MITOSIS

Tuesday, October 17, 2023 11:58 AM

Mitosis (diploid)
- cell division of genetic material in the nucleus
- for growth and repair
- occurs in somatic/body cells
- Supply damaged cells
- follows the principle that cells come from pre-existing cells
- autosomes
- goal is to create a diploid cell/identical cells
- genetically identical to the parent cell

Prokaryotic - binary fission

Eukaryotic - mitosis
• Chromatin
- a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans
• Chromosome
- a thread-like structure located inside the nucleus
- made up of protein and a single molecule of DNA
- either a pair or single chromatid
• Centromere
- constricted region of a chromosome
- region where the cell's spindle fiber attach
• Cohesin
- holds the Sister Chromatid together and helps in the condensation of chromosomes.
• Chromatid
- one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated
• Sister Chromatid
- pair or two chromosomes (sister chromatid)
• Telomere
- does not contain DNA that codes for a gene
- Like a protective cap
- every cell division, nauubos. If naubos si telomere, it tells that the cell to initiate apoptosis
- its capability is harnessed for longer life span
- we can count the chromosome number by the presence of their functional centromere

- Humans has a pair of chromosome (23)

• G2 of Interphase
- Duplication of centrosome
- Uncondensed chromosome

• Prophase
- Chromatin is condensed into a chromosome
- nucleoli disappear
- Nuclear envelop breaks down
- Duplicated chromosome appears as identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres
all along their arms by cohesins
 - Mitotic spindle begins to form

• Prometaphase
- Microtubules from the spindle interact with the condensed chromosomes
- Kinetochore is formed at the centromere
- If the microtubules are attached in kinetochore, it is called kinetochore microtubules

• Metaphase
- Centromere lie at the center
- Sister chromatid are arranged at the metaphase plate
- Kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles are now attached to the sister chromatid
- Centrosomes are now at the opposite poles of the cell
- It is not the chromosomes that will lie at the center but their centromeres
• Anaphase
- each chromatid becomes independent chromosomes
- two new daughter chromosomes begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell as their
kinetochore microtubules shorten
- Cell elongates
- Two ends of the cell have identical chromosome

• Telophase and Cytokinesis

- Daughter nuclei begin to form at the two poles
- Nuclear envelope arises
- Nucleoli reappears
- Chromosome is less condensed
- Cytokinesis overlaps with telophase
Cytokinesis
○ Animal cell: cleavage furrow
○ Plant Cell: cell plate
○ Contractile ring: shortens
- Vesicles fuse in plant cell