ROOFINGS

Presented by Group 7
❏ ROOFING
- the job or process of putting roofs on new buildings or repairing
damaged roofs

❏ ROOF
- a top covering of a building, including all materials and
constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or
on uprights

- it provides protection against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of

temperature, and wind
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

1. Gable Roof

Is a common roof type used for

many building designs. It will
have two sloping sides that
meet to form a ridge, and is
most easily identified by the
triangular shape formed at
either end.
GABLE ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

2. Hip Roof / Hip and

Valley Roof

A roof which slopes upward

from all four sides of a building,
requiring a hip rafter at each
corner.
HIP ROOF/HIP AND VALLEY ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

3. Dutch Hip Roof

Is a roof sometimes called a

Dutch gable roof, is a
combination of hip and gable
roof styles in which a gable is
located at the end of the ridge ,
and at the top of a hip roof
plane
DUTCH HIP ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

4. Flat Roof

Having no slope or one with

only a slight pitch so as to
drain.
FLAT ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

5. Dormer Roof

A dormer is a roofed structure,

often containing a window, that
projects vertically beyond the
plane of a pitched roof. A
dormer window (also called
dormer) is a form of roof
window.
DORMER ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

6. Gambrel Roof

A roof which has two pitches on

each side (U.S.); in Great Britain
called a Mansard Roof
GAMBREL ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

7. Mansard Roof

Is a type of roof that has four

sides, with two slopes on each
side. The lower slope is usually
much steeper than the upper
slope.
MANSARD ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

8. Shed Roof

Is a roofs having a single

slope.
SHED ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

9. Pitched Roof

A pitched roof is a sloping roof

that has one or more slopes,
which is more than 20 degrees.
PITCHED ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

10. L e a n - t o - R o o f

A lean-to roof is a single sloped

roof that attaches to an
existing building. Homeowners
most often use lean-to roofs for
home and outbuilding
additions.
LEAN-TO-ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

11. B u t t e r f l y R o o f

Butterfly roofs have a

distinctive design, opposite of a
standard gable roof. They
feature two sides that slope
down and meet in the middle,
resembling a “V” or set of
butterfly wings.
BUTTERFLY ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

12. A - f r a m e R o o f

An A-frame roof has two sloped

sides. The bottom of the roof
starts near the foundation and
meets the opposite side at the
top of the home, forming a
peak.
A-FRAME ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

13. C u r v e d R o o f

These are the modifications of

pitched roofs and are
frequently employed in modern
age to cover large areas
shed/roofs and domes are the
varieties of curved roof. Curved
roofs are mostly used in big
structures such as monumental
works, factories etc.
CURVED ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

14. S a l t b o x R o o f

Saltbox roofs are similar to

gable roofs. Instead of being
symmetrical, one side of the
saltbox roof is much longer
than the other. The long side
typically extends to the first
floor of two and three-story
homes. A common feature of
saltbox roofs is having a brick
chimney coming out of the
middle.
SALTBOX ROOF
❏ TYPES OF ROOF

15. M S h a p e d R o o f

A roof formed by joining two

parallel gable roofs, creating a
valley between them,
resembling the capital letter M
in section.
M SHAPED ROOF
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

1. W a l l P l a t e

- a horizontal timber member

placed along the top of a wall
to support the ends of joists,
rafters, etc, and distribute the
load.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

2. Ceiling Joist

- are the horizontal members

that provide a structure to fix
the ceiling, and support and fix
the diagonal rafters that define
the roof shape and are
attached at the top to a ridge
beam.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

3. Common Rafters

- One of a series of rafters of

uniform size regularly spaced
along the length of a pitched
roof, or placed as intermediates
between principals, with one
end attached to the wall-plate
and the other to the opposite
common rafter at the ridge. A
pair of common rafters is a
couple.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

4. Ridge

- ridge of a roof is the

horizontal line running the
length of the roof where the
two roof planes meet. This
intersection creates the highest
point on a roof, sometimes
referred to as the peak.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

5. Hip Rafter

- Forms a spine at the corner of

the roof and are used to
interconnect
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

6. Purlin

- a horizontal beam that

provides intermediate support
for the common rafters of a
roof construction.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

