flow in a circular pipe
as
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑉 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜇
where Vav = average flow velocity (m/s), D = characteristic length of the geometry (diameter in
this case, in m), and µ/ρ = kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2 /s).
As a general criterion, for flow through smooth pipes,
Re < 2300 signifies the flow to be laminar
Re > 4000 signifies the flow to be turbulent.
At large Reynolds numbers, the inertial forces are large relative to the viscous forces, and thus the
viscous forces cannot prevent the random and rapid fluctuations of the fluid. At small or moderate
Reynolds numbers, however, the viscous forces are large enough to suppress these fluctuations
and to keep the fluid “in line.” Thus, the flow is turbulent in the first case and laminar in the second.

ABOUT THE EXPERIMENT

In this experiment, ambient air driven primarily by a pressure difference is passed through a
parabolic nozzle to the circular pipe. Velocity of the flowing fluid at the throat of the parabolic
nozzle is then calculated from the manometric deflection of the water manometer (For the constant
operating speed of 3800 rpm). Further down the circular pipe a pitot traverse is located in a perspex
box. Linear distance travelled by the traverser after each full revolution represents the radial
location in the circular pipe and a corresponding manometric deflection is obtained from the
inclined water manometer connected to the pitot tube. Thus, velocity profile in circular pipe is
obtained.

2
EXPERIMENT 5
Study of flow through a circular pipe

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the experiment are to

i) To measure the velocity of flowing fluid

At the throat of the inlet nozzle
At various radii of the circular pipe.
ii) To find the flow rate of flowing fluid.
iii) To compare the discharge obtained graphically (V vs r2) with that obtained through
the parabolic nozzle.

APPARATUS

Apparatus used in this experiment are:

i) A smooth long pipe

ii) A parabolic nozzle at the inlet of the pipe
iii) A suction fan at the outlet of the pipe
iv) Three (air-water) manometers one at nozzle and other at pitot tube
v) Pitot tube with traverse mechanism
vi) Static pressure tube at various distances

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

Figure: Experimental set-up of flow through a circular pipe

3
DATA COLLECTION
Given Data:
Nozzle throat diameter = 2 inch = 5.08 *10-2 m
Pipe diameter = 3.1 inch = 7.87*10-2 m
Pitot tube diameter = 1.2*10-2 m
Linear distance travelled by the traverser after one full revolution= 0.1 inch = 2.54 mm
Co-efficient of discharge of the nozzle, Cd = 0.98
Universal gas constant, R = 287 Nm/KgK
Barometric pressure, P (Pa) =
Room temperature, T (K) =
Density of air, ρair (kg/m3) =
Viscosity of air, µair (N.s/m2) =
Specific weight of water γw (N/m3) =

Experimental Data:
Table 1. Data for Velocity of Flowing Fluid at the Throat of the Parabolic Nozzle (For the constant
operating speed of 3800 rpm)

Manometric Deflection, Hw Velocity of Air, Vth

Observation Position
(m of water) (m/s)
Throat

Table 2. Data for Velocity Profile in Circular Pipe (Measuring with pitot tube)

Radial Manometric
No. of No. of r2 Velocity of Air
Location ,r Deflection,
Observations Revolutions (mm2) (m/s)
(mm) (m of water)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

4
 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

Sample Calculation:
Observation no.
Manometric deflection, Hw (m of water) =

∆
Throat velocity, Vth = = =

( .)
Nozzle throat cross-sectional area, Ath = 𝜋 =

Flow rate of nozzle, Qnozzle = Cd * Ath* Vth

=

5
Velocity at a radial location , Vr= =

Discharge obtained graphically, Qgraph = π * area under the curve (V vs r2)

= (using Trapezoidal rule)
=
( .)
Cross sectional area of the pipe, Ap == 𝜋 =

Average velocity, Vav = =

Reynolds number, Re= =

% of error in flow rate = * 100% =

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

i) Plot the velocity profile along the radius of the circular pipe (V vs r).

