towns and villages, polluted water and air and abject poverty, 5. Globalization has wi ‘ened the gap between the haves and the havenots, Millions of people do not have ac~ cess to even safe drinking water, Glo- balization and ae ~ fehataton vena “R. Krishna Iyer Petized the people 6. The Third Word ia victim of many privations. Inte: tional trade agreement such as TRIPS, TRIMS oe GATT have been harmifilto the interests ofthe com. 7. The battle for ‘uman rights has to be be . Vasthungry massesofmenandwomes no pA sanctifie (here) make legitimate; make important and worth protecting, ‘pronouncement: judgement; declaration. inalienable: that cannot be taken away. these who exploit and plunder 2 predators: a ‘weaker people; animals that kill and eat other animals. victimizers: those who treat others cruelly or unjustly. serious; depressing. boldness intended to impress or intimidate others. presume: assume; suppose that something is true or probable. a subordinate person in an orga- nization who has to obey or- ders. grim: bravado: p.3. minion: instrument: a formal document. .¢., women. ‘Vulnerable’ vulnerable gender:ébecomes inressiny plex. His later ‘thatthe earthly life is meant for man to bear beams of ‘mostly symbo} God's Jove. The black body and the sun-bumt face ate Pessoa Fees chops: When iil atom ty Swe anystitent wt Asa God will ask man to rejoice like lambs round His golden mporemiaie em readers. Some of hy, works are; of Innocence 1789) Book of Urizen (1794), Dee ee ae ie Hell(1790) and The Four Zoas (1797), “The Litkepont Boy” which deals with a touchi 98 Facial theme fete ‘eared in Songs of Innocence. o ‘Summary o THE Porm: ‘ent inheaven. ‘The black boy now tells the white child what he has learned from his mother sbout God’slove and compas- sion. When he and the white boy are free ftom their body they willreoice like lambs round God's ten. Then be will shade the white boy ftom the heat and will stroke his “sk ‘ver hai” so that the white boy willlove him. ‘The black boy has now aheightened awareness that ‘the colour ofthe skin isa passing thing and thatallchikren are equal before God. William Blake “The Little Black Boy” isa gripping poemon a black ‘Scraving for freedom and equality with the white child. ‘Poem is narrated in the first person by a black boy. saddened by the thought that his black colours as- ted with darkness and ignorance. Butthe English child “white as an angel” is associated with all that is (The prescribed text carries elaborate notes on the poem. Some of the important words and ex- ‘pressions alone are precisely explained below.) line 1 southern wild: Africa. line 3 white as an angel is the English child: Note that the black boy has a worship- ful attitude towards the white child. black boy, however, remembers what his mother ‘him sitting beneath a tree. His mother has told himUnit Bl 4, Violence Against Women Gail Omvedt 5. The Goddess of Revenge Lalithambika Antharjanam 6. Nani Kamala Das Violence Against Women Gail Omvedt Gail Omvedt (1941 - ) is an American-born Ingian writer, sociologist and human rights activist. She has aspe- “ial interest in women’s movernents, Dalit uprisings and ‘environmental problems, She has a deep understanding of the struggles and situation of the underprivileged clases and the rural people of India. A critic ofthecaste system in India, she has expressed radical views forthe progressive transformation of Indian society. She stands fora just so- ‘cial order in which no social class or caste group is dis- Gail Omvedt was born in Minneapolis inU.S. on Au- gust 1, 1941. She was educated at Carleton College and University College, Berkeley. She was awarded PhD in 1973 for her dissertation Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: the Non-Brahmin Movement in West India 71873-1930. She became an Indian citizen in 1983. She now lives in the town Kasegaon in Maharashtra. be has ‘written numerous books and articles on issues related to& Omvedt include Reine, inven. ing Revolution: New gn cial Movements in (1993), Datits and, cratic Revolution (1994 Dalit Visions: The Any, caste Movement and i. dian Cultural Identity (1995) and Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahminismn (2003), The very titles ofthese books suggest some. ofher major social concem a a writer and human rights activist Onvedt hes held many high postions asa Professor of Gail Omvedt {ute of Advanced Studies, Shimla, She has served asa consulting sociologist on gender, environment and rural de- velopment for the United Nations Development (UNDP), Omvedt Supported the stand taken by Dalit activists at the 2001 World Conference Against Racism that caste discrimination should be treated ae ra.