7. Hanger

- in conjunction with a
longitudinal binder running at
right angles to the joists, are
used to help hold the ceiling up.
Each hanger is nailed between
(approximately) every fourth
rafter and the joist below. The
larger the size of the joist, the
less likely the need for hangers.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

8. Soffit

- often refers to the exposed

underside of a roof overhang,
or eave.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

9. Fascia

- The fascia board is the long,

straight board that runs along
the lower edge of the roof. The
fascia is fixed directly to the
lower ends of the roof trusses
and usually does all the work of
supporting the lower edge of
the bottom row of tiles. The
fascia board also carries all the
guttering.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

10. B a r g e b o a r d s

- refer to the fascias located at

the gable end or side of a roof.
Used to protect the roof timbers
of a building, bargeboards can
also have a significant impact
on the general aesthetics of the
exterior of your property.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

11. E a v e s

- The area where a roof extends

a small way past the wall of a
building is usually referred to as
the eaves. This is an essential
part of the roofing as this area
has to be finished properly to
prevent animals nesting and
potential water ingress.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

12. D o r m e r

- in architecture, a vertical
window that projects from a
sloping roof and usually
illuminates a bedroom. The
term derives from the Latin
dormitorium, “sleeping room.”
Dormers are set either on the
face of the wall or high upon
the roof, and their roofs may be
gabled, hipped, flat, or with one
slope.
❏ PARTS OF ROOF

13. V a l l e y

- A roof valley is when two roof

facets meet at a slope to form
an interior angle. The main
purpose of roof valleys is to
allow water to flow down your
roof properly. There are two
common types of roof valleys,
open and closed. The names of
the valleys pretty much tell you
exactly what they are.
❏ ROOFING MATERIALS
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

1. A s p h a l t S h i n g l e s

- a type of wall or roof shingle

that uses asphalt for
waterproofing
- two types: organic and
fiberglass
- common in areas where heavy
rain is rare; western part or
areas with snow
- attached piece by piece
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

*Fastening

Fasteners for asphalt shingles

should be roofing nails or staples.
The head of a roofing nail and the
crown of a staple are the parts that
actually hold the shingles in place.

* Fastening Asphalt Shingles

(Video)
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

2. Metal Standing Sea

m

- is a concealed fastener
roofing system which features
vertical or trapezoidal legs with
a flat space in between.
- thin, durable, lightweight
- longspan roofing, free painted
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

*Fastening

Metal roofing uses zinc plated

screws, which will be referred to as
galvanized screws. The screw heads
should be painted the same color as
your metal roofing or siding panels.

* Fastening Metal Roof (Video)

❏ ROOF MATERIALS

3. Concrete Tile

- made of concrete
- also known as tegula
- durable and thick
- it’s heaviness requires strong
roof framing system for support
- expensive
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

*Fastening

Tiles can be fastened with nails,

screws or foam adhesive products.
The ability of the fastener to
provide the greatest uplift
resistance will come from the
fastener being relatively flush to
the top of the tile. For nails, that
can be with a hammer or a nail gun.
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

* Fastening Concrete Tile Roof:

❏ ROOF MATERIALS
❏ ROOF MATERIALS
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

4. Metal Aluminum
Shake

- Metal shake-roofing tiles

create the look of warm and
inviting cedar shake roofing,
but with better durability than
cedar.
- The composition of metal
shake shingle roofing includes
various metals and alloys, like
galvanized steel, galvalume
steel, and stone-coated steel.
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

5. Wood Shake

- created by splitting thin

rectangles from a wooden log.
There are two types of wood
roofing materials – wood shake
and wood shingles. Wood
shingles are sawn on both sides
and are thinner at the butt end
when compared to a wood
shake.
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

Shingle

Shake
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

*Fastening

Stainless steel nails offer the

highest degree of corrosion
resistance. Some nail
manufacturers offer nails
specifically for wood shake or
shingle roof application

* Fastening Wood Shake (Video)

❏ ROOF MATERIALS

6. C o n c r e t e C l a y T i le

- Clay roof tiles are made by

baking molded clay.

- The high temperatures used to

bake clay tiles helps bond the
color so it will never peel or
fade. They are a durable
roofing option and highly
insulating.
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

*Fastening

Fasteners should be stainless

steel, copper, aluminum or
hot-dipped galvanized steel, but
not electroplated.

