CHAPTER – 7

NIB EQUIPMENT’S

DSLAM

DSLAM stands for Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer. It is a

telecommunications device that connects multiple digital subscriber line (DSL) connections
from customers and aggregates them into a high-capacity link to the internet service
provider's network. DSLAMs are commonly used in broadband and DSL-based networks to
provide internet access to residential and business customers.

Working of DSLAM

1. Multiple individual DSL lines from customers are terminated at the DSLAM. These
DSL lines use the existing copper telephone lines to carry digital signals.
2. The DSLAM separates voice and data signals. Voice calls are directed to the
traditional telephone network, while data signals are processed for internet access.
3. The DSLAM aggregates and multiplexes the data signals from multiple DSL lines
into a high-capacity link. This link is typically a fibre optic or a high-speed copper
connection that connects to the internet service provider's network.
4. The DSLAM performs various functions such as modulation/demodulation, error
correction, data compression, and traffic management to ensure reliable and efficient
data transmission over the DSL lines.
5. The aggregated data from the DSLAM is then forwarded to the internet service
provider's network for routing to the internet or other networks.
DSLAMs play a crucial role in delivering high-speed internet access to customers over DSL
technology. By aggregating multiple DSL connections, they maximize the utilization of

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network resources and provide efficient broadband connectivity to a large number of
subscribers.

MPLS TP

MPLS TP (Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile) is a technology that extends the
capabilities of MPLS to provide efficient packet transport for transport network applications.
It is primarily designed for telecommunication networks that require deterministic
performance and enhanced operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM)
functionalities.

Key aspects of MPLS TP

1. MPLS TP Features: MPLS TP provides features that are specifically designed for
transport networks. These include linear protection switching, enhanced OAM
mechanisms, and the ability to transport traditional circuit-based services over an
MPLS infrastructure.
2. Network Topology: Determine the network topology based on your requirements.
MPLS TP can be used in various network architectures, such as ring, mesh, or point-
to- point. The choice depends on factors like scalability, resiliency, and traffic
patterns.
3. Aggregation Nodes: Design and deploy MPLS TP aggregation nodes strategically
within the network. These nodes will aggregate traffic from multiple access nodes and
direct it towards the core network. Aggregation nodes can be routers or switches
capable of MPLS TP forwarding.
4. Access Nodes: These nodes connect customer premises or access networks to the
aggregation nodes. Access nodes should support MPLS TP functionality and provide
 the necessary interfaces to connect to customer equipment or access networks.
5. Service Provisioning: Define the services you want to offer over the network. MPLS
TP supports a variety of services, including Ethernet, TDM (Time Division
Multiplexing), and IP. Determine the service requirements, such as bandwidth, QoS
(Quality of Service), and service-level agreements (SLAs).

BNG and PE Routers

BNG and PE routers are two types of network routers commonly used in
telecommunications and networking environments. While they serve similar purposes, they
are designed for different roles within a network architecture.

BNG (Broadband Network Gateway)

 The BNG is a specialized router used in broadband networks, typically in Internet

Service Provider (ISP) environments.
 It serves as a gateway between the subscriber's premises (customer premises
equipment or CPE) and the ISP's network infrastructure.
 BNG routers handle tasks such as authentication, authorization, and accounting
(AAA), subscriber management, policy enforcement, and traffic shaping.
 They are responsible for establishing and terminating subscriber sessions, managing
IP address allocation, and implementing quality of service (QoS) policies.
 BNG routers often support various broadband access technologies like DSL, cable,
fiber, or wireless connections.
PE (Provider Edge) router

 The PE router is typically used in service provider networks, particularly in

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) architectures.
 It acts as a boundary router between the customer's network (customer edge or CE)
and the service provider's network.
 PE routers play a crucial role in MPLS-based Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) by
providing connectivity and routing services to customer sites.
 They participate in MPLS label distribution, forwarding packets based on labels, and
implementing VPN-specific features like traffic engineering, QoS, and security.
 PE routers maintain routing tables and exchange routing information with other PE
routers using protocols such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

BNG routers are primarily used in broadband networks and focus on subscriber management,
while PE routers are used in service provider networks and specialize in providing
connectivity and routing services for VPNs.

Central Office Aggregation Unit

A Central Office Aggregation Unit (COAU) is a networking term that refers to a

device or system used in telecommunications and data networks. It is typically located in a
central office or data centre and serves as a central point for aggregating and managing
multiple network connections.

The primary function of a COAU is to aggregate traffic from various sources, such as
individual customer connections or network segments, into a single high-capacity connection.
It helps optimize network resources and facilitates efficient data transmission by
consolidating multiple connections onto a higher-speed backbone network.
 COAUs often perform packet switching, routing, and other traffic management functions.
They may also include features like Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms to prioritize certain
types of traffic, virtual LAN (VLAN) support for network segmentation, andsecurity measures to
protect network traffic.

MPLS VPN

MPLS VPN, or Multiprotocol Label Switching Virtual Private Network, is a technology

used to create secure and scalable virtual private networks over an MPLS networkinfrastructure.
It combines the benefits of MPLS and VPN technologies to provide secure and efficient
communication between geographically distributed sites of an organization.

CPAN Ring Structure

In the context of telecommunications, a "CPAN ring structure" typically refers to a

Common Public Access Network (CPAN) implemented in a ring topology.

A CPAN is a network infrastructure used by telecommunications service providers to

provideaccess to their services, such as voice, data, and internet connectivity, to end-users. It
encompasses various components, including switching equipment, transmission facilities, access
points, and interconnecting links.

In a ring structure, the CPAN is designed in a circular or loop-like manner, where the network
nodes are connected in a closed loop. Each node in the ring has two adjacent nodes to which itis
directly connected, forming a redundant path. This redundancy ensures that if one link or node
fails, the traffic can be rerouted through the alternative path, maintaining service availability.