- Inthe present essay Omvedt examines increasing vio- Jence on women from various points of view - economic exploitation, sexuality and differences ofclas, caste and community Thus she provides a deep insight into the com- plex factors responsible for violence and atrocities on women, 1. Violence against women is of varioud kinds - rape, il ete, wc at Sores wife-beating and so on. Violence against women is ‘timed at keeping them bound to the home, economically exploited and socially suppressed. 2 ‘Three great leaders have helped us to understand ‘Women’s movements in india froma theoretical point of view. Theyare Sharad Pat eader ofa smalladivasi- ‘based party; Sharad Joshi, leader ofa powerful farmers ‘nganization in India; and Vandana Shiva fein nd environmental activist associated with the Chipko movement,3. Nati Mukti Sangharsh Sammelan, 1988, way, conference organized in Patna, The issue of and violence” was one among the major y discussed there, It was pointed out in this confi thal thst major support for asoureat yay ‘against women and that violence is a factor behi «vonomie exploitation, 4, we Resolution argues that violence plays role in keeping women suppressed i peer Sup] ‘and economically 5, There is a close relationship between vi lence n vio sexuality, Violence results from man’s doubts Fi \women’s “faithfulness” and the effort to control her sexuality and to establish male dominance, 6. Factors such as caste, class and ruraVurban divisi r caste, divisions ofthe poemis the injustice done to alow caste wom ‘gard apoor women lie Nani who has been sexually ex- + feudal, caste family in Kerala. It deals with the ploited and drivento suicide, The theme ofthe poem is it thus the injustice done to a woman of the lower class in ‘The poem opens witha touching description ofthe 2. “Nani” is a powerful indictment of complacency, san: maid Nani who hanged herselfin the privy. Tos, indifference and hypocrisy in our society. Discuss. children her body seemed to be “a clumsy puppet”. Wis; Inthe poem “Nani” Kamala Das deals with the tragic the body gently tamed on the rope with the blowing wig fgg) event ofthe suicide ofa pregnant mak. After presenting the children thought Nani was doing “a comic dance”, jy) that tragic event the poet deseribes the attitude ofthe feu: delight them. These impressions ofthe children show he J) dsl‘amily towards the death ofthe servant mai. The poss ‘no one gave any importance to her in the family for whic reflections then tend to be an indictment of the compla- she worked. ceney, indiference and hypocrisy in our society. Ayear or two later, the poet asked her grandm ‘Nani hanged herselfin the privy, forreasons not known shout Neai, The grandmother stated at her andi ‘00107 Ste wet Sane I defiantly who Nani was. “With that. ion Nani ended” ‘was sexually exploited by some male member ofthe fazm- oped omnistes ua ictecs cae oe ‘ly for which she worked. A year or two afterher death the death and mortality, The “desi ae oa ‘whole fimily maintained a collective silence on her mortal Seay scart ey votepoal ane life. They wanted to forget her very existence forever. aWhen the poet, asa child, asked her grandmother ayy ‘Nani, the woman retorted, “Nani... who i shea cended with that question of the grandmother, ‘The poet observes with bitter irony that the: “wise” people ask questions and move on before the gy. swers come. She condemns the “designed deafness” gf such people who ignore truth to suit their self-interest, 1was wronged, insulted and exploited by the feudal family. Afterwards they tried to erase her verymemory. The poet | effectively exposes the hypocrisy and inhuman indifference of these superior, high caste people. Nani came froma low social class and so she was an, easy victim of the caste system. The members of the feu. dal family could afford to remain complacent because of their caste superiority. The poet indicts their complacency because it derives from their indifference to truth. They ‘are not disturbed by doubt. They substitute falsehood for truth. By her direct statements as well as by suggestive figures of speech the poet thus condemns complacency ‘and hypocrisy in our society. Balachandran ChullikkadLessons for Sustaing; eadkdedeticial Coonistent Crean tion of commodities. Some courtrics have skied End cheap labour, others possess knowledge and