* Fastening Concrete Clay Tile

(Video)
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

7. Vinyl Membrane

- Typically light in color, vinyl

roofing membranes are known
as ‘reflective’ roof surfaces,
deflecting sunlight and radiant
heat away from a building,
helping the structure to stay
cool and reducing energy use
for air conditioning.
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

7. Vinyl Membrane

- Furthermore, lightweight
vinyl roof systems help reduce
the need for other materials
that are often necessary to
support heavier roof system
options.
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

*Fastening

With induction welding, the

membrane is heat bonded to the
top of each plate and there are no
penetrations in the membrane.

* Fastening Vinyl Membrane (Video)

❏ ROOF MATERIALS

8. R o l l e d F l a t R o of

- Rolled roofing is a
mineral-surfaced roofing
material that comes in rolls. It
is thinner, less durable, and
cheaper than asphalt shingles.
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

*Fastening

Push the rolled roofing firmly

into the wet cement to secure it.
Once the layer is secured by the
cement, it's time to hammer nails
into the layer to secure it further.
Use 1 inch galvanized roofing nails
and a strong hammer. Make sure
you feel steady on the roof before
you begin hammering.
❏ ROOF MATERIALS

Lay Down Roofing Cement Lay the First Layer of Rolled Roofing
❏ TRUSSES

● Truss - a framework,
typically consisting of
rafters, posts, and struts,
supporting a roof, bridge,
or other structure.
Essentially, roof trusses
create a roof’s frame.
They determine the shape
of the roof and ceiling
while providing support
for the roof.
❏ TYPES OF TRUSSES

● King Post Truss

King post trusses are the

simplest roofing truss.

Common uses: Home additions,

garage construction, short-span
projects
❏ TYPES OF TRUSSES

● Queen Post Truss

Queen post trusses are

well-suited for larger residential
projects.

Common uses: Residential

home construction, home
additions
❏ TYPES OF TRUSSES

● Fink Truss

Fink trusses are the most

common truss for residential
projects.

Common uses: Residential

home construction
❏ TYPES OF TRUSSES

● Attic Truss

Attic trusses allow for storage

space and sometimes even
added living space.

Common uses: Residential

home construction projects that
require an attic or additional
loft living space
❏ TYPES OF TRUSSES

● Scissor Truss

Scissor trusses can create

vaulted cathedral ceilings.

Common uses: Residential

home construction projects that
require vaulted ceilings
❏ TYPES OF TRUSSES

● Gable Truss

Gable trusses act as the

‘bookends’ to your roof.

Common uses: Residential

gable roof construction
❏ P AR T S OF T R U S S E S
❏ PARTS TRUSSES
● Nail Plate - A truss connector plate, or gang plate, is a kind of tie.
Truss plates are light gauge metal plates used to connect
prefabricated light frame wood trusses. They are produced by
punching light gauge galvanized steel to create teeth on one side.

● Web Tie Brace- The timber web tie links the centre of all webs
together (just as battens do for the top chords). The steelbrace
stabilises the rectangular shape of the plane formed by the webs.

● Top Chord - An inclined or horizontal member that establishes the

upper edge of a truss. This member is subjected to compressive and
bending stresses.
❏ PARTS TRUSSES
● Bottom Chord - The horizontal (and inclined, ie. scissor trusses)
member defining the lower edge of a truss, carrying ceiling loads
where applicable.

● Web: A web includes beams that join top and bottom chords in a
triangular pattern. They’re capable of carrying tension and
compression stress, which helps keep the truss from bending.

● Cantilever Web- a horizontal truss supported at the middle and

sustaining a load at one end or both ends (as in a cantilever bridge)
Pitching Point The pitch of a roof truss (Rise/Span) should be 1/4 to
1/6 to its slope for proper drainage. For symmetrical trusses, the pitch
is equal to half the inclination of the top chord. The spacing of roof
trusses is kept 1/3 to 1/5 of the span.
❏ PARTS TRUSSES
● Bottom Chord: The bottom chord is the long horizontal beam that
defines the lower edge of a truss. The rest of the truss is built upon it,
so it needs to provide strong support.

● Overhang: The overhang is the extension of the top chord beyond the
heel joint. In other words, it’s how far the top chord hangs over its
bearing support. When the roof is complete, the overhang is the
distance from the bottom of the roof to the building itself.

● Nominal Span- NOMINAL The horizontal distance between the

outside edges of the supports (wall plates) – usually the tie beam
length.

