ADVANCE MICROPROCESSORS

AND MICROCONTROLLERS
(ECPC-308)

Dr. Kundan. Kumar

ECE Department
Dr. B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
kumarkundan@nitj.ac.in
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OVERVIEW OF MICROPROCESSOR

PIN Description of 8086

⚫ Microcomputer:-
It is a programmable machine.
The two main characteristics of a computer are:
• Responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
• It can execute a list of instructions
• Its main components are CPU, Input & Output devices, Memory.

⚫ Microprocessor:-
It is a programmable chip which includes ALU, register circuits & control circuits.
Its main units are-
• ALU
• Registers
• Control Unit

⚫ Microcontroller:-
Silicon chip which includes microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single package.

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MICROPROCESSOR:

⚫ The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the “brain” of the computer.

⚫ The entire processor was placed on a single chip. In this case, the
processor is known as a microprocessor.

MICROPROCESSOR

MICRO +PROCESSOR

CPU OF A MICROCOMPUTER

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GENERALIZED DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

✓ controls the
computer and
performs all
ALU performs arithmetic and Communication through
calculations.
logical operations on the data I/O Port/Bus
received from an input device
✓ ability to perform
or memory
various operations
quickly

Register array consists of

Control unit controls the registers identified by
instructions and flow of letters like B, C, D, E, H, L,
data within the computer and accumulator.
stores programs and data
required by the processor
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Contd…

Basic computer system consist of a Central Processing Unit

(CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), input/output (I/O) unit.

Address bus

RAM ROM Printer Disk Monitor Keyboard

CPU

Data bus
Read/
Write
Control bus

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BASIC COMPONENT OF MICROCOMPUTER

CPU - Central Processing Unit

▪ The portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions

of a computer program
▪ The primary element carrying out the computer's functions.
▪ It is the unit that reads and executes program.
▪ Program: Set of instruction required to perform some desired
operations.
▪ The data in the instruction tells the processor what to do.

Pentium D dual core processors

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Memory

▪ Physical devices used to store data or programs.

▪ Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties:
Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory
(ROM).
▪ RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it,
but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never
changes, so the CPU can only read from it.
▪ ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up
instructions.
▪ In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to
the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely.
▪ In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the
BIOS that coordinates loading the computer's operating system
from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is
turned on or reset.
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I/O Unit

▪ Input/Output (I/O), refers to the communication between an

information processing system, and the outside world possibly a
human, or another information processing system.
▪ Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs
are the signals or data sent from it
▪ Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called
peripherals
▪ On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices
like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the
display and printer.
▪ Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve
as both input and output devices.
▪ Computer networking is another form of I/O.

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DATA SIZE

Nibble 4 bit

Byte 8 bit

Word 16 bit

Long word 32 bit

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BINARY INFORMATION REPRESENTATION

• Bit: the smallest unit of storage. A

bit stores just a 0 or 1.
• One byte = collection of 8 bits e.g. 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0. One byte can store one
character, e.g. 'A' or 'x' or ‘$’.
• Word = 2 bytes = 16 bits e.g. ‘An’
• Long Word = 2 words = 32 bits e.g.
‘Word’
• Very Long Word = 4 words = 64 bits
e.g. ‘Alphabet’

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MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

Address bus
ALU Register
Section Data bus

Control and timing Block diagram of

section Control bus a Microprocessor
Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) :
▪ The component that performs the arithmetic and logical operations
▪ The most important components in a microprocessor, and is typically the part of the
processor that is designed first.
▪ Able to perform the basic logical operations (AND, OR), including the addition operation.
Control Unit:
▪ The circuitry that controls the flow of information through the processor, and coordinates
the activities of the other units within it.
▪ In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it controls what happens inside the processor,
which in turn controls the rest of the PC.
▪ On a regular processor, the control unit performs the tasks of fetching, decoding, managing
execution and then storing results.
Register Set:
▪ The register section/array consists completely of circuitry used to temporarily store data
or program codes until they are sent to the ALU or to the control section or to memory.
▪ The number of registers are different for any particular CPU and the more register a CPU
have will result in easier programming tasks.
▪ Registers are normally measured by the number of bits they can hold, for example, an "186-
bit register" or a "32-bit register".
SYSTEM BUS

▪ Microprocessor Unit (MPU) communicates with Memory and I/O

using the System Bus:
▪ Address bus
▪ Unidirectional
▪ Memory and I/O Addresses
▪ Data bus
▪ Bidirectional
▪ Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
▪ Control bus
▪ Read and Write timing signals
Data Bus:

▪ The data bus is 'bi-directional’

▪ Data or instruction codes from memory or input/output are
transferred into the microprocessor
▪ The result of an operation or computation is sent out from the
microprocessor to the memory or input/output.
▪ Depending on the particular microprocessor, the data bus can handle
8 bit or 16 bit data.

