Biochemistry (DR Jhamad)

JHAMAD-SIR-CLASSES FOR 19 SUBJECTS-WHATS APP- 9910660346, TELEGRAM-JHAMADSIRCLASSNOTES
INSTA- AKHILESH RAJ JHAMAD
BI
ALL 19 SUBJECT CLASSES BY JHAMAD SIR
AKHILESH RAJ JHAMAD

TELEGRAM- JHAMADSIR CLASS NOTES, WHATS APP -
9910660346, INSTA-AKHILESH RAJ JHAMAD
Biochemistry by Dr AKHILESH RAJ JHAMAD = Basic

Holoenzyme = Apoenzyme + Coenzyme
↓ ↓
Protein Non-Protein
↓
-Co-factor
-Prosthetic group
Co-Factor
1. Zinc = Alcohol – DH
Lactate – DH
Carbonic anhydrases(INC)
Carboxy – peptidase
2. Copper = Y
Tyrosinase = Melanin
Lysil – Oxidase
Cytochrome – c-oxidase
Cytosolic super oxide dismutase
3. Molybdenum = MO
MO – X
XO = xanthine oxidase = salvage pathway
SO = sulphite oxidase
4. Iron = M-S-D
Malonate – Succinate dehydrogenate
5. Nickle = NICU
6. Calcium = Lipase
= Lecithinase
7. Selenium = Thio / IO
Glutathion reductase
Thioredoxin
De-iodinase
8. Mg Mn
Magnisium Manganese
M = Mutase Mitocondrial- superoxide dismutase
G = G6 phosphatase Arginase
Ribo-Nucleotidase
Mg + Mn
Kinase
Enolase
Collagen = Protein
= Quaternary Protein
M.C. = A. acid – Glycine
Type
I – Bone
II – Cartwolage, Vitworous humor
III – Arthree (artery) = B vessels
Granulation Tissue
IV – Floor = Basement Membrane
MC collagen = Skin
Hard tissue
Soft tissue
= Extra Cellular = Covalent - cross link

= Intra = triple – Helix (fibroblast)
Myofibril = 6
Defect =
one Osteogeneses imperfecta
Osteoporosis
Ehler danlos – Type seven(ONE)
Two – Osteo -Arthritis =Knee=2

Chondrodysplasia
Three – Ehler Danlos Type IV = M severe

Four – Alport syndrome
VI – Bethlem – Myopathy
Collagen = 17 → Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctional
Collagen = 7 → Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic
Collagen = Formation
↓
Vitamin C → Sea → OH
↓
Hydroxylation Proline = OH-Pr
Lysine = OH -Ly
Cu = Lysyl Oxidase
Clinical = Vit C ↓ = Collagen ↓ = B. Vessel (3)

↓
Scurvy Gums Bleeding ↑ Fragile
PROTHROMBIN – TIME = NORMAL
Dicoumarol
Vitamin K = Karboxylation = Carboxylation
↓
Glutamate
Warfarin
10,9,7,2 1,9,7,2
Bleeding - Hemorrhagic disease (New Born)

Pro Time = ↑ sed.
Liver Cirrhosis → I / III
GLUT – Glucose – Transporter

↓
I/III = Brain, RBC, Placenta
B–K– ← 2 = II = β -Cell Pancreas Kidney Liver
L 4 = IV = Insulin Dependent, aDipocyte
Heart, Skeletal muscle
5 = V = Intestine-FI
Physio = Facilitated – Diffusion = GLUT

SGLT = Na⁺ - Glucose – Linked Transport
2 Helps Secondary Active Transport
Amino Acid = 22 (20+2)
1. Acid = Glutamic Acid Amide Aspargine

Aspartic Acid Glutamine
2. Sulphur = M – Methionine
C – Cysteine
3. Hydroxyl = T – Threonine
S – Serine
4. Basic = Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
5. Aliphatic = Glycine
ALI = GAVLI Alanine
Valine Branched Chain
Leucine A. Acid
Iso - Leucine
6. Aromatic A acid
Phenyl - Alanine
Aroma Tryptophan
Tyrosine
7. Imino = Proline
21st →AA → Selena → Seleno cysteine
22nd → AA → Pyro → Pyrolysine
ESSENTIAL A. A.
Isoleucine Methionine
Leucine
TRY THIS VIP MALL
Valine Lysine
Tryptophan Histidine Phenyl-Alanine Arginine
Threonine
SEMI-ESSENTIAL- HISTIDINE,ARGININE
NON-ESSENTIAL
KETOGENIC K+G GLUCOGENIC
LEUCINE>LYSINE P-I-T ALL REMAINING
AMINO – ACID PRODUCT
1. ARGI NINE NO (Nitric Oxide)-VD
2. TYROSINE - TYROSINASE→MELANIN
- TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE-
CATECHOLAMINE
- THYROXINE
3. HISTIDINE - DECARBOXYLATION-→HISTAMINE
TYPE -I H.S.-
MAST CELL
4. TRYPTOPHAN PINEAL GLAND

TO
TO
CYCLES Cytosol + Mitochondria
Porphyrin →(Heme)
Glucose ↑ Urea Cycle
Beta oxidation of fatty acid
Gluconeogenesis
CYCLE Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Electron Transport Chain
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

KREBS CYCLE
ALL REMAINING CYCLE – Cytosol
ETC – ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
NADH + H⁺ 2.5 ATP

FADH₂ 1.5 ATP

SLP = Substrate Level Phosphorylation
+P
ADP ATP
Complex Inhibitor
Oxido Reductase
One Phenobarbit-One Rotenone,Pipercidine