logy. This comparative advantage of nations has helped to establish trade between them. The essay also ‘examines how Indiais affected by globalisstion Fiiarory of Glomalin ‘According to the author globalisation runs through six ‘We are living in the cra of globalisation, Giohy has many aspects related to culture, knoWiedge aya’ Sow ofeformation. But basal iia capital emg system based onthe logic of market forces. Ia promoting trade and economic development 4 intemational level, It seeks to reduce the power fq nation-states and to subject themto the laws ofthe oi, ‘market. It offers the promise of economic expansion hy ineflectit has made the poor nations poorer athe wat The present essay traces the evolution of globalizat, down the centuries and examines its merits and demeris It also examines the basic concepts underlying globalisation, ANALYSIS OF THE ESSAY, Christabell PJ. examines how globalisation came into being and traces its evolution from the fifteenth century onwards. Different nations participate in the process of 1, The Germinal Phase (1400 ~ 1750) 2. The Incipient Phase (1750— 1875) 3, The Take-off Phase (1875 — 1925) 4. The Struggle-for-Hegemony Phase (1925 — 1969) 5. The Uncertainty Phase (1969-1992) 6. The Consolidation Phase (1992 to the present) ‘THe MAIN AC an DBALISATI ‘ rivate sector replaced governments a5 major con pps inh ri Gaon en important role policy reforms inching liberalization o trade, foreign capital and a reduction in governmental controlover transnational economic behavior. The inte, mobile phones and computers pedo evolve 2254 global culture. This manifested in commerce ___<_—_—richest countries of the world. The role of Economically Developed Countries (LED(g) ip market is to provide the developed world with chan and raw materials, The profit is sent back to the gn. where the MNCs are based. These multinational gy. drive local companies out of business. They, okies envionment and impose poor working conditions aj. low wages to local workers. How Ixp1a 1s AFFECTED BY Gi Traditional production sectors and smalls manufacturer in India are affected by globalisation are dwindling in number. Agriculture i fist shifting tony commercial crops. This has led toa decline in indigem technology with serious environmental concems Tx depletion ofnatural resources leaves the poor abandon But globalisation isa stark reality and there i no tun 1. Answer in one or two sentences. 1, Define globalisation, Globatisationis a phenomenon that has linked the works by means of increased trade and cultural exchange. In the globalised world businesses and other organivations develop international influence and start operating on an {international scale, 2. What are the major issues raised by the concept of globalisation? ‘Some of the major issues raised by the concept of globalisation inchide deforestation and global warming. It also alerts people to the need for sustainable development. 3. Name a couple of MNCs that operate on a global scale, ‘The German automobile company Volkswagen and the Tndian IT company Infosys are two MNCs that operate ona global scale. 4. What is differentiation? Differentiationis: marketing method that shows how a product is different from similar ones and what its advantages are, The method of differentiation helps to attract a particular group oftconsumers toa product.‘economic players in the world, This was and the elimination of trade barriers. Speo taken to maintain international peace. IL. Answer in about 100 words, 1. Discuss the various advanta; sransnational corporation community and the society at l Units and factories in nations ‘can acquire its merchan. dise from low-cost. from across the globe in bulk. ‘an Scenario in the context y india started implementing the pot economic sent Seer ne the opportunities associated with glonaesne The sweeping ple reforms cared onby tena ny tocmergs as the Sastest Owing cconomyin the mea Ina became mn abode of transnational comomioe multinational rand. Internation goods xem ts a market. The outsourcing of software services and new employment opportnities were eran, Infiastructure development helped intestate ranses o> materials nd labour. The laws govening state commole transnational economic transactions were iberalize! accordance with the policies of globalization. Thus Inde ‘wrote a new success story by integrating ite tothe slobalized world. 