Science 10 W3-4 The Science of Cell

GRADE
Central Luzon State University

College of Education
10
UNIVERSITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 10
INTEGRATED SCEINCE 10 (Biotechnology)
QUARTER 1, WEEK 4 - 6
CLSU-CED-USHS
Flexible Learning System
A.Y. 2021- 2022
JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS

Faculty Member
Contact No.: 0955-437-4337
Email Addresses:
jpesanto81@clsu.edu.ph
johnpaul.santos@ushs.ph.education
CHAPTER 2
Understanding the Cell
QUARTER 1
LESSON
WEEK
4 1 Cell Biology
Overview
You may know of someone who has been ill with a disease or
disorder such as meningitis, malaria, diabetes, a type of cancer, cystic fibrosis,
or Alzheimer’s disease. All these diseases and disorders are caused by
problems at a cell or molecular level. Physical damage such as a burn or
broken bone also causes damage at cell level.
By understanding how cells work in healthy and diseased states, cell
biologists working in animal, plant and medical science will be able to develop
new vaccines, more effective medicines, plants with improved qualities and
through increased knowledge a better understanding of how all living things
live.
Eventually it will be possible to produce a ‘health forecast’ by analysing
your database of genetic and cell information. Using this you will be able to
take more control over your health in a preventive way.
Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:
1. understand the science of cell, and;
2. historical path of the discovery of cell.
A. The Science of Cell

Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves
around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the
cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells
compose. Some organisms have only one cell, while others are organized into
cooperative groups with huge numbers of cells. On the whole, cell biology
focuses on the structure and function of a cell, from the most general properties
shared by all cells, to the unique, highly intricate functions particular to
specialized cells.
The starting point for this discipline might be considered the 1830s.
Though scientists had been using microscopes for centuries, they were not
Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 2

Science 10 (Biotechnology) Contact No.: 0955-437-4337
Quarter 1: Week 4-6 jpesantos81@clsu.edu.ph / johnpaul.santos@ushs.ph.education
always sure what they were looking at. Robert Hooke's initial observation in
1665 of plant-cell walls in slices of cork was followed shortly by Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek's first descriptions of live cells with visibly moving parts. In the
1830s two scientists who were colleagues — Schleiden, looking at plant cells,
and Schwann, looking first at animal cells — provided the first clearly stated
definition of the cell. Their definition stated that that all living creatures, both
simple and complex, are made out of one or more cells, and the cell is the
structural and functional unit of life — a concept that became known as cell
theory.
As microscopes and staining techniques improved over the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, scientists were able to see more and more internal detail
within cells. The microscopes used by van Leeuwenhoek probably magnified
specimens a few hundredfold. Today high-powered electron microscopes can
magnify specimens more than a million times and can reveal the shapes of
organelles at the scale of a micrometer and below. With confocal microscopy a
series of images can be combined, allowing researchers to generate detailed
three-dimensional representations of cells. These improved imaging techniques
have helped us better understand the wonderful complexity of cells and the
structures they form.
There are several main subfields within cell biology. One is the study of cell
energy and the biochemical mechanisms that support cell metabolism. As cells
are machines unto themselves, the focus on cell energy overlaps with the
pursuit of questions of how energy first arose in original primordial cells, billions
of years ago. Another subfield of cell biology concerns the genetics of the cell
and its tight interconnection with the proteins controlling the release of genetic
information from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm. Yet another subfield focuses
on the structure of cell components, known as subcellular compartments.
Cutting across many biological disciplines is the additional subfield of cell
biology, concerned with cell communication and signaling, concentrating on the
messages that cells give to and receive from other cells and themselves. And
finally, there is the subfield primarily concerned with the cell cycle, the rotation
of phases beginning and ending with cell division and focused on different
periods of growth and DNA replication. Many cell biologists dwell at the
intersection of two or more of these subfields as our ability to analyze cells in
more complex ways expands.
In line with continually increasing interdisciplinary study, the recent

emergence of systems biology has affected many biological disciplines; it is a
methodology that encourages the analysis of living systems within the context of
other systems. In the field of cell biology, systems biology has enabled the
asking and answering of more complex questions, such as the interrelationships
of gene regulatory networks, evolutionary relationships between genomes, and
the interactions between intracellular signaling networks. Ultimately, the broader
a lens we take on our discoveries in cell biology, the more likely we can decipher
the complexities of all living systems, large and small.
B. The Discovery of Cell
The cell theory, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed of
similar units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in
1839 by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern
biology. The idea predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwin’s
theory of evolution (1859), Mendel’s laws of inheritance (1865), and the
establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940).
First Cells Seen in Cork
While the invention of the telescope made the Cosmos accessible to
human observation, the microsope opened up smaller worlds, showing what
living forms were composed of. The cell was first discovered and named
by Robert Hooke in 1665. He remarked that it looked strangely similar to cellula
or small rooms which monks inhabited, thus deriving the name. However what
Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as it appeared
under the microscope. Hooke’s description of these cells was published
in Micrographia. The cell walls observed by Hooke gave no indication of the
nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. The first man to witness
a live cell under a microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674
described the algae Spirogyra. Van Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria.
Formulation of the Cell Theory
In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden were enjoying after-
dinner coffee and talking about their studies on cells. It has been suggested that
when Schwann heard Schleiden describe plant cells with nuclei, he was struck by
the similarity of these plant cells to cells he had observed in animal tissues. The
two scientists went immediately to Schwann’s lab to look at his slides. Schwann
published his book on animal and plant cells (Schwann 1839) the next year, a
treatise devoid of acknowledgments of anyone else’s contribution, including that
of Schleiden (1838). He summarized his observations into three conclusions
about cells:
1. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living

things.
2. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in
the construction of organisms.
3. Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals
(spontaneous generation).

We know today that the first two tenets are correct, but the third is
clearly wrong. The correct interpretation of cell formation by division was finally
promoted by others and formally enunciated in Rudolph Virchow’s powerful
dictum, Omnis cellula e cellula,: “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells”.
Modern Cell Theory
1. All known living things are made up of cells.

2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation
does not occur).
4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell
during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.
As with the rapid growth of molecular biology in the mid-20th century,

cell biology research exploded in the 1950’s. It became possible to maintain,
grow, and manipulate cells outside of living organisms. The first continuous cell
line to be so cultured was in 1951 by George Otto Gey and coworkers, derived
from cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks, who died from her cancer
in 1951. The cell line, which was eventually referred to as HeLa cells, have been
the watershed in studying cell biology in the way that the structure of DNA was
the significant breakthrough of molecular biology.
In an avalanche of progress in the study of cells, the coming decade
included the characterization of the minimal media requirements for cells and
development of sterile cell culture techniques. It was also aided by the prior
advances in electron microscopy, and later advances such as the development of
transfection methods, the discovery of green fluorescent protein in jellyfish, and
discovery of small interfering RNA (siRNA), among others.
The study of the structure and function of cells continues today, in a
branch of biology known as cytology. Advances in equipment, including cytology
microscopes and reagents, have allowed this field to progress, particularly in the
clinical setting.
A Timeline
1595 – Jansen credited with 1st compound microscope
1655 – Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork.
1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9 years
later.
1833 – Brown descibed the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid.
1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory.
1840 – Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg cells are
also cells.
1856 – N. Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell.
1858 – Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist and anthropologist)

expounds his famous conclusion: omnis cellula e cellula, that is cells
develop only from existing cells [cells come from preexisting cells]
1857 – Kolliker described mitochondria.
1879 – Fleming described chromosome behavior during mitosis.
1883 – Germ cells are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity.
1898 – Golgi described the golgi apparatus.
1938 – Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei from
cytoplasm.
1939 – Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron
microscope.
1952 – Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line.
1955 – Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in
culture.
1957 – Meselson, Stahl and Vinograd developed density gradient
centrifugation in cesium chloride solutions for separating nucleic acids.
1965 – Ham introduced a defined serum-free medium. Cambridge
Instruments produced the first commercial scanning electron microscope.
1976 – Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that different cell lines
require different mixtures of hormones and growth factors in serum-free
media.
1981 – Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced. Mouse embryonic
stem cell line established.
1995 – Tsien identifies mutant of GFP with enhanced spectral properties
1998 – Mice are cloned from somatic cells.
1999 – Hamilton and Baulcombe discover siRNA as part of post-
transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants
References
Landmark Papers in Cell Biology: Selected Research Articles Celebrating Forty

Years of The American Society for Cell Biology. 2000. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press.
Mazzarello P. A unifying concept: the history of cell theory. Nat Cell

Biol. 1999. 1(1):E13-5.
Suggested Readings
https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/cell-biology

QUARTER 1
LESSON
WEEK
5-6 2 The Cell
Overview
In our high-tech world, one of the hottest areas of development is
nanotechnology—the science and the technology of the very, very small.
A group of researchers in Europe has taken on the mind-boggling
challenge of creating an artificial cell that can replicate on its own and
even evolve under certain conditions. In other words, their goal is to
create the world’s first robotic cell. To achieve their goal, these
researchers will have to create artificial components that mimic the
components found in a real cell. Only by studying real cells will they be
able to create the perfect fake!
The answer is that studying cells helps us understand how
organisms, including humans, function. Aft er all, our bodies are made
up of trillions of cells. By learning about cells, we come to understand
how we can
• protect cells to prevent infection and other harmful effects
• observe cells to diagnose disease
• treat cells to heal illnesses
• stop harming cells through our choices and actions
Consider the medical advances shown in the four pictures on
these two pages. None of these advances would have been possible
without an understanding of how different cells work
Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:
1. describe the cell as a unit
2. compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic animal and plants
cells.
3. identify the parts and functions of cell
A. The Basic Unit of Life - Cell

The cell (from Latin cellula 'small room') is the basic structural,
functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit
of life. Therefore, cells are often described as the "building blocks of life". Cell
biology (also called cellular biology or cytology) is the study of cells.

Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains
many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Most plant and animal
cells are only visible under a light microscope, with dimensions between 1 and
100 micrometres. Electron microscopy gives a much higher resolution showing
greatly detailed cell structure. Organisms can be classified
as unicellular (consisting of a single cell such as bacteria)
or multicellular (including plants and animals). Most unicellular organisms are
classed as microorganisms.
The number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species;
it has been estimated that humans contain somewhere around 40 trillion
(4×1013) cells. The human brain accounts for around 80 billion of these cells.
Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named them for
their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. Cell
theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells
are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and
that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5
billion years ago.
B. Cell Types
Cells are of two types: eukaryotic, which contain a nucleus,
and prokaryotic, which do not. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, while
eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular.
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, two of the three domains of
life. Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterized by having
vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller
than eukaryotic cells, and lack a nucleus, and other membrane-
bound organelles. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single circular
chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in
the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all
organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 μm in diameter.
A prokaryotic cell has three regions:
 Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope – generally consisting of

a plasma membrane covered by a cell wall which, for some bacteria,
may be further covered by a third layer called a capsule. Though most
prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall, there are
exceptions such as Mycoplasma (bacteria)
and Thermoplasma (archaea) which only possess the cell membrane
layer. The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates the interior
of the cell from its environment, serving as a protective filter. The cell
wall consists of peptidoglycan in bacteria, and acts as an additional
barrier against exterior forces. It also prevents the cell from
expanding and bursting (cytolysis) from osmotic
pressure due to a hypotonic environment. Some
eukaryotic cells (plant cells and fungal cells) also
have a cell wall.
 Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that
contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes and
various sorts of inclusions. The genetic material
is freely found in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes
can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements
called plasmids, which are usually circular.
Linear bacterial plasmids have been
identified in several species
of spirochete bacteria, including
members of the
genus Borrelia notably Borrelia burgdorferi, which
causes Lyme disease. Though not forming a nucleus,
the DNA is condensed in a nucleoid. Plasmids encode
additional genes, such as antibiotic
resistance genes.
 On the outside, flagella and pili project from the cell's surface. These
are structures (not present in all prokaryotes) made of proteins that
facilitate movement and communication between cells.
Eukaryotic cells
Plants, animals, fungi, slime molds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic.
These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as
much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of
eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of
membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take
place. Most important among these is
a cell nucleus, an organelle that
houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus
gives the eukaryote its name, which
means "true kernel (nucleus)". Other
differences include:
 The plasma membrane

resembles that of
prokaryotes in function, with
minor differences in the
setup. Cell walls may or may
not be present.

 The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules,
called chromosomes, which are associated with histone proteins. All
chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus, separated from the
cytoplasm by a membrane. Some eukaryotic organelles such
as mitochondria also contain some DNA.
 Many eukaryotic cells are ciliated with primary cilia. Primary cilia play
important roles in chemosensation, mechanosensation, and
thermosensation. Each cilium may thus be "viewed as a sensory
cellular antennae that coordinates a large number of cellular signaling
pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or
alternatively to cell division and differentiation."
 Motile eukaryotes can move using motile cilia or flagella. Motile cells
are absent in conifers and flowering plants. Eukaryotic flagella are
more complex than those of prokaryotes.
C. Cell Structures
Ideas about cell structure have changed considerably over the years.
Early biologists saw cells as simple membranous sacs containing fluid and a few
floating particles. Today's biologists know that cells are infinitely more complex
than this.
There are many different types, sizes, and shapes of cells in the body. For
descriptive purposes, the concept of a "generalized cell" is introduced. It
includes features from all cell types. A cell consists of three parts: the cell
membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm. Within the
cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even
thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called organelles.
Cell membrane

Every cell in the body is enclosed by a cell (Plasma) membrane. The cell
membrane separates the material outside the cell, extracellular, from the
material inside the cell, intracellular. It maintains the integrity of a cell and
controls passage of materials into and out of the cell. All materials within a cell
must have access to the cell membrane (the cell's boundary) for the needed
exchange.
The cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules. Proteins in the

cell membrane provide structural support, form channels for passage of
materials, act as receptor sites, function as carrier molecules, and provide
identification markers.
Nucleus and Nucleolus
The nucleus, formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid nucleoplasm,

is the control center of the cell. Threads of chromatin in the nucleus
contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material of the cell.
The nucleolus is a dense region of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus and is
the site of ribosome formation. The nucleus determines how the cell will
function, as well as the basic structure of that cell.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for
chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can
operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and
replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell. Within the cytoplasm,
materials move by diffusion, a physical process that can work only for short
distances.
Cytoplasmic organelles
Cytoplasmic organelles are "little organs" that are suspended in the

cytoplasm of the cell. Each type of organelle has a definite structure and a
specific role in the function of the cell. Examples of cytoplasmic organelles
are mitochondrion, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
and lysosomes.
D. Main Function of the Cell

A cell is the structural and functional unit of life. Each cell contains
smaller organelles that perform various functions such as metabolism,
transportation and secretion of substances. Because some cells perform specific
functions, they have special modified structures. For example, red blood cells are
the oxygen carriers in the body. They lack a nucleus to make more space for the
oxygen-carrying pigment, hemoglobin.
1. Provide Structure and Support
Like a classroom is made of bricks, every organism is made of cells. While
some cells such as the collenchyma and sclerenchyma are specifically meant for
structural support, all cells generally provide the structural basis of all
organisms. For instance, skin is made up of a number of skin cells. Vascular
plants have evolved a special tissue called xylem, which is made of cells that
provide structural support.
2. Facilitate Growth Through Mitosis
In complex organisms, tissues grow by simple multiplication of cells. This
takes place through the process of mitosis in which the parent cell breaks down
to form two daughter cells identical to it. Mitosis is also the process through
which simpler organisms reproduce and give rise to new organisms.
3. Allow Passive and Active Transport
Cells import nutrients to use in the various chemical processes that go on
inside them. These processes produce waste which a cell needs to get rid of.
Small molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and ethanol get across the cell
membrane through the process of simple diffusion. This is regulated with a
concentration gradient across the cell membrane. This is known as passive
transport. However, larger molecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, go
in and out of a cell through the process of active transport in which the cell uses
vesicles to excrete or absorb larger molecules.
4. Produce Energy
An organism's survival depends upon the thousands of chemical reactions
that cells carry out relentlessly. For these reactions, cells require energy. Most
plants get this energy through the process of photosynthesis, whereas animals
get their energy through a mechanism called respiration.
5. Create Metabolic Reactions
Metabolism includes all the chemical reactions that take place inside an
organism to keep it alive. These reactions can be catabolic or anabolic. The
process of energy production by breaking down molecules (glucose) is known as
catabolism. Anabolic reactions, on the other hand, use energy to make bigger
substances from simpler ones.
6. Aids in Reproduction
Reproduction is vital for the survival of a species. A cell helps in
reproduction through the processes of mitosis (in more evolved organisms) and
meiosis. In mitosis cells simply divide to form new cells. This is termed asexual
reproduction. Meiosis takes place in gametes or reproductive cells where there is
a mixing of genetic information. This causes daughter cells to be genetically
different from the parent cells. Meiosis is a part of sexual reproduction.

E. Cell Reproduction – Mitosis and Meiosis
There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time
when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making
new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm
cells.
Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates
all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical
daughter cells. Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are
carefully controlled by certain genes. When mitosis is not regulated correctly,
health problems such as cancer can result.
The other type of cell division, meiosis, ensures that humans have the
same number of chromosomes in each generation. It is a two-step process that
reduces the chromosome number by half—from 46 to 23—to form sperm and
egg cells. When the sperm and egg cells unite at conception, each contributes
23 chromosomes so the resulting embryo will have the usual 46. Meiosis also
allows genetic variation through a process of gene shuffling while the cells are
dividing.
Differences
Mitosis Meiosis
 Involves one cell division.  Involves two successive cell divisions
 Results in two daughter cells  Results in four daughter cells
 Results  Results in haploid daughter cells
in diploid? daughter cells (chromosome (chromosome number is halved from the
number remains the same as parent parent cell)
cell)  Daughter cells are genetically different
 Daughter cells are genetically identical  Occurs only in animals, plants and fungi
 Occurs in all organisms except viruses  Creates germ cells (eggs and sperm) only
 Creates all body cells (somatic?) apart  Prophase I takes much longer
from the germ cells? (eggs and sperm)  Involves recombination/crossing over of
 Prophase is much shorter chromosomes in prophase I
 No recombination/crossing over occurs  In metaphase I pairs of chromosomes line
in prophase. up along the equator.
 In metaphase individual chromosomes  During anaphase I the sister chromatids
(pairs of chromatids) line up along the move together to the same pole.
equator.  During anaphase II the sister chromatids
 During anaphase the sister chromatids are separated to opposite poles.
are separated to opposite poles.

Similarities
Mitosis Meiosis
 Diploid parent cell  Diploid parent cell
 Consists of interphase, prophase,  Consists of interphase, prophase,
metaphase, anaphase and metaphase, anaphase and
telophase telophase (but twice!)
 In metaphase individual  In metaphase II individual
chromosomes (pairs of chromosomes (pairs of
chromatids) line up along the chromatids) line up along the
equator. equator.
 During anaphase the sister  During anaphase II the sister
chromatids are separated to chromatids are separated to
opposite poles. opposite poles.
 Ends with cytokinesis.  Ends with cytokinesis.
References
Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body in Chapter 21
of Molecular Biology of the Cell fourth edition, edited by Bruce Alberts
(2002) published by Garland Science.
Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston,
Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780132508827.
Madan L. Nagpal (February 12th 2020). Introductory Chapter: The Role of
Genetic Engineering Technology in the Manipulation of Genetics of
Organisms and Synthetic Biology, Synthetic Biology - New
Interdisciplinary Science.
Raven PH, Johnson GB (2002). Biology. McGraw-Hill Education.
p. 68. ISBN 9780071122610. Retrieved 7 July 2013.


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GRADE

Central Luzon State University

JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS

A. The Science of Cell

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 2

In line with continually increasing interdisciplinary study, the recent

B. The Discovery of Cell

1. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 4

1. All known living things are made up of cells.

As with the rapid growth of molecular biology in the mid-20th century,

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 5

Landmark Papers in Cell Biology: Selected Research Articles Celebrating Forty

Mazzarello P. A unifying concept: the history of cell theory. Nat Cell

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 6

5-6 2 The Cell

A. The Basic Unit of Life - Cell

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 7

 Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope – generally consisting of

 The plasma membrane

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 9

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 10

The cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules. Proteins in the

Nucleus and Nucleolus

The nucleus, formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid nucleoplasm,

Cytoplasmic organelles are "little organs" that are suspended in the

D. Main Function of the Cell

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 12

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 13

Science 10 JOHN PAUL E. SANTOS 14

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