DISCUSSION

6
 Experimentno:
Experiment no.01(b)
5

Experiment Name: Performance Test of a Centrifugal Pump

 Date of performance:

Objectives:

To study the performance characteristics of the pump at constant speed when varying the
flowrate.

Apparatus:

Schematic diagram:

Gauge Valve

Manometer
hgd

hgs

Zd
Zs
Pump Pump Center Line

hss

Water Tank
Fig: Schematic Diagram of Centrifugal Pump

Fig. Schematic Diagram of Centrifugal Pump Test Rig.

Data Collection:

Operating speed, N = rpm

Suction pipe dia, ds = m

Delivery pipe dia, dd = m

Manometer reading Suction gauge Delivery gauge

Obs. Dynamometer
for discharge, H reading, hg,s reading, hg,d
No. Loading (kg)
(mm) (m) (m)
1

Calculation:

Manometer reading for Discharge, H = mm (Hg)

Discharge, Q= 0.586√H litre/s

Total head, Ht =(hg,d+hv,d+hd)-(hg,s+hv,s+hs)

Here, pressure gauge reading in delivery side, hg,d =

pressure gauge reading in suction side, hs,d =

hd= vertical distance of the pressure gauge in the delivery side from the pump horizontal
centerline = Zd = m

hs= vertical distance of the pressure gauge in the suction side from the pump horizontal
centerline = Zs = m
 𝑄
Velocity at the delivery side, Vd = 𝜋𝑑 2
𝑑
4

𝑄
Velocity at the delivery side, Vs = 𝜋𝑑 2
𝑠
4

𝑣𝑑2 𝑣𝑠2
Total Head, Ht = (hg,d + + hd ) - (hg,s + + hs )
2𝑔 2𝑔

Input Power, Pi = N × (r + l) × ω
2𝜋𝑁
= mg × (r + l) × 60

Output Power, Po = QϒH

𝑃𝑜
Efficiency, η = × 100%
𝑃𝑖
Calculation Table:

Obs. N Total head, Discharge, Q Input power, Output power Efficiency

No. (rpm) H (m3/s) Pi Po η
(m) (watt) (Watt)

Discussions: (Discuss the experimental pump characteristic curve. Also, compare it with ideal
pump characteristic curve. Discuss the possible source of deviations in your result.)
 948
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