3. What does Joseph E. Stighit say about Pro- slobalisation policies worldwide? Joseph E. Stiglitz isa Nobel laureatein Economics who has written the influential book “Globalization and ts Discontents”, ‘Whether the policies oflobalzationare good ¢r bac for a nation sa disputed topie, According a Stiglitz the policies of globalization have the potential to do alot Of good. But these policies have tobe undertaken property ‘to fit thenature ofthe Country that implements, Nations Should consider their economic condition andtheirhistorcjcal innovations and the exploration ‘ees a hed tosmentent, the eS of the fruits of the development. ‘India started implementing the policies of ¢ eraization ftom 1991. Since then India started exp the opportunities associated with globalization, sweeping policy reforms carried on by the nation help toemerge as the fastest growing economy in the Woy India became an abode of transnational comporations rminational brands International goods entered the Tig, rmarket. The outsourcing of software services increagy and new employment opportunities were created Infrastructure development helped interstate transfer ‘materials and labour. The laws governing state controle transnational economic transactions were liberalizedin accordance with the policies of globalization. Thus Indi wrote a new success story by integrating itself to the slobalized world, Joseph E Stiglitz in his influential book “Globalization and its Discontents” discusses the measures to be taken ‘0 benefit from the process of globalization thepolices of globalization are good orbad fr the policies are not properly designed they will make ‘countries more prone to external shocks, Inthat case they will also reduce growth and increase poverty. Careful policy-making and proper economic management can ely nation sa disputed topic. According to Sight the alization have the potetialto doalot oft ne policies have to be undertaken properly to fi the shore ofthe country that implement Nations sous ier their economic condition and theirhistorc an ‘background before implementing the policies. If ation benefit from the intemationalizaton of business and trade. 2. Globalisation is at once a boon and a bane. Discuss with special emphasis on the Indian scenario. Globalisation has opened up new opportunities for nations in the world. Because of increased interaction between nations the production of goods and services has become more efficient. This has cleared the way for technological development, better business practices and more efficiency. Gobalesioe Se improved interdependence among nation-states int oft technology, production, markets and capital It ako links cultures and people throughoutthe work. There isa renewed interest in addressing environmental issuesPein works pei vcore world. It destroys ethnic cultures and g only possible way to resist this process. The production and distribution of food is a clear exworldwide? Localisation is the only means to evade the damaging {nfiyence of globalisation on local economies. Localisation Food security would also increase ifpeople depend more ‘on bcal foods. Localisation woiild help the dispersal and ‘ecentralisation of food products. Developing countries “Should use their labour and theirbest agricultural land foe Jocalneeds. They should not encourage growing haxury crops for Northern markets. In that case the rte of ndemic hunger in developing countries could be ‘liminated. This process can ensure worldwide food security 00. 4. Compare smaltscate diversified farms with large scale monocultures. Large-scale monoculture farms eliminate all crops except easherops from the land. Small-scale farms sustain wild plants and animal species. Large-scale farms use heavy ‘machinery which cause sol erosion, small-scale farms do rot use them. Moreover, small-scale, diversified farms have ‘a higher total output per unit of land than large-scale ‘monoculture, Small farms can help reinvigorate rural Bc cle moreover tan st wages paid to the workers of smal firms fs: romies and communis, Wages Paid 19 i rgrsare spent eal ‘Small farms also integrate see usbandry with crop production. This provides = mane conto or nial nano var oft calsaton postive couches many aspects four i, many initiatives and trends of localisation enployment and keep money circulating in eal economy. ‘Ths localisation has a positive influence in different aspects ofour daily life,Balacha, tothe 9) Malayalgiea i Vijayatekshmi, yg participated in mea tional and interagn, literary seminar ng ing the onein oodles which he was inviels, the Swealish Writers Union in 1997. In 2000 he e Budeismas his religion. a ‘Sumatany oF