● Cantilever - The part of a structural member that extends beyond its

support
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION

● Waterproofing
- a method which prevents water from penetrating a building or
structure. Waterproofing is very important as it helps keep the inside
dry.

* Types of waterproofing (2):

- Integral Waterproofing

- Membrane Waterproofing
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION
* Integral Waterproofing
- Integral waterproofing uses chemical admixtures, usually a dry powder
or liquid added to the concrete mix at the batch plant or the jobsite. Some
forms of integral waterproofing will even self-heal minor cracking.

Advantage: Integral waterproofing offers a number of advantages over

coatings and membranes. For instance, integral waterproofing can’t be
torn or damaged during backfill, and will not delaminate, decompose or
wear out.

Kevin Yuers says, “Their biggest advantages are the self-sealing ability,
absence of seams, low overall cost and the fact that they are not
compromised by poor site conditions, poor membrane workmanship or
worksite damage.”
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION

● Sahara

Sahara cement waterproofing

compounds fill these empty
voids and cracks making the
concrete watertight and with its
repellant quality prevents
moisture from seeping through.
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION
* Membrane Waterproofing
- A waterproofing membrane is a layer of water-tight material that lies on
a surface to prevent water leaks or damages. The process usually consists
of liquid-applied or pre-formed sheet membranes.

Advantage: Waterproofing prevents flooding, water leaks, contaminant

leaks, and mold and mildew from entering your structure, helping your
building maintain its structural integrity for longer.

Basic maintenance is easier to do and there is less cleanup if there are

leaks or flooding caused by extreme weather or other events.
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION

● Cementitious Waterproofing

Cementitious waterproofing
coatings are types of
breathable coatings that can
give concrete and masonry
surfaces positive- and
negative-side waterproofing.

Example product:
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION

● Blowtorch Applied Membrane

It is one of the most used

waterproofing techniques that
involve using a blowtorch to
melt modified asphalt along
with viscous organic liquids
onto the area. Known for its
effectiveness and durability, it
is strictly a professional
technique
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION

● Roof Insulation

- It can either be cold or warm insulation. Warm insulation is placed

directly under the roof. It aims to reduce heat losses preventing your
home from being excessively hot in the summer or cold in the winter.
Cold insulation is rather inexpensive. It is placed above the ceiling of
the topmost floor.
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION

* Types of Roof Insulation

● Wood Fiber

Wood fiber is one of the most

infamous roof insulation types.
It is made from a combination
of raw materials, such as wood,
cane, or vegetable fibers, and
fillers or binders. This material
can either be
asphalt-impregnated or -coated
for better moisture resistance.
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION

* Types of Roof Insulation

● Perlite

Some roof manufacturing

companies combine the
inorganic siliceous volcanic
glass known as perlite with
organic fibers and binders as an
insulation panel. Similar to
wood fibers, it is also
asphalt-coated to limit
unwanted adhesive absorption.
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION

* Types of Roof Insulation

● Polyurethane

Applying the polyurethane foam

allows the contractor to level
out the roof to decrease the
chance of ponding water.
The foam material can expand
and contract with the building
per outside temperatures,
reducing the likelihood of
cracks and splitting.
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION
* Types of Roof Insulation

● Cellular Glass

Cellular glass consists of a

mixture of crushed glass and a
foaming agent. The presence of
heat causes the glass to melt
and the foaming agent to
decompose. When this happens,
a uniform mixture of closed
cells forms the material.
❏ WATERPROOFING & INSULATION
* Types of Roof Insulation

● Gypsum Board

Is a non-structural,
non-combustible, and
water-resistant insulation panel.
Unlike wood fibers and perlite,
this material is usually treated
with a non-asphaltic coating for
adhesion enhancement. It also
acts as a thermal barrier over
foam-plastic insulations.
❏ CONCLUSION

Roofing is one of the most important part in establishing buildings or

structures, as it shelters the building itself and the occupants underneath.
Each process in building roofs contributes to the wellbeing of the
occupants.
In that case, roofing must have proper attention because when
ignored, it will cost almost 90% damage to the properties and occupants.
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THANK YOU!
Agbulos, Grace Hope

Paraton, Carl David

Santos, Carlo Jace

Soriano, Gabriel