TABLE A–9
Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
Specific Thermal Thermal Dynamic Kinematic Prandtl
Temp. Density Heat cp Conductivity Diffusivity Viscosity Viscosity Number
T, 8C r, kg/m3 J/kg·K k, W/m·K a, m2/s m, kg/m·s n, m2/s Pr
2150 2.866 983 0.01171 4.158 3 1026 8.636 3 1026 3.013 3 1026 0.7246
2100 2.038 966 0.01582 8.036 3 1026 1.189 3 1026 5.837 3 1026 0.7263
250 1.582 999 0.01979 1.252 3 1025 1.474 3 1025 9.319 3 1026 0.7440
240 1.514 1002 0.02057 1.356 3 1025 1.527 3 1025 1.008 3 1025 0.7436
230 1.451 1004 0.02134 1.465 3 1025 1.579 3 1025 1.087 3 1025 0.7425
220 1.394 1005 0.02211 1.578 3 1025 1.630 3 1025 1.169 3 1025 0.7408
210 1.341 1006 0.02288 1.696 3 1025 1.680 3 1025 1.252 3 1025 0.7387
0 1.292 1006 0.02364 1.818 3 1025 1.729 3 1025 1.338 3 1025 0.7362
5 1.269 1006 0.02401 1.880 3 1025 1.754 3 1025 1.382 3 1025 0.7350
10 1.246 1006 0.02439 1.944 3 1025 1.778 3 1025 1.426 3 1025 0.7336
15 1.225 1007 0.02476 2.009 3 1025 1.802 3 1025 1.470 3 1025 0.7323
20 1.204 1007 0.02514 2.074 3 1025 1.825 3 1025 1.516 3 1025 0.7309
25 1.184 1007 0.02551 2.141 3 1025 1.849 3 1025 1.562 3 1025 0.7296
30 1.164 1007 0.02588 2.208 3 1025 1.872 3 1025 1.608 3 1025 0.7282
35 1.145 1007 0.02625 2.277 3 1025 1.895 3 1025 1.655 3 1025 0.7268
40 1.127 1007 0.02662 2.346 3 1025 1.918 3 1025 1.702 3 1025 0.7255
45 1.109 1007 0.02699 2.416 3 1025 1.941 3 1025 1.750 3 1025 0.7241
50 1.092 1007 0.02735 2.487 3 1025 1.963 3 1025 1.798 3 1025 0.7228
60 1.059 1007 0.02808 2.632 3 1025 2.008 3 1025 1.896 3 1025 0.7202
70 1.028 1007 0.02881 2.780 3 1025 2.052 3 1025 1.995 3 1025 0.7177
80 0.9994 1008 0.02953 2.931 3 1025 2.096 3 1025 2.097 3 1025 0.7154
90 0.9718 1008 0.03024 3.086 3 1025 2.139 3 1025 2.201 3 1025 0.7132
100 0.9458 1009 0.03095 3.243 3 1025 2.181 3 1025 2.306 3 1025 0.7111
120 0.8977 1011 0.03235 3.565 3 1025 2.264 3 1025 2.522 3 1025 0.7073
140 0.8542 1013 0.03374 3.898 3 1025 2.345 3 1025 2.745 3 1025 0.7041
160 0.8148 1016 0.03511 4.241 3 1025 2.420 3 1025 2.975 3 1025 0.7014
180 0.7788 1019 0.03646 4.593 3 1025 2.504 3 1025 3.212 3 1025 0.6992
200 0.7459 1023 0.03779 4.954 3 1025 2.577 3 1025 3.455 3 1025 0.6974
250 0.6746 1033 0.04104 5.890 3 1025 2.760 3 1025 4.091 3 1025 0.6946
300 0.6158 1044 0.04418 6.871 3 1025 2.934 3 1025 4.765 3 1025 0.6935
350 0.5664 1056 0.04721 7.892 3 1025 3.101 3 1025 5.475 3 1025 0.6937
400 0.5243 1069 0.05015 8.951 3 1025 3.261 3 1025 6.219 3 1025 0.6948
450 0.4880 1081 0.05298 1.004 3 1024 3.415 3 1025 6.997 3 1025 0.6965
500 0.4565 1093 0.05572 1.117 3 1024 3.563 3 1025 7.806 3 1025 0.6986
600 0.4042 1115 0.06093 1.352 3 1024 3.846 3 1025 9.515 3 1025 0.7037
700 0.3627 1135 0.06581 1.598 3 1024 4.111 3 1025 1.133 3 1024 0.7092
800 0.3289 1153 0.07037 1.855 3 1024 4.362 3 1025 1.326 3 1024 0.7149
900 0.3008 1169 0.07465 2.122 3 1024 4.600 3 1025 1.529 3 1024 0.7206
1000 0.2772 1184 0.07868 2.398 3 1024 4.826 3 1025 1.741 3 1024 0.7260
1500 0.1990 1234 0.09599 3.908 3 1024 5.817 3 1025 2.922 3 1024 0.7478
2000 0.1553 1264 0.11113 5.664 3 1024 6.630 3 1025 4.270 3 1024 0.7539

Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are deter-
mined by multiplying the values of r at the given temperature by P and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 198; and
Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Saxena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S. Touloukian, S. C. Saxena,
and P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.

939-956_cengel_app1.indd 948 12/13/12 4:34 PM

 Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
(BUET)
ME 224 (Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Sessional)

Exp. : Study and Performance test of a Pelton Wheel.