THE Poem. (This is designed as an answer to essay no.1 in the text.) ad Balachandran Chullikkad Balichaneran Chullkkad is one of the leading modenit Poets in Malayalam, His profoundly interesting poes reciony Sa philosophical enquiry into the natureaal ae of freedom. At the beginning of the poema dist Freon St Sit what is freedom?” He asks whee ‘umeans the frolicking calfin the field, the bird fiyit Chullikkad ig matt she sky te tran that rns north othe street 22pm the pate tale aie ! “ne dai wonder wher esdom means cscring spenisowntairing work whichis apparent afuren vn The master who is himself tailor repis that ameans food forthe hungry and water forthe thirsty. Frans coat forthe one left out in the cold and bed for the weary. It means action that wil enable person to Main what he Tongs for The tots of action signify the Fendomofthe artisan and hearts. So the words esdom fpr the poet and the arrow for the hunter, whi “The master gives examples from diferent walks of ie to further lhustrate that freedom means the attainment of ‘shat one most needs, So death for the eunuch, anda son to perpetuate the family for a married mam are indeed freedom. For the ignorant man freedom means wisdom and forthe wise itis action, Foraman ofaction sel-sacttice js freedom, and for a martyr freedom means life. ‘The theme ofthe poem is reinforced when the master explains what freedommeans fora tailor, The tailor bas his reedomat the iluminated Tip ofthe stitching meee” Hie can achieve redemption not by abandoninghis wor but by stitching with his needle with a fllsense ofthe ves of his work. Man lives by the fruit ofhislabour. ‘Manlives by the fuitofhis bour. Man eamshis bread bythe sssane of Algoholiam Oo” paiCentury Gide rh The Alcoholic at Dawn Jeet Thayit Ivtopucrion Jeet Thayil (1959 ) isa highly distinguished and versally acclaimed Indian writer in English. He has estab, lished himselfas a poet, novelist, songuriter and musician of considerable originality. Jeet Thayil was bor in Kerala asthe son of the famous journalist and auhor TJS George who has written anim. Portant biography of the former Indian diplomat and For. ign Minister V. K. Krishna Menon, Jeet was educated in Bombay, Hong Kong and New York. He has a brilliant academic career and has been writing poetry from his teen- age. His poetryis remarkable for its freshness of tone and striking imagery. He makes a gemuine attempt to achieve perfection in poetic style and form. Gemini (1992), Apocalypso (1997) and These Er- rors Are Correct (2008) are some of his more important collections of poetry. Narcopolis (2012), his first novel, Published by Faber and Faber, London, was an immedi. ate success. It won the DSC prize for South Asian Litera- the Alcoholic at Da ‘memorable picture 0 POEM tic. The ae jife ofan aleoholie ture. It deals o with the life of rebwestof thelow"™ were drawn into the Un gerworl opium bust- of ness Mumbai ‘The poem is collection is taken from his co gecdes Jet Thayns a A roto pose eae a8 SL S eal Daven describes aay steps rte” The A en analeoholic when! evokes & Bt" ‘ind. The poet anda confused fan alcohol addict Jeet Thayil _ He use Terenas co yet remembers Saiz paca : wire eT He seems 10 Be ke He av eager to Ma cxpbealcobol. He walks unsteadily with bleary eyes to ‘cupboard to get a drink. 1. What picture does the poet paint of the alcoholic? (See answers I & 2 of Section II) 2. Explore the impact of the unusual, ee Poem. imagery vil conveys the state of the alcoholic by the use "gery. He uses images such as “beached "She smoke" to conveya coxmopoltan tone 3. What does the phrase “beached whale cony Lv. Write am essay in not les than 300 words. es 1. Discuss the theme of JeetThayil’s ‘The Alcoh‘saggests that the alcoholic cannot stand or move by himself without assistance. It also suggests his awful inertia and inefficiency. The image of “a blue smoke from nose to throat” refers to the breathing problem caused by the use ofopaum. This poemis also remarkable for the poet's attention to form Its tightly organized poem consisting of three short stanzas, each stanza conveying one specific experience ofthe alcoholic. The first stanza describes the aicholic’s need fora drink, the second stanza suggests his mertia and the concluding stanza evokes a picture of his desperate physical condition caused by addiction to alcohol The compact style and form of the poem make the experience sound authentic. What makes “The Alcoholic = Dawn” unique poem is its fine fusion of form, imagery and autobiographical touch.