Negative Peace - Ceasefire agreements , truce, peace treaties Syrian Civil War, - Bashar al-Assad

Positive Peace - Build a sustainable and just peace by addressing structural issues, promoting social justice, and fostering cooperation. Constructive
resolution of conflict The establishment of the European Union (EU)

Interstate conflict Example- is the ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir. The two countries have a long history
of conflict over this region, which has resulted in several wars and ongoing tensions. In 2019, the conflict escalated when India withdrew the special status
of the Indian-administered portion of Kashmir, leading to widespread protests and violence. The conflict has also led to increased tensions between the two
countries' militaries and the risk of further escalation.

Intrastate conflict - Example of it is the ongoing conflict in Syria. The conflict began in 2011 as a popular uprising against the government of President
Bashar al-Assad, but it has since escalated into a full-blown civil war. The conflict has involved a complex array of actors, including the Syrian government,
various opposition groups, and foreign powers, and has resulted in the displacement of millions of people and the deaths of hundreds of thousands. The
conflict is ongoing and shows no signs of ending in the near future.

Transnational conflict, - Sahel region of Africa. The conflict began as a local insurgency in Mali, but it has since spread to other countries in the region,
such as Burkina Faso and Niger. The conflict involves a range of actors, including local extremist groups, national militaries, and foreign powers, and has
resulted in widespread violence and displacement. The conflict is ongoing and shows no signs of ending in the near future.
Extra-state conflict (as for instance in the war of Western NATO states against the Taliban in Afghanistan).

Non-state conflict - The conflicts between Christian and Muslim groups in the Philippines and between various Kenyan tribes are examples of non-state
conflict that is driven by religious and ethnic differences. The conflict between paramilitary and revolutionary groups in Columbia is an example of non-state
conflict that is driven by ideological and political differences.- challenges for efforts to achieve peace and stability.

Causes of conflict -Greed versus grievance- The conflict in Colombia, for example, has been fueled in part by both greed (e.g., illegal drug trafficking)
and grievance (e.g., long standing social and economic inequalities). The conflict in Sierra Leone was fueled in part by greed (e.g., the desire to control the
country's diamond mines) and grievance (e.g., long standing social and economic inequalities).Territorial control,The ongoing conflict between China and
several Southeast Asian countries over control of the South China Sea is an example of a conflict fueled by territorial control. The conflict between Israel
and Palestine over the disputed territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip is an example of a territorial conflict.Resource scarcity , Ideology

Threatened identityThe conflict between the Uighur Muslims and the Chinese government in Xinjiang has been fueled in part by the Uighur Muslims'
perception that their cultural and religious identity is threatened by the Chinese government's policies.Perception: India and Pakistan-Kashmir , the US and
North Korea -misunderstandings and misperceptions on both sides, as the two countries have different interpretations of events and intentions.
Structural causes of conflict,The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, -competing claims to land and resources and by differences in cultural and religious
practices.The ongoing protests in Myanmar, - by a military coup and fueled by long standing political and economic inequalities.The conflict in Darfur,
Sudan, which was fueled in part by competition for resources (including land and water) between different ethnic groups.The ongoing conflict in Syria, - a
range of structural factors, including economic inequality, political repression, and religious and cultural differences.The Black Lives Matter movement in the
United States, which seeks to address structural racism and discrimination against Black individuals.

Economic inequality, Income inequality has been a significant issue in the United States in recent years, with many people feeling that the economic
system is rigged in favour of the wealthy. This has contributed to social and political unrest, including the Black Lives Matter protests and the storming of the
US Capitol in January 2021 Ethnic and cultural differences: The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh is an
example of ethnic and cultural differences contributing to a global conflict. The two countries have a long history of tension and hostility, with the conflict in
Nagorno-Karabakh being fueled in part by differences between the Armenian and Azerbaijani populations.

Just war theory -

Just Cause: A legitimate reason, such as self-defence against armed attack or intervening to stop massive human rights violations, is necessary.
Legitimate Authority: Only an entity or leader with legal and political authority should declare war. Right Intention: The primary purpose of war should be
to secure a just peace for all involved parties. Probability of Success: War should not be futile; there should be a reasonable chance of achieving the war's
aims.Last Resort: War must be the last option after all peaceful and viable alternatives have been tried and failed. Proportionality: The expected benefits of
waging war must be proportional to the harms or costs likely to be incurred.

Jus in Bello: Conduct in War Once war has begun, certain principles guide conduct within the war: Discrimination: There must be a clear distinction
between combatants and non-combatants. Attacks should be directed only towards legitimate military targets. Proportionality: The amount of force used
must be proportionate to the military advantage gained, avoiding unnecessary suffering.

Realist thinkers, argue that states are primarily motivated by their own self-interest and that conflict is an inherent part of international relations.
Liberal thinkers, argue that international cooperation and the spread of democracy can help to reduce conflict in the international system.
Constructivist thinkers, argue that conflict is not an inherent part of international relations, but rather is a product of the way that states and other actors
construct their identities and interests.
Marxist thinkers,, argue that conflict is a result of economic and class differences between states and within states. Some scholars, such as Daniel
Kahneman and Jonathan Haidt, have applied psychological theories to the study of conflict in international relations, arguing that cognitive biases and
emotions can play a significant role in shaping how states perceive and interact with one another.