Sanchita Amin
Assistant Professor
Date: 05/04/2021
TURBINES
A turbine is a device to convert the stored energy of a fluid mass into
mechanical energy.
Depending upon nature of interaction with water flow turbines are
broadly classified as –
(i) Impulse turbines
In an impulse turbine, the pressure of water does not change
while flowing through the rotor of the machine. In these turbines,
the pressure change occur only in the nozzles of the machine and
not in the rotor. The jet impingement takes place at atmospheric
pressure. Example: Pelton Wheel
(ii) Reaction Turbine
In a reaction turbine, the pressure of water changes while it flows
through the rotor of the machine. The change in water velocity and
reduction in its pressure causes a reaction on the turbine blades.
Example: Francis and Kaplan Turbines
Net head = H = Hgross – HpL – Hsn
Pelton Wheel
 The Pelton wheel turbine is developed by Lester Allan Pelton, who
is an American Engineer.
 It is an Impulse turbine, since the change of water pressure occurs
only in the nozzles of the machine and not in the rotor. The energy
available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy. The
pressure energy at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric.
 It is Tangential or Peripheral Flow Turbine, since the flow
direction of water jet is tangential to the rotating wheel (runner).
 It is a High-Head & Low Discharge turbine, since the gross heads
are considered greater than about 400 m.
 It is Low Specific speed turbine. Pelton (Single jet) ( or per jet in a
multi jet) 8–30.
 This is a Hydraulic turbine and the main uses of these turbines are
in the hydropower plant to generate electricity.
COMPONENTS OF PELTON TURBINE
 Wheel (runner) and Buckets (double hemispherical cup shape)
 Nozzle with control mechanism (spear)
 Casing
 Deflector
 Break Nozzle / Hydraulic brake

Fig: Pelton Wheel Nozzle

Fig: Single Jet, Horizontal Shaft Pelton Turbine

Fig: Pelton Wheel Bucket

Fig: Brake Dynamometer

OBJECTIVES
 To study the working principle of a Pelton wheel.
 To determine the performance parameters of the Pelton wheel.
 To plot efficiency vs speed ratio, discharge vs speed ratio,
Pout vs Speed ratio, efficiency vs Pout curve of a Pelton wheel.
 To calculate the specific speed of a Pelton wheel.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Dynamometer

spring scale

pelton wheel

pressure gauge

orifice meter

Video Show
DATA SHEET

Manometer Reading
(inch) Pressure Spring
No. Speed of Pelton
Gauge Scale Force,
of wheel (N)
Left Right Net Reading, Reading F (N)
obs.
(L) (R) Deflection P (Psi) (kg)
rpm rad/sec
1 10.1 9.9 30 2 600
2 10.1 9.9 30 4 470
3 10.1 9.9 30 6 410
4 10.1 9.9 30 7 320
5 10.1 9.9 30 8.5 270
6 10.1 9.9 30 10 220
7 10.1 9.9 30 11 170
8 10.1 9.9 30 12 100
Fig: Contact type
Analog Tachometer

Fig: Spring Scale

CALCULATION SHEET

No. Output Pressure Discharge, Input Speed

Torque, T Efficiency,
of Power, Head, h Q Power, Ration,
(Nm) η (%)
obs. Pout (W) (m) (m3/hr) Pin (W) Φ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SAMPLE CALCULATION
For observation no.:

Dynamometer wheel radius, r = 4 inch. = m

Pelton wheel rotor radius, R = 6 inch. = m
Pressure head correction, Z = 1.1 m
Pelton wheel speed, N = rpm
Angular velocity, ω = 2πN/60 rad/sec

Torque, T = F. r = Nm
Output Power, Pout = Tω = Watt

Discharge, Q = 0.024×√(L+R) cusec = x 102 m3/hr

Pressure head, h = P(psi)/γ + Z (m) = (P×144/62.4)/3.28 +Z (m)
Input Hydraulic Power, Pin = γQh = Watt

Efficiency, η = Pout / Pin = %

Speed ratio, φ = [Take Cv = 0.98]

Specific Speed, Ns = where, N (rpm), Pout (KW), H(m)

Fig: Variation of eddiciency, power and torque with speed ratio

 Experiment no. 37
Experiment no.

Name of the Experiment: Study and Performance test of Kaplan turbine.

 Date of performance:

Objectives:

1. To obtain the performance characteristics of a Kaplan Turbine at constant head and different
guide vane angles.

2. To plot the variation of input, output power and efficiency with discharge for different blade
angles.

3. To plot variation of efficiency with speed for different blade angles.

Apparatus:

Experimental set up:

Fig. Components of a Kaplan Turbine.