NADH Dehydrogenase
Second Malonate, Malonyt coA (M - SD)

Sucinate - DH
Third (b-c1) Antimycin , Phenformin,BAL

Cytochrome Reductase
Four (a1-a3) (Co, CN⁻, Azide, H₂S)

Cytochrome Oxidase
Five
F₀ - F₁ Particle ADP SLP ATP
Oligomycin
Atractyloside
H2O-----→O2+DELIVERY OF e-
UNCOUPLER = ATP ↓
Examples
1 – Chemical Uncoupler
= DI- NITRO-CRESOL C
=High Doses (Aspirin) A
= 2-4 DINITRO-PHENOL P
2 – Pharmacological Uncoupler
Valinomycin
Gramicidin
3 – Physiological Uncoupler
1- Thermogenin → Brown Fat
2- Thyroxine
3- Free fatty acid-LONG CHAIN
4- Bilirubin
ENZYME – KINETICS
Holoenzyme → Apo + Coenzyme
Enzyme (E)
S P
(Substrate) (Product)
Factors –
CONC OF ENZYME 𝜶 VELOCITY

CONC OF SUB 𝜶 VELOCITY
CONC OF PRODUCT 𝜶 1/VELOCITY
TEMPERATURE
PH
Vmax Hyperbolic Parabolic

Curve
Vmax /2
(Velocity)
Sub. ConC
Km → Michalis – Menton-Constant
Vmax/2
Km𝛼 1/affinity
V max BELL SHAPE V max

CURVE
V V
TEMP PH
Optimum Temp. Optimum PH
40 – 45°C 7
ALLOSTERIC REGULATION
(S – Shape Curve)
V max
V max/2
Sub Conc
K0.5 = Binding Constant
Enzyme Inhibition-Competitve- KM Vmax-same

NON-COMPETITIVE KM -same Vmax
UN-COMPETITIVE KM Vmax
Reversible =
IR-Rev. =
Line – Weaver – Burk
1/V PLOT
1/S
Competitive
(Cross)
Non – Competitive
(V Shape)
Un – Competitive
( Parellel)
Isoenzyme = Creatinine Kinase

= 3 Types
1 = BB = Brain
2 = MB = Heart
3 = MM = Skeletal Muscle
Marker of M Reinfarction = CK-2
Normal Value
= 2>1 I H4 Heart RBC
II H3M Heart RBC
III H2m2 Brain RBC, Spleen
=4>5 IV HM3 Skeletal Muscle, Liver
V M4 Skeletal Muscle
M. I. = LDH I > II
Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis → 5>4
Central Dogma = of Life
Francis Crick = 1958

[DNA → RNA → PROTEIN]
DNA-----TC---------→Hn-RNA----PTCM------→m-RNA(t-
RNA,RIBOSOME)----TL---→PROTEIN
POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION-

OH,ACETYLATION,GLUCO
COLLAGEN,
CLOTTING FACTOR
Post Transcriptional Modification

Hn RNA m-RNA
5/ 3/
SPLICING
5-CAPPING – 7 METHYL GUINOSINE

3-POLY-A TAIL
SPLICING
Done
Removal of Intron By Ligation of Exons
Spliceosome
aka
SNURPS
(Small Nuclear Ribo nucleo – Protein)
𝐷𝑁𝐴 Dependent
𝐷𝑁𝐴 𝑅𝑁𝐴
𝑅𝑁𝐴 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐷𝑁𝐴 𝐷𝑁𝐴
𝐷𝑁𝐴 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅𝑁𝐴 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑁𝐴 𝐷𝑁𝐴
𝐷𝑁𝐴 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
RDDP---→REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
Protein Changes
No Defect → Protein folding by
CHAPERONS
Defect → Broken down by
UBIQUITIN / PROTEOSOME
STRUCTURAL PROTEIN
1. = Linear
2. = α - Helix > β Pleated
3. = 3D (Dimensional)-MAL
= (Poly-Peptide chain)
4. QUATERNARY - 2 PP CHAIN, CHIQ
Vitamins = Fat soluble = KEDA

1. Water Soluble = K3
Remaining = B,C = Water soluble
2. Anti-oxidant = A C < E (m. Potent)
3. Vitamin synthesized in body
K3 → B3 → D3 (KBD)
Vitamin K ↓ = Bleeding – New Born(Hemo. Dis. Of new born)
Mother Milk ↓ PT ↑
K1
K2
K3 WATER SOLUBLE, SYNTHESIZE IN BODY
Vitamin E = Active = α Tocopherol

M. Potent , Anti-Oxidant
Anti-Aging
Vitamin E = Erythrocyte (Hemolytic Anaemia)

PPN (Progressive Peripheral Neuropathy)
Vitamin D
D₁ = Caleiferol
D₂ = ERGO – Calciferol
D₃ = 1-25 Di – OH, CHOLE-CALCIFEROL
CALCITRIOL
Vitamin D = Skin, Liver, Kidney
Sun-light
Vit D → Keratinocyte ← Skin (7 – Dihydro – Cholesterol)
CHOLE – CALCIFEROL
Liver
25 – Hydroxylation
25 – Hydroxylase 25 – OH – Chole - Calciferol
Kidney = 2
1 – α Hydroxylase 1 – 25 Dihydroxy (OH)
Chole – Calciferol
Function(vitamin D) = Ca⁺⁺ - Regulation
Normal = 9-11 mg/dl
- Intestine = Ca⁺⁺ Absorbtion

- Kidney = Ca⁺⁺ ReAbsorbtion ← PTH
- Bone = Formation ← Ca⁺⁺
Vit. D ↓ = Child = rickets
= Adult = Osteomalacia
Vit. A = Best Source = (HALIBUT -fish liver oil)

