THE RESEARCH PROCESS REVISED: MINERAL

WATER CONTAINER WITH

THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF DROP LIGHT AND
RESEARCH THERMOREGULATION OF
NEWBORN INFANTS
A. TITLE OF THE STUDY
- This embodies substantive words or 3. NURSING CARE
phrases which gives the idea of what PRACTICES OF NURSES
the research study is all about AT TIME OF PANDEMIC
- Must be clearly stated, concise, and ● NURSING CARE
consists of not more than 15 words, PRACTICES = only
if possible variable kasi
● Pwede mag abot to 20 words qualitative ito
- Reflected here are the variables of
the study, particularly the
relationship among variables and B. INTRODUCTION
proposed target population - This section presents a brief
● Dependent before discussion of the rationale and
independent variables background of the problem or
● Substantive = words that subject of inquiry
can tell all - This serves as the springboard for
● Include target population the statement of the problem
- Must be written in all capital letters - Should stimulate the interest of the
(upper case), arial font and font size reader
11, in single space and inverted ● You can put your experience
pyramid form from the past which led you
in starting this research that
Examples: can stimulate the interest of
1. WORK VALUES OF the reader
NURSES AND THEIR - Sets the stage for the presentation
CLINICAL PERFORMANCE of the study.
IN SELECTED - The parts include the following:
GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS a. The context of the problem
IN DAVAO REGION and its historical background
● Nurses = target - What are the
population variables of the study
● Work values = - Dependent variable
variables (1st paragraph)
2. THERMOREGULATION OF - Independent variable
NEWBORN INFANTS (2nd variable)
UTILIZING MINERAL - Rationale (why you
WATER CONTAINER WITH are more interested to
DROP LIGHT this problem)
NOTE: E bold lang ang main topics
 b. Authoritative viewpoints on
the problems;
c. The researcher’s interest in
working on the problem; and
- Statistics of the local
and or the place
where you have
observed the problem
d. The purpose of the study in
relation to the problem.
IMRAD - pwede na ilagay ang significance
of the study dapat general statement. hindi
specified.
C. REVIEW OF LITERATURE (Hindi ito
nakabold kasi part ito ng introduction)
- This consists of a collection of
pertinent findings, published or
unpublished in local or foreign
settings
- Provides discussions of facts,
principles, trends and practices to
which the present study is related
- Used to support our own findings
later own
NOTE: IMRAD - Part of chapter one
(introduction)
Published = professional journals (DOI; inlet
in the journals)
Collection of pertinent problems
The following are sources of related
information and data:
a. Books;
b. Articles;
c. Pertinent documents;
d. Publications;
e. Speeches;
f. Programmes;
g. Theses; and
h. dissertations.
Types of Related Literature
1. Conceptual literature
- These are non-research
reference materials written
by authorities on the subject
which embody experiences,
study (Sources: books,
encyclopedia, etc.)
2. Research literature
- These consists of studies
and researches or theses
and dissertations, published
or unpublished which have a
bearing on the current
research
Purposes of Related Literature
1. Demonstrates the researcher’s
comprehensive grasp of issues
related to the current research.
2. Reflects the researcher’s awareness
of the recent developments in the
area of concern
3. Provides a frame of reference of the
current research substantively.
4. Specifies where the previous study
ends and where the current study
begins
5. Discloses findings of the previous
researchers that have a bearing on
the current research
6. Determines the researchability and
feasibility of the problem under study
● Many literatures ensures you
that you have enough
support for your findings later
on
7. Identifies the appropriate research
method and techniques; effective
procedure in data gathering; and
clues how to ensure the accuracy
and effectiveness of data analysis
● Pwede gawing from
qualitative to quantitative
basta meron kang enough na
 literature na makasupport sa 1. Visit the library and gather pertinent
research mo materials for review
8. Serves as a connecting link between 2. Organizing the review
the findings of previous researchers 3. Consolidating ideas from various
and the results of the current study. sources coherently in order to
● Hindi kailangan na same ng develop a meaningful review of
results ang study; mas better related literature
ito kasi merong argument na a. Locate literature
mangyayari between the ● write in the
results kardex the
9. Defines terms and suggest location of the
assumptions box
10. Provides clues on the sequence of ● Author
research activities ot be pursued ● Title
● Reference
Sources of Materials for Literature b. Read materials
Review comprehensively and
1. Primary sources get a clear viewpoints
- Where the information and about the literature
data for the review are taken c. Take note of
directly from the original information embodied
research or author of the in the literature review
reference material like: such as:
nursing literature, theories, - Facts,
ideas from other sources and statistics,
empirical (experimental) findings of the
studies previous
e.g AIDS related researchers,
projects methods,
2. Secondary sources techniques,
- Where the materials for the theories, etc.
review are taken from the d. Synthesize the review
researcher or an author who materials
cited the original author in his
work, as in the case of the 4. Note- taking and documentation
following:
a. Replications a. Summarizing. This is the
b. Thesis review overall discussion of what the
c. Review of related study is all about
research ● Hindi siya necessary
d. Thesis critique na mahaba ang
e. Thesis abstract paragraph, pwede
portion lang ng
Preparing the Literature Review importante na
 gimention gn author - Concept is a building block of theory;
ang ilagay mo a word picture or basic idea of a
b. Quoting. The material read phenomenon that symbolizes reality,
is written as stated by the it can be either
author which could be direct a. Abstract concept ( nursing,
or verbatim man, health, community)
c. Paraphrasing. The material b. Concrete concept ( nurse,
read is stated in the girl, able, davao)
researchers’ own words - In dealing with
d. Acknowledging sources of concepts, the
data and information following processes
● IMRAD are considered:
- