F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

Prepared by: Engr. Francis Arjay Pastores Luz

NSCP 2015 DESIGN METHODOLOGIES:

1. Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
- use of Factor of Safety, Ω
𝑅𝑎 ≤ 𝑅𝑛 /Ω

2. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

- use of resistance factor (𝜙) and load factor
𝑅𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑅𝑛

The general relationship between the safety factor Ω, and the resistance factor 𝜙, is
1.5
Ω=
ϕ

Ω = 1.67 for limit states involving yielding

Ω = 2.00 for limit states involving rupture
𝜙 = 0.90 for limit states involving yielding
𝜙 = 0.75 for limit states involving rupture

TENSION MEMBERS

ASD LRFD
𝑃𝑛 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 𝑃𝑢 = 𝜙𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑎 = =
Limit State Ω 1.67
of Yielding 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
𝑃𝑛 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 𝑃𝑢 = 𝜙𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑎 = =
Tensile Ω 2.0
Rupture 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
where:
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈 ∙ 𝐴𝑛
𝑈 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

TYPES OF LOAD
1. Gravity Loads (dead load, live load, etc.)
2. Environmental Loads (earthquake, wind, rain, etc.)

SECTION 203: COMBINATION OF LOADS

203.4. Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress or Allowable Strength Design

For ASD, the required strength is determined from the following combination

∎ Basic Load Combinations

𝐷+𝐹 (203-8)
𝐷+𝐻+𝐹+𝐿+𝑇 (203-9)
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-10)
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75[𝐿 + 𝑇(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)] (203-11)
𝐸
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 ) (203-12)
1.4

∎ Alternate Basic Load Combinations

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𝐸
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75 [𝐿 + 𝐿𝑟 (0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 )] (203-13)
1.4
0.6𝐷 + 0.6𝑊 + 𝐻 (203-14)
𝐸
0.6𝐷 + +𝐻 (203-15)
1.4
𝐷 + 𝐿 + (𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-16)
𝐷 + 𝐿 + 0.6𝑊 (203-17)
𝐸
𝐷+𝐿+ (203-18)
1.4

∎ Special Seismic Load Combinations

1.2𝐷 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 1.0𝐸𝑚 (203-19)
0.9𝐷 ± 1.0𝐸𝑚 (203-20)

where
𝑓1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load, or
= 0.5 for other live loads
𝐸𝑚 = the maximum effect of horizontal and vertical forces as set forth in Section 208.6.1

203.3 Load Combinations Using Strength Design or

Load and Resistance Factor Design

For LRFD, the required strength is determined from the following factored combinations

∎ Basic Load Combinations

1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹) (203-1)
1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇) + 1.6(𝐿 + 𝐻) + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-2)
1.2𝐷 + 1.6(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) + (𝑓1 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊) (203-3)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-4)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿 (203-5)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.6𝐻 (203-6)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.6𝐻 (203-7)

where
𝑓1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load, or
= 0.5 for other live loads

Where P is to be considered in design, the applicable load shall be added to Section 203.3.1 factored as 1.2𝑃.

203.2 Symbols and Notations

𝐷 = dead load
𝐸 = earthquake load set forth in Section 208.6.1
𝐸𝑚 = the maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure as set forth in Section 208.6.1
𝐹 = load due to fluids as with well-defined pressures and maximum heights
𝐻 = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
𝐿 = live Load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
𝑃 = ponding load
𝑅 = rain load on the undeflected roof
𝑇 = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature change, shrinkage,
moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential settlement, or combination thereof
𝑊 = load due to wind pressure

Investigation/Design Criteria:
1. Gross Section Yielding
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)

2. Tensile Rupture (fracture on effective net area)

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𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
Where: 𝐴𝑒 = effective net area
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈 ∙ 𝐴𝑛
𝑈 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

3. Shear
a. Shear Yielding
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈𝒗
𝝓 = 𝟏. 𝟎 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)

b. Shear Rupture
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒗
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)

4. Block Shear – rupture along a shear failure path or path(s) and a perpendicular tension failure path

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒗 + 𝑼𝒃𝒔 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈𝒗 + 𝑼𝒃𝒔 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕

𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
Where:
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑚2
Where tension stress is uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1.0; where the tension stress is non-uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 0.50

5. Bearing at Bolt Holes

𝑹𝒏
𝑹𝒖 = 𝝓𝑹𝒏 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝑹𝒂 = (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
𝛀
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)

5.1. For standard, oversized, and short-slotted holes,

a. when the deformation at the bolt hole at service load is a design consideration,
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖

b. when the deformation at the bolt hole at service load is NOT a design consideration,
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟎𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖

5.2. For a bolt in a connection with long-slotted holes,

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟎𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖

5.3. For connections made using bolts that pass completely through an unstiffened box member or HSS, see Section
510.7 and Eq. 510.7-1.

6. Shear on Bolts
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒏 𝑨𝒃
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
Where:
𝐹𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 510.3.2)
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡, 𝑢𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 510.3.2)
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928

LECTURE PROBLEMS:
PROBLEM 1: Two plates each with thickness t = 16mm are bolted together with 6 – 22mm diameter bolts forming a lap
connection. Bolt spacing are as follows:
S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80 mm, S3 = 100 mm. Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm.
Using A36 steel having 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

a. Determine the service load 𝑃𝑎 that the connection can carry based on yielding of gross section using ASD.
b. If D = 200 kN, determine the maximum live load that the connection could carry based on yielding of gross section using ASD.
c. Determine the ultimate load 𝑃𝑢 that the connection can carry based on tensile rupture of effective net area using LRFD.
d. If D = 200 kN, determine the maximum live load that the connection could carry based on tensile rupture using LRFD.

PRACTICE: The bolt connection shows 8 – 22mm A325 bolts spaced as follows:
S1 = 40mm, S2 = 80mm, S3 = 50mm,
S4 = 100mm, t1 = 16mm, t 2 = 12mm

Using A36 steel having 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine the ultimate tensile load that the connection could carry.
Bolt hole diameter is 2mm larger than the nominal diameter of the bolt. Ans. 537.6 kN

COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Prepared by: Engr. Francis Arjay Pastores Luz

When steel is used as material for compression member, the section required is usually small resulting to a slender
member. This makes the steel compression member susceptible to “flexural buckling”.

TYPES OF COLUMNS
Based on Length
1. Short Columns – the failure will be crushing without buckling
2. Intermediate Columns – some of the points will yield and the member will fail by a combination of yielding and
buckling.
3. Long Columns – the member will buckle without reaching the proportional limit. The longer the column is, the
larger chance that it will buckle and the smaller load it can support. The tendency to buckle is measured through
𝐿
the slenderness ratio ( 𝑒 )of the member. And as the slenderness ratio increases, the capacity of the column
𝑟
decreases.
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928

Euler Buckling Formula

Critical Axial Compression
π2 EI
Pcr =
(kL)2

Critical Compressive Stress:

π2 E
Fcr =
kL 2
(r)

Where:
k = effective length factor
kL = Le = effective length
I
r = √A = radius of gyration
kL
r
= largest slenderness ratio

Table 2.1 – TYPICAL VALUES FOR k

Buckled shape of column

is shown by dashed line

Theoretical k value 0.50 0.70 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Recommended design
value for k when ideal 0.65 0.80 1.0 1.2 2.0 2.0
conditions are
approximated
Rotation fixed ; Translation fixed
End Condition Rotation free ; Translation fixed
Rotation fixed ; Translation free
Rotation free ; Translation free

NSCP 2015 Provision for axially loaded compression member

LRFD: Pu = ϕPn = 0.90Fcr (Ag )
Pn
ASD: Pa = = 0.60Fcr (Ag )
ϕ

The nominal compressive strength, Pn

Pn = Fcr (Ag )
E
Cc = 4.71√
Fy
A. Intermediate Column:
kL
when ≤ Cc (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦 )
r
𝐅𝐲
( )
𝐅𝐜𝐫 = [𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖 𝐅𝐞 ] 𝐅𝐲
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
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Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928

B. Long Column:
kL
when r
> Cc (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦 )
𝐅𝐜𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝐅𝐞
2
π E
where: Fe =
kL 2
(r)

User Note:
𝑘𝐿
a. When ≤ 25, the column is classified as short and the nominal load 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 .
𝑟
b. For members designed on the basis of compression, the slenderness ratio kL/r should not exceed 200.