= Leafy vegetables
Retinol = OH Beta - CAROTENE 2 - Retinal

Retinal = CHO (Pro – Vitamin) (Active Vit. A)
Retinoic Acid = COOH
Functions = Anti – Oxidant

= Growth of Epithelium
= Reproduction = Germ cells, Sperm
= RHODOPSIN (OPSIN + 11 CIS- Retinal)
RODS Dim – Light
Vit. A -
1. Infertility
2. Dry – skin (Xeroderma)
Scaly - Skin
3. Dry – Eye (Xeropthalmia)
4. Nyctophobia = Fear of dark
5. Keratomalacia
6. Bitot’s spot = White, Dry
(Temporal)
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid-CITRUS

1. Anti – oxidant
2. Collagen
Scurvy (Bleeding = Gums) = PT = Normal
3. Helps in absorption of iron↓ ← Vit. C ↓
= Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia
SITAL-SID-A ,IDA,TH……..,A of
chronic, lead poison
Vitamin B
Vit. B₁ = Thiamine
Coenzyme
TRANSKETOLASE COENZYME TPP
(Thiamine Pyro Phosphtate)
Coenzyme IN DEHYDROGENASE(COMPLEX)-ABP
ALPHA-KETO-GLUTERATE
BRANCHED CHAIN KETO-ACID
PYRUVATE
- TPP
- NAD
- FAD
- COA
- Lipoic Acid → Vit B Complex
= ↑ Glucose uptake
= Spinach, Broccoli,
Potato, Yeast
Vit B₁ = ↓ = BERI-BERI (CNS)
ALCOHOL---→B1
WERNICKES ENCEPHALOPATHY- G-O-A
Global confusion,ophthalmoplegia,Ataxia
KORSAKOFF PSYCHOSIS- C-A-P
Confabulation, amnesia, polyneuropathy
Vitamin B₂
RIBOFLAVIN = (Warburg Yellow Enzyme Of Respiration)
Coenzyme
FAD
DEHYDROGENASE ENZYME
FMN
↓ B₂ = Cheilosis → Lips
= Angular Stomatitis(angle of mouth)
= Glossitis = Tongue
= ↑ Corneal vascularization
Vitamin B₃- NICOTINIC ACID(NIACIN)

60mg-TRYPTOPHAN---B6(plp)→ 1mg B3
Vit. B₃ = NAD⁺ (Coenzyme) ← Dehydrogenase Complex
MAIZE = EATING = TRYPTOPHAN ↓
Vit. B₃ ↓
PELLAGRA = 3D
[CASAL’S Necklace) ← M ch ← DERMATITIS
Diarrhoea
Dementia
Death
Limiting amino acids

Pulses -----C M(P-C-M)
Cereals------LYSINE, THREONINE, TRYPTOPHAN
Vitamin B₅ -PANCH
= PANTOTHENIC ACID
Coenzyme = Co-A (Dehydrogenase Complex)
BURNING FOOT SYNDROME
Vitamin B₆(SIX)
= PYRIDOXINE
Coenzyme = [PLP – Pyridoxal 5’ Phosphate]
TB = Isoniazid → B₆ →
Six ↓ = Sideroblaotic Anaemia--heme
= Seizure [Neonatal]
↓B₆ GABA
plp – coenzyme – TRANSAMINASE----(AST,ALT)---

SGOT,SGPT
Vitamin B₇ Biotin / Vit. H
Conezyme = Biotin Carboxylase
Gluco – neogenesis Pyruvate CARBOXYLASE

Fatty Acid Synthesis Acetyl CoA ,, ,,
Propionic Acid Pathway Propionyl CoA ,,
RAW – Egg Biotin ↓ (B₇)
Avidin + Biotin = ↓ Absorbtion of biotin
Cook = egg Avidin - destroyed
Absorption
Iron
B12
Folic acid
FOLIC ACID = Vit. B₉

Mother
Megaloblastic Anaemia PREVENT
[Neural Tube defect] = BABY
FOOD
F. Acid Folate -H2---→DIHYDROFOLATE

TETRA-HYDRO-FOLATE
DNA / RNA
Mecobalamine Cobalamine (B12)
Homocysteine Methionine
Nor-epinephrine Epinephrine
Folate trap- B12
B12 B9
Megaloblastic anemia + +
Neuropathy + -
Homo-cysteine
Methyl-malonyl co-A
B12 tablet- cyano-cobalamine

NUCLEIC ACID
DNA = SUGAR = (De-Oxy RIBOSE)

= Double Strand
= Helical
= Polymer of Nucleotide
= Complement Pairing
= Anti-Parellal
Nucleoside Nucleotide
2 (Second) Teen = 3
Sugar + NB Sugar + NB + PO4-3

(NB- NITROGENOUS BASE )
NB (Nitrogenous Base)
PURINE (PAG-X) Pyrimidine

Adenine C = Cytosine
Guianine U = Uracil (RNA)
Hypoxanthine T = Thymine
Xanthine
SALVAGE-PATHWAY
NUCLEOSIDE NUCLEOTIDE
NB NB + Sugar NB + S + P
Adenine Adenosine AMP, ADP, ATP
Guanine Guanosine GMP, GDP, GTP
Cytosine Cytidine CMP, CDP, CTP

Uracil Uridine UMP, UDP, UTP
Thymine Thymidine TMP, TDP, TTP
STRUCTURE OF DNA
Watson & Crick = B-DNA

