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INTRODUCTION TO Vaccine
Edward Jenner developed vaccine against
IMMUNOLOGY smallpox in 1796
Used cowpox antigen (Vaccinia)
Immune system Individuals exposed to cowpox antigen are
Defense mechanism against pathogens protected from smallpox
"heroes" "means of preparation against war"
Primary defenders "Vacca" = cow/ cattle
"Thanks to success of vaccination, smallpox was
Immunology eradicated, and no cases of naturally occurring
Study of immune system smallpox have happened since 1977" (CDC)
Study of host's reaction against foreign antigen
Stocks of Variola Virus
YEAR SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION 1) Centers of Disease Control and Prevention in
1796 Edward Jenner Vaccination Atlanta, Georgia
1868 Louise Pasteur Father of Immunology 2) State Research Center of Virology and
1880- Ellie Metchnikoff Cellular Theory of
1900 Immunity
Biotechnology (VECTOR Institute) in Koltsovo,
1901 Bordet and Gengou Complement fixation Russia
1952- Grabar and Williams Immunoelectrophoresis Vaccinia virus is stored in a Biosafety Level 4
1953 analysis in gels facility
1896 Erhlich Side chain theory
1930 Friedrich Brent/ Felix Template theory of Cross reactivity
Haurowitz antibody production Phenomenon that occurs when an antibody reacts
1955- Niels K. Jerne/ Frank Clonal selection theory w/ antigen that is structurally similar to antigen
1957 Burnet
1958 Dausset/ Rapaport Histocompatibility
that induced antibody reaction
complex Smallpox can cross react w/ cow pox antibodies
1973 Milstein/ Kohler Hybridoma for the Epitope = exact antigen binding site
production of Paratope = exact antibody binding site
monoclonal antibodies

SMALLPOX
DNA virus
Variola virus (causative agent)
Dreaded infection in the past

Louis Pasteur
Developed vaccine against rabies
Father of Immunology
Associated to high mortality 1st individual to make attenuated vaccine
Solution = vaccination
No known cure against smallpox Attenuation
weakened virus; or change, means to make a
Variolation pathogen less virulent
1500 Pasteur attenuated old Cholera colonies to a
Chinese inhaled powdered small pox scabs which chicken. The chicken never developed cholera
contains Variola antigen infection
Immunogen - induces antibody formation
Antibodies - products from foreign bodies; kills Aged
foreign bodies Vaccinia

Major disadvantage: some people develop

smallpox after variolation

Fresh Vaccinia

Compiled by Maricar G. Gamayot (3MT02)

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Ellie Metchnikoff Internal defense system
Discovered phagocytosis (1800) Recognize specific molecular component of the
Phagocytosis pathogens
o Engulfment of extracellular organisms and Recognition
substances Complement proteins
o Never kill intracellular organism Cellular
o Phagocytes (kills extracellular organisms)
Emil von Behring o Natural killer cells (kills intracellular
demonstrated that diphtheria and tetanus toxins could organisms)
be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood Humoral factors
of animals previously exposed to the microorganisms o Soluble factors
o Acute phase reactants (proteins that
Almorth Wright increase during inflammation)
Linked the two theories by showing that immune o Interferons
response involved both cellular and humoral o Defensins
elements o Complement proteins (cause cell lysis)
Observed that certain factors called opsonins ,
acted to coat bacteria ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Opsonins Specificity for each individual pathogen
o substances that make the organism more Ability to remember/ recall a prior exposure
susceptible to phagocyte Lymphocytes (brains of immune system)

Karl Landsteiner (1917) Immunity

Conducted the most famous study of haptens
Immunized rabbits w/ haptens attached to a
carrier molecule and tested the serum to measure
how Ab produced reacted w/ different haptens
Discovered ABO blood groups
External defense system
o 1st line of defense (natural)
Internal defense system
o 2nd line of defense (natural)
o 3rd line of defense (adaptive)

TWO BRANCHES OF IMMUNITY

INNATE/ NATURAL IMMUNITY
Non-specific immunity
Part of immune system that is normally present
Ability of the individual to resist infection by
means of normally present
No prior exposure is required
Immediate effect
Response does not change w/ subsequent
exposures
neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and
dendritic cells

External defense system

o Anatomical barriers to keep microorganism from
entering
o Physical
Skin, mucous membrane
Cilia lining the respiratory tract
o Biochemical
Lactic acid in sweat
Lysozymes (anti-bacterial property)
Tears, saliva
Against gram (+) bacteria
Acidity of GIT and vagina
Normal flora
#1 enemies of pathogens in terms of
nutrients

Compiled by Maricar G. Gamayot (3MT02)