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Address Bus:

▪ The address bus is 'unidirectional', over which the

microprocessor sends an address code to the memory or
input/output.
▪ The size (width) of the address bus is specified by the
number of bits it can handle.
▪ The more bits there are in the address bus, the more memory
locations a microprocessor can access.
▪ A 16 bit address bus is capable of addressing 65,536 (64K)
addresses.

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Control Bus:

▪ The control bus is used by the microprocessor to send out or

receive timing and control signals in order to coordinate and
regulate its operation and to communicate with other
devices, i.e. memory or input/output.

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Timing Circuit: Microprocessor clock

▪ Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor executes

instructions.
▪ Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at
which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various
computer components.
WORKING OF A MICROPROCESSOR

There are three steps that a microprocessor follows –

▪ Fetch
The instructions are in storage from where the processor fetches them.

▪ Decode
It then decodes (understanding the op-code) the instruction to assign the
task further.

▪ Execute
The assigned tasks undergo execution and reach the output port.
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSORS

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CONTENTS

➢ Introduction

➢ 4-Bit Microprocessors

➢ 8-Bit Microprocessors

➢ 16-Bit Microprocessors

➢ 32-Bit Microprocessors

➢ 64-Bit Microprocessors
INTRODUCTION

➢ Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first

IC in 1959.

➢ In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew Grove

resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.

➢ They founded their own company Intel (Integrated

Electronics).
➢ Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 to industrial giant by
1981.

➢ It had 20,000 employees and $188 million revenue.

INTEL 4004

➢ Introduced in 1971.
➢ It was the first microprocessor
by Intel.
➢ It was a 4-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 740KHz.
➢ It had 2,300 transistors.
➢ It could execute around 60,000
instructions per second.

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INTEL 4040

➢ Introduced in 1974.
➢ It was also 4-bit µP.

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 8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

Intel 8008

➢ Introduced in 1972.
➢ It was first 8-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
➢ Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.

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INTEL 8080

➢ Introduced in 1974.
➢ It was also 8-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
➢ It had 6,000 transistors.
➢ Was 10 times faster than 8008.
➢ Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.

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INTEL 8085 ➢ Introduced in 1976.
➢ It was also 8-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
➢ Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus
is 16-bit.
➢ It had 6,500 transistors.
➢ Could execute 7,69,230 instructions
per second.
➢ It could access 64 KB of memory.
➢ It had 246 instructions.
➢ Over 100 million copies were sold.

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16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
Intel 8086 ➢ Introduced in 1978.
➢ It was first 16-bit µP.

➢ Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz

and 10 MHz, depending on the
version.
➢ Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is
20-bit.
➢ It had 29,000 transistors.
➢ Could execute 2.5 million instructions
per second.
➢ It could access 1 MB of memory.
➢ It had 22,000 instructions.
INTEL 8088
➢ Introduced in 1979.

➢ It was also 16-bit µP.

➢ It was created as a cheaper

version of Intel’s 8086.

➢ It was a 16-bit processor with

an 8-bit external bus.

➢ Could execute 2.5 million

instructions per second.

➢ This chip became the most

popular in the computer
industry when IBM used it for
its first PC.
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INTEL 80186 & 80188

➢ Introduced in 1982.
➢ They were 16-bit µPs.
➢ Clock speed was 6 MHz.
➢ 80188 was a cheaper version of 80186
with an 8-bit external data bus.
➢ They had additional components like:
➢ Interrupt Controller
➢ Clock Generator
➢ Local Bus Controller
➢ Counters

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INTEL 80286

➢ Introduced in 1982.
➢ It was 16-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
➢ Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 24-bit.
➢ It could address 16 MB of
memory.
➢ It had 1,34,000 transistors.
➢ It could execute 4 million
instructions per second.
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32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
➢ Introduced in 1986.
INTEL 80386
➢ It was first 32-bit µP.
➢ Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-
bit.
➢ It could address 4 GB of memory.
➢ It had 2,75,000 transistors.
➢ Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33
MHz depending upon the various
versions.
➢ Different versions:
➢ 80386 DX
➢ 80386 SX
➢ 80386 SL
➢ Intel 80386 became th2e1 best selling
microprocessor in history.
INTEL 80486
➢ Introduced in 1989.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP.
➢ It had 1.2 milliontransistors.
➢ Its clock speed varied from
16 MHz to 100 MHz
➢ It had five different versions:
➢ 80486 DX
➢ 80486 SX
➢ 80486 DX2
➢ 80486 SL
➢ 80486 DX4

➢ 8 KB of cache memory was

introduced.
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INTEL PENTIUM
➢ Introduced in 1993.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP.
➢Itwas originally named
80586.
➢ Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
➢ Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
➢ It could address 4 GB of memory.
➢ Could execute 110 million
instructions per second.
➢ Cache memory:
➢ 8 KB for instructions.