H-BOND-WEAK-BROKEN BY
A = T
G C
PHOSPHO-DI-ESTER BOND-STRONG
CHARGAFFS RULE-----→ DS-DNA
Number of Purine = Number of Pyrimidine
A = T
G = C
If A= 70%
Types Of DNA
A B C D E Z
= Watson – Crick
=DS
= Right hand Helix
Denaturation Renaturation
Melted Combined
Breaking Of H-Bond H-Bond

Temp ↑ Ph ↑ temp,PH
Nucleosome
(Histone Protein(+ARGININE,LYSINE) + DNA-PO4-3)
HISTONE-CORE PROTEIN-OCTAMER-8MONOMER
2H2A,2H2B,2H3,2H4
DNA Replication = NUCLEUS

PROKARYOTE = S PHASE = Cell Cycle
1.. HELICASE HELIX UNCOIL
2.. Separation of Strand DNA – A- Protein
3.. STABLIZE the Single strand SSBP

Single Stranded Binding Protein
4.SUPERCOIL-RALAXED BY -TOPOISOMERASE-
II(DNA-GYRASE)
NEW STRANDS-TWO TYPES
Continuous Strand = LEADING STRAND

= Formed by DNA P III
= 5’ 3’
Discontinuous Strand = LAGGING Strand

= DNA – P III
= 5’ 3’
= OKAZAKI fragments
DNA-LIGASE-1
RNA PRIMER = Replaced By
GAP-Filled By DNA P-I
REPAIR- DNA-PII
PROKARYOTE EUROKARYOTE
DNA – Polymerase
Alpha DP= Primase
Beta DP = Repair DNA
Gamma DP = Mighty Mitochondrial
Delta DP = Lagging Strand
Epsilon DP= Leading Strand
TRANSCRIPTION = Tc = DNA mRNA
NUCLEUS
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
A=T
A=U
PROKARYOTE EUK
- 10 Sequence - 25 Sequence
TATA Box HOGNESS Box
PRIBNOWS BOX
Tc = RNA – Polymerase-ReMoTe
RP I = r – RNA(M.ABUNDANT)
RP II = m – RNA
RP III = t – RNA(TINY,TRANSFER OF AA)
T – RNA = CLOVER LEAF SHAPE

Acceptor arm
Anti-codon
CODON = TRIPLET Nucleotide

Purine = A
G
Pyrimidine = C
U
T
43=64 CODON
1.. Single A. acid can be Coded by more than one codon-

DEGENERATION
2.. Few codon → Codes only single A. acid
AUG = Methionine
CCU = Proline
Specificity aka – UNAMBIGIOUS
3.. Universal
4.. Coma-less or non over lapping(NO EXTRA NUCLEOTIDE
B/W CODON)
[CCU = PROLINE]
AUG = METHIONINE
SELENO-CYSTEINE (UGA)
PYRO-LYSINE (UAG)
TRANSLATION =
RIBOSOME
m-RNA
t-RNA
STOP(TERMINATION,NON-SENSE) CODON-COMPLETED
OCHRE- UAA-ULLU AAYA

AMBAR- UAG- ULLU AGAYA
OPAL- UGA- ULLU GAYA
RIBOSOME = PROK EUK
70S 80S
30S 40S
50S 60S
RNA → Linear
= NB
= PO4-3
= RIBOSE
1. No Small segment Detection

FISH
Fluroscent in SITU Hybridization
Abnormal locus in chromosome
Structural Abnormality
2. No Longer segment detection

PCR = Polymerase chain Reaction
Discovered by-→ CARRYE B MULLIS
= Amplification = DNA = Detect point mutation
RT – PCR = RNA DNA- Amplified

VIRUS
CORONA
= Real time PCR = Amplification + Quantitate
AMINO – ACID
Glycine = Simplest A Acid

= MC AA Collagen
= Band fold / flexible Protein
= Inhibitory – transmitter
= Bile – Acid Conjugation
= Heme synthesis
Aspartate
= Purine Ring
Glycine ,Glutamate
= Glutathione
Glutamate, CYSTEINE Glycine
= CREATININE = Glycine + Arginine + Methionine
CRICKET GAME
ARGUMENT
[Heme Synthesis]
Hemoglobin
Glycine + Succinyl CoA
ALA – Synthase (PLP)
ALA [Amino Levulinic Acid]
-H2O ALA – DEHYDRATASE

PORPHOBILINOGEN
LEAD UROPORPHYRINOGEN
COPRO
Proto
PROTOPORPHYRIN
fe⁺² ferro – chelatase
HEME
Heme + Globin 4 pyrole Ring
+ fe⁺²
β α α β
Hb Bilirubin
TRANSPORT OF NEUTRAL A ACID = Intestine
MEISTER – Cycle
Neutral AA
Meister-
Glutathione(gamma-glutamyl cycle)-ggt-
liver,kidney
G - A-L
CA Hill’s
Glucose Alanine Cycle
UREA – CYCLE = Cytosol + Mito

= Liver
aka = KREB’s HENSELEST – CYCLE
= ORNITHINE
RLE = CPS – I
= CARBOMY PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE
OCCAsions ARE FOR ARGUment
Mitochondria
Ornithine
Carbomyl phosphate->Citrulline
Aspartate -→ argino-succinate
Fumerate
Arginine
Ornithine Urea
ASPARTATE
NH4+ NH2-CO-NH2
Tryptophan Niacin (Vit B₃)

60mg 1mg
ABSORBTION↓ Intestine
HARTNUP DISEASE
↓ Niacin ↓
Pellagra
Phenyl – Alanine Tyrosine Melanin
Phenyl – Alanine
Hydroxylase
Phenyl – ketone – Urea (PKU)