Data and Calculation Sheet:

Tension
Flow rate
(lb) Input Output
Speed, Specific
Blade T1 T2 Manome Power Power Efficiency
N Speed,
angle ter Pin Pout η (%)
(rpm) Q (m3/s) Ns
reading, (hp) (hp)
h(ft)
Calculation:

2𝑔ℎ
1. Discharge, Q= CdAo √ 𝑑𝑜 4
1−( )
𝑑𝑝

=4.13√ℎ cusec

=0.117√ℎ cumec

where h in ft of water.

pipe dia, dp =13.188 inch =33.5 cm

orifice dia, do= 10.75 inch =27.305 cm

Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.61

𝑄ϒ𝐻
2. Input Power. Pin =
550

= 0.468𝐻√ℎ hp

=0.35𝐻√ℎ kw

Where, H in ft of water.
 𝑁𝐷𝑏(𝑇1−𝑇2)𝜋
3. Output power 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 33000
hp

Where, Brake drum diameter, Db= 1ft

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
4. Efficiency, η = × 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛

𝑁√𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
5. Specific Speed, Ns =
𝐻 5/4

Discussion:
 Experiment no: 02(a)

Experiment Name: Study and performance test of a submersible pump

 Date of performance:

Objectives:

 To study the working principle of a submersible pump.

 To determine the performance parameters of a submersible pump.
 To plot the characteristic curve of a submersible pump and find its duty point.
 To calculate the specific speed of a submersible pump.

Apparatus:

Schematic diagram:

A=

B=
C
D C=

D=

E=
E
Data from the experiment:

No. of Manometer Reading Wattmeter Pressure

observation Reading gauge
(W) Reading
Left (L) , inch Right (R) , inch
(P), Psi
 Data Obtained from calculation:
Manometer Discharge
Reading Watt Pressure (Q) Power Power
No. Pressure
meter gauge (Cusec × input output Efficiency
of Left Right Head (h)
Reading Reading 102)
( Pi) ( Po) (η)%
obs. (L) , (R) , (W) m W W
(P), Psi
inch inch m 3/hr
Sample calculations:

Wattmeter factor, f =

Pumpspeed,N= rpm

Datum head, h0= m

Discharge, Q = 0.4×√(L+R) cusec

= m3/hr

Pressure head, h= P/γ psi

= (P×144/62.4)/3.28 +h0 (m)

Power input, Pi = W×f Watt

Eifficiency, η = 𝑄𝛾ℎ ×100%

𝑃𝑖×1000×3600

𝑁√𝑄
Specific Speed (Ns) (at the best efficiency point) =
ℎ3/4
 Plot the characteristic curve of a submersible pump and find its duty point.
Discussion:
 ME 224: Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Sessional

Md. Raihan Ali Khan

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000

Study and Performance Test of a Submersible Pump

raihankhan@me.buet.ac.bd
http://raihankhan.buet.ac.bd/

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 1
Introduction
Submersible Pump
• A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device
which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body.

• The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped.

• The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a
problem associated with a high elevation difference between the pump and the
fluid surface

• Very useful for moving fluids at high head. Valve

• No need of PRIMING

Application:
Fire pump
• Single stage pumps are for drainage/sewage pumping, general industrial pumping,
slurry pumping
Submersible pumps
• Multistage pumps are used commonly for residential, commercial, municipal, and
industrial water extraction
• Oil wells, water wells, mine dewatering
• Irrigation system

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 2
Commercial Submersible Pump

ACI Water Pump - ACI Motors Limited (acimotors-bd.com)

Submersible pumps of ACI Motors Drainage pump of ACI Motors

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 3
Submersible Pump – Working Animation and Test Rig

Video on working principle of a Submersible Pump and Practical Test Rig at ME Dept., BUET

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 4
Schematic of Experimental Setup

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 5
Data
Pump: Submersible Pump