Graph 3.2 – Strength of a compression member based on NSCP 2015 with Cc = 133.76

LECTURE PROBLEMS

First Part: Review of the Basic Structural Concept from Strength of Materials
PROBLEM 1: A rectangular steel column is 50mm x 100mm in cross section. Use Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200,000 MPa
and k = 1.0
a. Determine the mode of failure of the compression member if it is 2 m long.
b. Determine the mode of failure of the compression member it it is 0.5 m long.
c. Determine the allowable axial load for a factor of safety of 2.0 if the column is 2 m long.
d. Determine the allowable axial load for a factor of safety of 2.0 if the column is 0.5 m long.

PRACTICE: A wide flange section for a 4.5 m long column (hinged at both ends) has the following properties:
A = 13500 mm2 E = 200 GPa
Ix = 1200 x 106 mm4 Iy = 150 x 106 mm4
Determine the Euler critical load of the column. Ans. 14,621.64 kN
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PROBLEM 3: Two C310 x 45 channels are used as column. The column is 12 m high, latticed together so they have
equal moments of inertia about the principal axes. Assumed both ends are pinned and proportional limit is 240 MPa
and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 200GPa.
Properties of C310 X 45
A = 5690 mm2 x = 17mm
Ix = 67.3 x 106 mm4 Iy = 2.12 x 106 mm4

a. Compute the distance back to back of channels.

b. Compute the minimum length of a column having this section.
c. What safe load will the column carry with a factor of safety 2.5?

Solution:
a. Compute the distance back to back of channels.
Ix = Iy

6) 6
b 2
2(67.3 x 10 = 2 [2.12 x 10 + 5690 (17 + ) ]
2
𝐛 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦

b. Compute the minimum length of a column having this section.

2(67.3 x 106 )
ry = rx = √ = 108.76 mm
2(5690)

To get the minimum length

σcr = fs
2
π (200,000)
2 = 240 MPa
1.0(L)
[108.76]

L = 9863.44 mm

c. What safe load will the column carry with a factor of safety 2.5?
π2 E π2 (200,000)
σcr = = = 162.15 MPa
kL 2 1.0(12,000) 2
(r) [ 108.76 ]

Since σcr > Fy , yielding occurs first before buckling.

σstrength σcr 162.15
σallowable = = = = 64.86 MPa
F. S. F. S. 2.5
Pallowable = σallowable (Ag ) = 64.86(5,690)(2) = 𝟕𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐍

Second Part: Using NSCP 2015 Provisions for Axially Loaded Columns
(Members Prone to Flexural Buckling)
PROBLEM 4: A W8x35 steel column has an unsupported height of 8 m. Using A 36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa and E =
200,000 MPa. Compute the allowable axial load 𝑃𝑎 (𝐴𝑆𝐷) and ultimate axial load 𝑃𝑢 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) that the column could carry:
a. if both ends are fixed.
b. if both ends are pinned.
c. if one end is fixed and the other end is pinned.
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928

Properties of W8x35:
A = 6645.15 mm2
Ix = 52.45 x 106 mm4
Iy = 17.69 x 106 mm4
rx = 88.9 mm
ry = 51.56 mm

PROBLEM 6: A W 14 x 142 is used as a column having length of 9 m long. It is hinged at the

upper end and fixed at the lower end but there is a lateral bracing perpendicular to the minor
axis of the W section at the 5.4 m above the bottom support. It is assumed to be pinned
connected at the bracing point. Using A-36 steel, the yield strength is 248 MPa and the NSCP
specifications, elastic modulus of steel is 200 GPa. The recommended k values are used.
Properties of W14 x 142
A=26967.69 mm2
d=374.65 mm bf=393.70 mm
tf=27.00 mm tw= 17.27 mm
Ix= 695.11 x 106 mm4 Sx=3719.18 x 103 mm3
rx=160.53 mm ry= 100.84 mm
Iy= 274.71 x 106 mm4 Sy= 1396.18 x 103 mm3

a. Compute the slenderness ratio.

b. Compute the ultimate axial capacity of the column section.