PHERRIC CHLORIDE TEST
SYMPTOM =
= Pale skin, Blonde hair
= Mental retardation
= MUSTY/MOUSY SMELL
Tyrosine Metabolism
Homogentisate
HOMOGENTISATE OXIDASE
MALLEYL ACETOACETATE
FUMARYL ACETOACETATE
FUMERATE ACETOACETATE
= Alkaptonuria
= homogentisate↑ = Black Coke Urine
CARTILAGE PINNA SCLERA
OCHRONOSIS
Tyrosine Tyrosinase Melanin

ALBINISM
= Skin, Depigmented
= Photophobia
= Hair – white
= NYSTAGMUS
=
Phenyl – Alanine
P.A.Hydroxylase Tyrosine
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
CATECHOLAMINE DOPA
1.. Dopamine Co₂ ← Decarboxylase
2.. Epi Dopamine
3.. Nor Epi Dopamine Hydroxylase
Nor Epi
Methyl -Transferase ← CH₃⁺ →
Epi
T₃ [Tri – iodo- thyronine] = 10%

Tyrosine
T₄ (Tetra-iodo-thyronine] = 90%
Thyroxine
Thyroid Gland Follicular Cells T₃ T₄
PARA follicular cells Calcitonin
T₃ T₄ = formed in gland with help of
Na⁺ - I- Symp
Branched Chain A- Acid
VALI
(Valine Leucine Isoleucine)
→ BCKD (Branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase)
Product
Maple syrup disease
Burnt Sugar urine
PROPIONIC ACID Pathway

Source
= Valine
= ODD chain fatty acid propionyl co-A
= Methionine
= Isoleucine PRO-CO-A
= Threonine CARBOXYLASE
METHYL-MALONYL CO-A
MUTASE(B12)
SUCCINYL-CO-A
Cystinuria = Excreted A. Acid in URINE
Cysteine
Ornithine
Lysine
Arginine
DECARBOXYLASE
= Histidine Histamine
NO SYNTHASE
= Arginine Nitric Oxide VD
Salvation ← Salvage Pathway = Purine Metabolism

Pure Soul
P
A
G
X
APRtase(ADENOSINE-PHOSPHO-
RIBOSYL TRANSFERASE)
Adenine AMP [Adenosine]
HGPRTase
Guanine GMP [Guanosine]
XO HGPRTase
XO Hypoxanthine IMP [Ionosine]
XANTHINE
XO
URIC ACID
HYPOXANTHINE-GUANINE PHOSPHO-RIBOSYL
TRANSFERASE
LESCH NYHAAN SYNDROME
URIC ACID
NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
SELF-MUTILATION
DOC- ACUTE GOUT

CHRONIC GOUT
ADENINE- ADENOSINE-----ADENOSINE DEAMINASE----
--------IONOSINE
SCID
[Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency)
[T+B] Cell ↓
Lipid = Fatty Acid + Alcohol (Glycerol)

ESTER
COOH OH
Fatty Acid = Double Bond
No UN-Saturated fatty acid

Saturated fatty acid MUFA PUFA
MONO POLY
One double bond >1-DB
Fatty Acid = Classification = Bass of nutritional Requirement

Linoleic acid------→ 18c:2:9c:12c----𝑤6
Linolenic acid------→ 18c:3:9c:12c:15c--- 𝑤3
Arachidonic acid-----→ 20c:4:5c:8c:11c:14c---- 𝑤6
No. of carbon
No. of double bonds
Position of double bonds
COX LOX
Lipids – Classification
Simple Complex
Fatty Acid + Alcohol

Oil / Fats Wax

F Acid F Acid
+ +
Glycerol Alcohol
F Acid + Alcohol + Protein F Acid + Alcohol + Carb F Acid + Alcohol +Phosphorus
Lipo-Protein Glyco – Lipid Phospho – Lipid
PHOSPHOLIPID [FA +Al +P]

Alcohol (Amino)
FA + Sphingosine + P
FA + Glycerol +P sphingophosolipid
Glycero – Phopholipid sphingomyelin
SPHINGOMYELINASE
NEIMANN PICK DISEASE

GLYCO – lipid
FA + Alcohol + CARB
FA + Al + Mono saccharide FA + Al + oligo-saccharide
Cerebroside Ganglioside
Hexosaminidase
GLUCOCEREBROSIDE----𝛽 −GLUCOCEREBROSIDASE
GAUCHER’S DISEASE
GALACTOCEREBROCIDE-→GALACTOCEREBROSIDASE
𝛼-----FABRY’S DISEASE
𝛽-----KRABBES DISEASE
HEXOSAMINIDASE
𝛼−𝐻 𝛽−𝐻
TAY-SACH’S SAND-HOFF’S DISEASE
LIPO-PROTEIN
LIPID+PROTEIN
TG- APO-PROTEIN
CH-
APO-A
APO-C
APO-E
APO-B-48
APO-B-100
CHYLOMICRON---→(FATTY DIET)
APO-48
INTESTINE CHYLOMICRON--→TG-APO-E
CH-APO-C
BLOOD
PERIPHERAL-ADIPOCYTE
R
TG-B-48
APO-E
CH
LIVER-CHYLOMICRON- REMNANT
VLDL---→ ENDOGENOUS FAT----LIVER (SYNTHESIZE