Wattmeter factor: 0.8

Datum head: 2.2 m

Manometer Wattmeter Pressure Gauge

No. of Obs. Reading Reading, W Reading, P
(kW) (psi)
Left, L (inch) Right, R (inch)
1 3.4 3.3 26 21

2 3.1 3.1 29 48

3 2.8 2.8 30 60

4 2.0 2.0 30.4 73

5 2.4 2.4 30.4 85

6 1.6 1.6 30.6 95

7 1.2 1.2 30.1 108

8 0.8 0.8 29 116

9 0.4 0.4 27 123

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 6
Characteristics Curve

• The characteristic curves of submersible pump plot the course of the following parameters against flow rate
(Q): 1) head (H), 2) power input (P), 3) pump efficiency (η) and 4) NPSHR, i.e. the NPSH required by the
pump.

• The characteristic curve's shape is primarily determined by the pump type (i.e. impeller, pump
casing or specific speed.

• Secondary influences such as cavitation, manufacturing tolerances, size and physical properties of the fluid
handled (e.g. viscosity, solids transport or pulp pumping) are not taken into account in these diagrams.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 7
Characteristics Curve

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 8
 ME 224: Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Sessional

Md. Raihan Ali Khan

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000

Study and Performance Test of a Positive Displacement Pump

raihankhan@me.buet.ac.bd
http://raihankhan.buet.ac.bd/

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 1
Introduction
Positive Displacement Pump
• Moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume and moving it
mechanically through the system.

• Pumping action is cyclic and can be driven by pistons, plungers, screws,

gears, rollers, diaphragms or vanes.

• Unlike centrifugal, they can theoretically produce the same flow at a

given speed (rpm) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus,
positive-displacement pumps are constant flow machines.
Valve
• Very useful for moving fluids at high pressure.

Applications
• Hydraulic system Fire pump
• Lubrication system
• Medical equipment and sanitation
• Paint spraying Commonly used hand pump (typically known as tube well)
• High-force washing Source: Wikipedia

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 2
 Types of Positive Displacement Pump
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pumps:
• Works by the repeated back-and-forth movement (strokes) of either a piston, plunger or diaphragm
• These cycles are called ‘Reciprocation’

Applications:
1. Vessel, pipe, tank, tube, condensate pipe, heat exchanger etc. cleaning
2. Oil drilling, refineries, production, disposal, injections
3. Pneumatic pressure applications
4. Boiler feeding
5. Firefighting system
6. Hydro testing of tanks, vessels, etc.

diaphragm pump
piston pump plunger pump

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 3
 Types of Positive Displacement Pump
Rotatory Positive Displacement Pumps:
• Rotary positive displacement pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures
and draws in the liquid.
• Use the actions of rotating cogs or gears to transfer fluids, rather than the backwards and forwards motion of
reciprocating pumps.

Applications:
1. In chemical installation to pump high viscosity fluids
2. Hydraulic fluid power applications
3. Supercharging, power-steering in automobiles etc.

external gear pump internal gear pump vane pump

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 4
 Comparison of Positive Displacement Pumps

To choose a pump for a particular engineering purpose, cost and suitability for that job is important

Can Easily
Pulse
Relative pump damaged by
Pump output Efficiency Maintenance
Cost solids contaminated
magnitude
in fluid? fluid?

Piston Pump High Low Medium No Yes Medium

Gear Pump Low Low Medium No Yes Low
Can be high-
determined
Vane Pump Medium Medium High Yes No
by materials
used

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 5
Experimental Setup: Positive Displacement Pump Module

Pressure,
temperature and
Instrument flow display
frame
Oval gear flow
meter

universal
dynamometer

oil
reservoir

Installed
pump

Positive Displacement Pump Module TQ MF103

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 6
Positive Displacement Pump Module TQ MF103

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 7
Positive Displacement Pump in Experiment - Piston Pump
In this experiment, a twin-piston industrial pump is used.