➢ 8 KB for data.
INTEL PENTIUM PRO

➢ Introduced in 1995.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP.
➢ It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
➢ It had 21 million transistors.
➢ It was primarily used in server
systems.
➢ Cache memory:
➢ 8 KB for instructions.
➢ 8 KB for data.

➢ It had L2 cache of 256 KB.

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INTEL PENTIUM II

➢ Introduced in 1997.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 233 MHz to
500 MHz.
➢ Could execute 333 million
instructions per second.
➢ MMX technology was supported.
➢ L2 cache & processor were on
one circuit.
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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON

➢ Introduced in 1998.

➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

➢ It was designed for servers.

➢ Its clock speed was 400 MHz
to 450 MHz.

➢ L1 cache of 32 KB & L2 cache

of 512 KB, 1MB or 2 MB.

➢It couldwork with 4 Xeons in

same system.
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INTEL PENTIUM III

➢ Introduced in 1999.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz.
➢ It had 9.5 million
transistors.

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INTEL PENTIUM IV

➢ Introduced in 2000.

➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

➢ Its clock speed was from 1.3

GHz to 3.8 GHz.

➢ L1 cache was of 32 KB & L2

cache of 256 KB.

➢ It had 42 million transistors.

➢ All internal connections were

made from aluminium to
copper.
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INTEL DUAL CORE
➢ Introduced in 2006.
➢ It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
➢ It has two cores.
➢ Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache.
➢ It supported SMT
technology.
➢ SMT: Simultaneously
Multi- Threading
➢ E.g.: Adobe Photoshop
supported SMT.
64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
➢ Introduced in 2006.
Intel Core 2
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed is from 1.2 GHz
to 3 GHz.
➢ It has 291 million transistors.
➢ It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core and 4 MB of L2 cache.
➢It is launched in three different
versions:
➢ Intel Core 2 Duo
➢ Intel Core 2 Quad
➢ Intel Core 2 Extreme
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INTEL CORE I7
➢ Introduced in 2008.
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.
➢ It has 4 physical cores.
➢ Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz
to 3.33 GHz.
➢ It has 781 million transistors.
➢ It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8
MB of L3 cache.

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INTEL CORE I5
➢ Introduced in 2009.
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.
➢ It has 4 physical cores.
➢ Its clock speed is from 2.40
GHz to 3.60 GHz.
➢ It has 781 million transistors.
➢ It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core, 256 KB of L2 cache and
8 MB of L3 cache.

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INTEL CORE I3
➢ Introduced in 2010.
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.
➢ It has 2 physical cores.
➢ Its clock speed is from 2.93GHz to
3.33 GHz.
➢ It has 781 million transistors.
➢ It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core,
512 KB of L2 cache and 4 MB of
L3 cache.

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INTEL CORE I9
➢ Introduced in 2017.
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.
➢ It has 24 cores (8 performance
cores & 16 Efficient cores).
➢ Its clock speed is from 2.4GHz to
6 GHz.
➢ It has 4.2 billion transistors in
base version. For higher core. 57
billion

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Introduction to Advanced Microprocessors:
▪ An introduction to 8086
▪ An introduction to 8088
▪ An introduction to 80186-286-386-486
▪ An introduction to Pentium Processors
▪ An introduction Dual core processors
▪ Internal architecture of 8086
▪ Addressing modes of 8086
▪ Instruction formats of 8086
An Introduction to 8086
An Introduction to 8086
PIN Diagram of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
PIN Description of 8086
Architecture of 8086
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Description of 8086 Architecture
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Addressing Modes of 8086
Dat Transfer Instructions
Dat Transfer Instructions
Dat Transfer Instructions
Dat Transfer Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Logical Instructions
Logical Instructions
Logical Instructions
Logical Instructions
Logical Instructions
String Manipulation Instructions
String Manipulation Instructions