VLDL)
VLDL-→ TG—APO-B-100
APO-E
CH- APO-C
BLOOD- PERIPHERAL ADIPOCYTE
TG-APO-B-100
APO-E
CH
TG-APO-B-100
VLDL-REMNANT CH
IDL LDL
HDL
BEST
GOOD-FAT- ACE
APO-A
APO-C
APO-E
FUNCTIONS
APO-C- ACTIVATE- LPL
APO-A- ACTIVATE---LCAT
B-48
B-100 RECEPTOR- INTERACTION WITH LIPOPROTEIN
APO-E
LARGEST SIZE-CHYLOMICRON
SMALLEST-HDL
VERY LARGE SIZE-VLDL
HIGHEST CH-LDL
HIGHEST PROTEIN,DENSITY-HDL
HIGHEST TG-CHYLOMICRON
LIPID – METABOLISM
Synthesis of Cholesterol-
RLE-→C-H>>>H-C (HMG-COA REDUCTASE)

ACETYL CO-A + ACETYL CO-A--→ACETO-ACETYL CO-A
ACETYL-CO-A
HMG-CO-A
HMG-COA-REDUCTASE
MEVALONATE
ISOPRENOID
SQUALENE
CHOLESTEROL
CHOLESTEROL--→ BILE-ACID D STEROID Hr.
Synthesis of Fatty Acid = Cytosol
Acid ----RLE----ACETYL CO-A CARBOXYLASE

BIOTIN
ACETYL CO-A----------------------------→MALONYL-CO-A
FATTY ACID SYNTHASE
FATTY -ACID
DEGRADATION -----LIPID--→LIPOLYSIS-→FA+ALCOHOL
FA--→BETA OXIDATION-→ACETYL CO-A-----FA,KB,CH.

β – Oxidation of Fatty Acid
1. Activation Cytosol
2. Transport
3. β – Oxidation Proper = Mitochondria
1. Activation
Fatty Acid (Palmitic Acid)
16C Acye CoA synthase

Acyl – CoA
2. Transport of ACYL – CoA in Mitochondria
By CARNITINE SHUTTLE
CAT- CARNITINE ACYL TRANSFERASE(CAT)

3. β – Oxidation Proper Mitochondria
= Acyl – CoA---oxidation(FAD-
FADH2)------→ DELTA-2 TRANS-ENOYL CO-A-------
HYDRATION(+H2O)------BETA-HYDROXYL ACYL-CO-A----
→---------OXIDATION(NAD-NADH+H)--→BETA-KETO-
ACYL-CO-A-------→ACYL-CO-A+ACETYL-CO-A

Even CARBON Acetyl CoA (2C)

Odd CARBON Propionyl CoA
NET GAIN OF ATP [Palmitic Acid β – Oxidation)
106 ATP
KETONE = BODY
1. Aceto – Acetate AA
2. Acetone A
3. β Hydroxy butyrate B
ROTHERA’S TEST- URINE- NITROPRUSIDE-PURPLE

RING ON TOP
KETOGENESIS = Liver
= Mitochondria
Liver
Ketone bodies = Can not be utilized by

RBC
ACETYL CO-A+ACETYL-CO-A---→ACETO-ACETYL-CO-
A------HMG-CO-A SYNTHASE----→ HMG-CO-A--------------(-
ACETYL-CO-A)-------→ACETO-ACETATE--→ ACETONE,
BETA-HYDROXY-BUTYRATE
CARBOHYDRATE
Disaccharide
MALATOSE = Glucose + Glucose
SUCROSE = Glucose + Fructose
LACTOSE = Glucose + Galactose
1. CARB Food------
→GLUCOSE,FRUCTOSE,GALACTOSE
2. Glucose Liver-→STORED AS GLYCOGEN
KINASE = TRANSFER OF GROUP FROM ONE MOLECULE

TO ANOTHER
Glucose -------gluco/hexo-kinase---→G-6-PHOSPHATE
ATP--→ADP
ISOMERASE = SAME FORMULA→DIFFERENT STRUCTURE

GLUCOSE--→FRUCTOSE
MUTASE = IN SAME MOLECULE---→ONE CARBON TO

ANOTHER
3-PHOSPHO-GLYCERATE--→2-PHOSPHO-GLYCERATE
KINASE
HEXOKINASE GLUCOKINASE
All Tissue Liver, 𝛽-cell
Hexose Glucose
HIGH AFFINTIY LOW
Km
Low conc.glucose High
Insulin- NO INDUCER
OXIDATION--→ +O2
- H2
- e-
CYTOSOL
Glycolysis
Glucose (6C)
Aerobic Anaerobic
Pyruvate Lactate
Mitochondria -----PYRUVATE(3C)------PYRUVATE-DH-
COMPLEX-----→ACETYL-CO-A(2C)------→CITRATE(6C)------
--→ALPHA-KETO-GLUTERATE(5C)-----SUCCINYL CO-
A(4C)------→OXALO-ACETATE(4C)--+ACETYL-CO-A
Glycosis = EMP
= Embden Meyerhof Pathway
= Glucose (6C) Pyruvate (3C)
Steps =
1. HK / GK = Hexokinase / Glucokinase-ATP→ADP
2. PFK – I = Phosphofructo – Kinase – I→ATP-ADP
-2ATP
ATP – Production
1. G – 3 – P Dehydrogenase-→2NADH+H+----5ATP
2. Phospho – Glyerokinase-→2ADP----2ATP(SLP)
3. Pyruvate – Kinase ----2ADP→2ATP
TOTAL GAIN→9-2=7ATP(AEROBIC)
RLE = Rate Limiting Eenzyme -PFK
Reaction = IRREVERSIBLE- 3/10
HK / GK = Hexokinase / Glucokinase
PFK – I = Phosphofructokinase – I
PK = Pyruvate Kinase
INHIBITOR-NAF- ENOLASE
CLINICAL- PYRUVATE KINASE DEFICIENCY-ATP