• It has an off-center cam that pushes two small

vertically opposed pistons up and down alternately

• Oil is moved through one-way vales from inlet to

outlet

• The swept volume of each cylinder

determines the volume of fluid moved for
every revolution

• As two pistons are used, high-pressure

pulses are created at the outlet
piston pump (TQ MFP103a)
• In most applications, this type of pumps have
a pulsation damper on its output. piston pump working action Net Weight: 7.5 kg
Swept Volume: 0.00715 L/rev

❖ These pumps are made in large quantities, so they have a low relative cost.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 8
MFP 100 Universal Dynamometer
• Driving Force/ Motive Power

Motor Control

Trunnion Bearing

AC Motor

Coupling

Base Plate
Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 9
Experimental Setup: Positive Displacement Pump Module

Video on Experimental Setup and Pump Installation and Operation from TQ

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 10
Necessary Theory and Equations

Notations:
p = Pressure WD = Shaft power input to pump (from dynamometer)

p1 = Pump inlet WP = Hydraulic power from pump

pressure
ηV = Volumetric efficiency of pump
p2 = Pump outlet
pressure ηP = Overall efficiency of pump

∆p = Pressure VS = Swept volume of pump (displacement of each

difference revolution)

Qv = Volumetric flow T1 = Oil Temperature

rate

m = Mass flow rate

Np = Pump speed (rpm)

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 11
Necessary Theory and Equations

Calculation:

Mechanical Power (into the pump), WD = Shaft power displayed my the Motor Drive.
(The universal Dynamometer couples directly
to the shaft of pumps and no loss is assumed)

Hydraulic Power (from the pump), WP = (p2 - p1) Qv

Overall Pump Efficiency, ηP =

Swept Volume VS =

Expected Volume Flow rate = VS × Np

Volumetric Efficiency = ηV = Qv /(VS × Np) × 100

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 12
Experiment A - The Effect of Delivery Pressure at Constant Speed
Objective
To find the pump performance for a range of delivery pressures (varied load) at a constant speed.

Procedure

• Fit the pump according to the instructions (i.e. video).

• Fully open inlet and delivery valves.

• Use button on the pressure display to zero all the pressure readings.

• Zero the torque reading of the MFP100 Universal Dynamometer.

• Press the start button on the Motor Drive and run the speed to 1600 rpm (+/- 5 rpm) for at least five minutes and monitor the oil temperature until it stabilizes. Check
that any air bubbles have moved away from the flowmeter.

• Record the speed and oil temperature.

• Slowly shut the delivery valve and maintain the speed until the delivery pressure reaches 2 bar. Allow a few seconds for conditions to stabilize. Record the indicated
flow and pressures.

• Continue increasing the delivery pressure in 1 bar steps (while keeping the speed constant) to a maximum of 15 bar. At each step, allow a few seconds for
conditions to stabilize and record the indicated flow and pressures.

• (Optional) Repeat the test at two other lower speeds (1200 rpm and 800 rpm are recommended)

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 13
Experiment A - The Effect of Delivery Pressure at Constant Speed
Pump: Piston Pump
Swept Volume:
Oil Temperature:
Speed:
Expected Flow:

Delivery Inlet Pressure Flow rate Shaft Power Hydraulic Overall Volumetric
Pressure Pressure Difference (L/min) (W) Power (W) Efficiency Efficiency
(bar) (bar) (Pa)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 14
Experiment A - The Effect of Delivery Pressure at Constant Speed

Discussion

• Compare the Flow rate, Shaft power, Volumetric efficiency and Overall efficiency with Pressure difference.

• Create one chart with two vertical axis, one for flow rate and other one for volumetric efficiency, overall efficiency and shaft power.

• Discuss the individual parameters behavior with the change of pressure difference.

• If some readings of volumetric efficiency gives more than 100% value, explain why?

• If the test is run at other speeds, repeat the above discussions and compare them.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 15
Experiment B - The Effect of Speed at Constant Delivery Pressure
Objective
To find the pump performance for a range of speeds at a constant delivery pressure (load).

Procedure

• Fit the pump according to the instructions (i.e. video).

• Fully open inlet and delivery valves and use button on the pressure display to zero all the pressure readings.

• Zero the torque reading of the MFP100 Universal Dynamometer.