3Na+
RBC Na+ – K+ ATPase PUMP 2K+
Na+ – K+ ATPase PUMP failed- Na+ accumulated,H2O

accumulation, RBC LYSIS,HEMOLYSIS---Hb is not affected
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA (NO HEINZ BODY)
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS-→
2 PYRUVATE--LACTATE-DH(2NADH+H+→2NAD)-----→LACTATE
7ATP-5ATP→2ATP GAIN
RBC---NO MITOCHONDRIA
KREB’S CYCLE = TCA CYCLE

= Mitocondrial Matrix
RLE-→IDH
4 Oxidation Rxw
IDH = ISO-CITRATE-DEHYDROGENASE-NADH+H+--2.5ATP
𝛼KGDH =𝛼 -KETO-GLUTERATE-DH---NADH+H+---2.5 ATP
SDH = SUCCINATE DH----FADH2----1.5ATP
MDH = MALATE DH----NADH+H+-----2.5ATP
SLP---SUCCINYL-CO-A-→SUCCINATE (1ATP
SLP = ADP ATP
LACTOSE
MILK
GLUCOSE+GALACTOSE
GALACTOSE--->------GALACTO-KINASE(ATP--→ADP)---
GAL-1-P------GAL-I-PUT(UDP-GLU--→UDP-GAL)--------------
------GLU-1-P---METABOLIZED
GAL-I-PUT-→GALACTOSE I PHOSPHATE-URIDYL
TRANSFERASE GALACTOSEMIA(OIL-DROP
CATARACT)
Fructose Metabolism
Sucrose [Honey, fruit juice]
Glucose
Fructose
FRUCTOSE-------FRUCTO-KINASE-----→F-1-P--------------
ALDOLASE-B-------→DHAP+GLYCERALDEHYDE
FRUCTOKINASE - FRUCTOSURIA
ALDOLASE-B-----------FRUCTOSE-INTOLERENCE
HMP SHUNT = HEXOSE MONO PHOSPHATE

Cytosol Shunt
= HMP
= PPP
= GPD
PPP (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)
RLE = G – 6 – PD
= Glucose – 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase
NET Gain Of ATP = 0
Product NADPH
RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE
PPP → HMP → GPD P
P
Role Of NADPH = in Body
Neutrophil RBC Fatty Acid synthesis

1. Neutrophil = O₂ dependent killing of bacteria
NADPH + H⁺ + O₂
H₂O₂ = Killing of bacteria
2. RBC = Removal of free radical(H2O2)
IF G-6-PD -NADPH-----IN RBC---- H2O2-----------DESTROY-Hb,

RBC-----heinz body(HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA)
Location = RBC
= Neutrophil
= Eye – Lens
= Testis / Ovary
= Mammary glad
= Placenta
= Adrenal Cortex / Adipocyte
Gluconeogenesis = Cytosol + Mitochondria

Glucose source → Non – Carb. Source
Lactate (acid)
Pyruvate (acid)
Glycerol
All Amino Acid Except Leucine, Lyoine
SITES- LIVER-90%, KIDNEY-10%
ABSENT- SKELETAL MUSCLES
ABSENT-G-6-PHOSPHATASE
RLE-FRUCTOSE 1-6,BISPHOSPHATASE
Glycogen
Glucose Stored As → Glycogen
Liver, Skeletal Muscle

GLYCOGENESIS
RLE- GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE
Glucose → Glycogen = Branched – Polymer(𝜶 𝟏 −
𝟒,GLYCOSIDIC BOND, 𝜶 𝟏 − 𝟔 𝑮𝑳𝒀𝑪𝑶𝑺𝑰𝑫𝑰𝑪 𝑩𝑶𝑵𝑫)
GLUCOSE---ACTIVATION→UDP-GLUCOSE----
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE-----LINEAR CHAIN GLYCOGEN-
--------BRANCHING ENZYME-------GLYCOGEN
Glycogenolysis [Glycogen Glucose]
RLE = Glycogen Phosphorylase

Location = Liver, Skeletal Muscle
= Cytosol
Glycogen
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Limit Dextrin
Debranching – Enzymes
Linear Chain
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Glucose – I – P
Mutase
Glucose – 6 – P
Glucose – 6 – Phosphatase
Glucose
GLUCOSE----GLYCOGENESIS--→GLYCOGEN-----
GLYCOGENOLYSIS----→GLUCOSE
1-2% GLYCOGEN-→LYSOSOME(ACID MALTASE)
Glycogen Storage Diseases
I-----Von Gierke--------Glucose-6-phosphatase
II------POMPE---------LYSOSOMAL−𝛼
1,4,GLYCOSIDASE(ACID-MALTASE)
III----CORI---------------DEBRANCHING ENZYME
IV-----ANDERSON-----BRANCHING ENZYME
V----MCARDLE------MUSCLE-GLYCOGEN-
PHOSPHORYLASE
VI-----HERS------HEPATIC GLYCOGEN-PHOSPHORYLASE
VII- TAURI-----PFK
Hepatic form and hypoglycemia---1,3,4,6,

No hepatomegaly- 4- CIRRHOSIS
Myopathic --- 5,7
Heart failure- 2
IOC- ENZYME IN BLOOD LEUCOCYTE, LIVER(TYPE 1)
Protein Energy Malnutrition
KWASHIORKOR MARASMUS
= PROTEIN ↓↓ Calorie ↓↓
= ALBUMIN ↓ = Muscle – Wasting
= Old, Monkey like face
= Wrinkled Face
Flaky Paint Dermatosis

F Flag Sign (HAIR)
Fatty Liver
L LETHARGY
A Anemia
M Malnutrition
E Edema = Belly, Leg
Prognosis = Poor
Sugar – Baby
Sickle Cell Anaemia
= β Chain
= 6th Position
= GLUTAMATE----→ VALINE
SUICIDAL ENZYME- CYCLO-OXYGENASE

TAY-SACH’S DISEASE- CHERRY RED-SPOT IN MACULA

LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE
Foam cell
F Febrile
Fatty Liver
A Alpha galactocerobrosidase ↓
B Burning Pain Extermity
R Renal failure
Y xY Male (X-L-R)
S Skeletal Changes
MARFAN-SYNDROME
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
AD
AORTIC REGURGITATION
ARACHNODACTYLY
FIBRILLIN-1 GENE DEFECT

SKELETAL CHANGES
ECTOPIA LENTIS
TESTS
1. Rothera Test = Ketone Body
Urine
2. Ferric Chloride Test
= Phenyl – Ketone urea
3. Selivanoff Test = Fructose in Urine
4. Cyanide Nitroprusside Test - Cystinuria
5. Biuret Test = Protein
6. Benedicts Test = +Reducing disachharide
= Maltose,lactose
- Sucrose ,trehalose
7. Bile – Pigment TEST--- = Bilirubin(conj-soluble)--

LIVER
Gmelin
Fouchet
Rosenbach
ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
PLASMA MEMBRANE- 5’ NUCLEOTIDASE
MITOCHONDRIA MDH
LYSOSOMAL-STORAGE DISEASE
FARMER- CEREALS MLA
GAG(GLYCOSAMINO-GLYCAN)
CHONDROITIN SULPHATE-CARTILAGE,CNS,BONE
KERATIN SULPHATE- 1- CORNEA, 2- CARTWOLAGE
HEPARIN- MAST CELL, LIVER, LUNG , SKIN
HEPARIN SULPHATE- CELL SURFACE, SKIN , B.M.
DERMATAN SULPHATE – SKIN,B.V, VALVES
GALActosamine-----------Chondroitin
sulphate(glucorinic acid) Dermatan sulphate(iduronic
acid)
Hyaluronic acid- glucosamine+ glucuronic acid
Keratin sulphate- galactose+ glucosamine
Heparin sulphate- glucuronic acid+ iduronic acid+ glucosamine
BEST OF LUCK FOR YOU EXAMS BY JHAMAD-SIR

TELEGRAM- JHAMADSIRCLASSNOTES
WHATS APP- 9910660346
INSTAGRAM- AKHILESH RAJ JHAMAD(JHAMADSIR CLASSES)

Biochemistry (DR Jhamad)

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JHAMAD-SIR-CLASSES FOR 19 SUBJECTS-WHATS APP- 9910660346, TELEGRAM-JHAMADSIRCLASSNOTES

INSTA- AKHILESH RAJ JHAMAD

ALL 19 SUBJECT CLASSES BY JHAMAD SIR

AKHILESH RAJ JHAMAD

Biochemistry by Dr AKHILESH RAJ JHAMAD = Basic

= Extra Cellular = Covalent - cross link

Two – Osteo -Arthritis =Knee=2

Three – Ehler Danlos Type IV = M severe

Collagen = 17 → Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctional

Collagen = 7 → Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic

Clinical = Vit C ↓ = Collagen ↓ = B. Vessel (3)

PROTHROMBIN – TIME = NORMAL

Bleeding - Hemorrhagic disease (New Born)

Liver Cirrhosis → I / III

GLUT – Glucose – Transporter

Physio = Facilitated – Diffusion = GLUT

2 Helps Secondary Active Transport

Amino Acid = 22 (20+2)

1. Acid = Glutamic Acid Amide Aspargine

AMINO – ACID PRODUCT

1. ARGI NINE NO (Nitric Oxide)-VD

4. TRYPTOPHAN PINEAL GLAND

CYCLE Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Electron Transport Chain

Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

ALL REMAINING CYCLE – Cytosol

ETC – ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

NADH + H⁺ 2.5 ATP

FADH₂ 1.5 ATP

One Phenobarbit-One Rotenone,Pipercidine

Second Malonate, Malonyt coA (M - SD)

Third (b-c1) Antimycin , Phenformin,BAL

Four (a1-a3) (Co, CN⁻, Azide, H₂S)

CONC OF ENZYME 𝜶 VELOCITY

Vmax Hyperbolic Parabolic

V max BELL SHAPE V max

Enzyme Inhibition-Competitve- KM Vmax-same

Isoenzyme = Creatinine Kinase

Central Dogma = of Life

Francis Crick = 1958

POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION-

Post Transcriptional Modification

5-CAPPING – 7 METHYL GUINOSINE

Vitamins = Fat soluble = KEDA

Vitamin K ↓ = Bleeding – New Born(Hemo. Dis. Of new born)

Vitamin E = Active = α Tocopherol

Vitamin E = Erythrocyte (Hemolytic Anaemia)

Vitamin D = Skin, Liver, Kidney

Vit D → Keratinocyte ← Skin (7 – Dihydro – Cholesterol)

Function(vitamin D) = Ca⁺⁺ - Regulation

Normal = 9-11 mg/dl

- Intestine = Ca⁺⁺ Absorbtion

Vit. A = Best Source = (HALIBUT -fish liver oil)

Retinol = OH Beta - CAROTENE 2 - Retinal

Retinoic Acid = COOH

Functions = Anti – Oxidant

RODS Dim – Light

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid-CITRUS

3. Helps in absorption of iron↓ ← Vit. C ↓

= Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia

TRANSKETOLASE COENZYME TPP

(Thiamine Pyro Phosphtate)