• Press the start button on the Motor Drive and run the speed to 1600 rpm (+/- 5 rpm) for at least five minutes and monitor the oil temperature until it stabilizes.

• Wait for any trapped air bubbles to move from the flowmeter.

• Slowly shut the delivery valve and maintain the speed until the delivery pressure reaches 15 bar.

• Allow a few seconds for conditions to stabilize. Record the speed, oil temperature, the indicated flow (from display) and pressures.

• Reduce the speed by 100 rpm while adjusting the delivery pressure to keep it constant at 15 bar. Allow the conditions to stabilize and record the indicated flow and
pressures.

• Continue decreasing the speed in 100 rpm steps (while keeping the pressure constant) until you reach 800 rpm. At each step, record the indicated flow and pressure.

• (Optional) Repeat the test at two other fixed delivery pressure (10 bar and 5 bar are recommended)

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 16
Experiment B - The Effect of Speed at Constant Delivery Pressure

Pump: Piston Pump

Swept Volume:
Oil Temperature:
Speed:
Expected Flow:

Speed Inlet Pressure Flow rate Expected Shaft Hydraulic Overall Volumetric
(rpm) Pressure Difference (L/min) Flow (m3) Power Power (W) Efficiency Efficiency
(bar) (Pa) (W)
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 17
Experiment B - The Effect of Speed at Constant Delivery Pressure

Discussion

• Compare the Flow rate, Shaft power, Volumetric efficiency and Overall efficiency with Pump speed.

• Create one chart with two vertical axis, one for flow rate and other one for volumetric efficiency, overall efficiency and shaft power.

• Discuss the individual parameters behavior with the change of pump speed.

• If the test is run at other delivery pressures, repeat the above discussions and compare them.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 18
Experiment C - The Effect of Inlet Pressure on Pump Performance
Objective
To show how reduced inlet pressures affect pump performance and cause cavitation.

Procedure

• Fit the pump according to the instructions (i.e. video).

• Fully open inlet and delivery valves.

• Use button on the pressure display to zero all the pressure readings.

• Zero the torque reading of the MFP100 Universal Dynamometer.

• Press the start button on the Motor Drive and run the speed to 1600 rpm (+/- 5 rpm) for at least five minutes and monitor the oil temperature until it stabilizes.

• Wait for any trapped air bubbles to move from the flowmeter.

• Slowly shut the delivery valve and maintain the speed until the delivery pressure reaches 2 bar.

• While keeping the speed and delivery pressure constant, use the inlet valve to reduce the inlet pressure to the nearest 0.1 bar.

• Allow a few seconds for conditions to stabilize, then record the speed, the oil temperature, the indicated flow and pressures.

• Continue decreasing the inlet pressure in 0.1 bar steps (while keeping the delivery pressure and speed constant) until you can hear a change in sound from the
pump (cavitation). At each step, record the indicated flow and pressures.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 19
 Experiment C - The Effect of Inlet Pressure on Pump Performance
Pump: Piston Pump
Swept Volume:
Oil Temperature:
Speed:
Expected Flow:

Inlet Pressure Flow rate Shaft Power Hydraulic Overall Volumetric

Pressure Difference (L/min) (W) Power (W) Efficiency Efficiency
(bar) (Pa)

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 20
Experiment C - The Effect of Inlet Pressure on Pump Performance

Discussion

• Compare the Flow rate, Shaft power, Volumetric efficiency and Overall efficiency with inlet pressure.

• Create one chart with two vertical axis, one for flow rate and other one for volumetric efficiency, overall efficiency and shaft power.

• Discuss the individual parameters behavior with the change of pump speed.

• Comment on how low the inlet pressures (that can cause cavitation) affect the performance of the pump.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 21
Appendix: A sample graph
12 500

10 450

8 400
6
350
4

WD (W), P (%)
300
Qv (L/min)

2
250
0 Qv
200
-2 WD
-4
P 150

-6 100

-8 50

-10 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
P (bar)
Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 22
Appendix: Shell Marina oil Characteristics

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET Term: January 2021 (ONLINE) 23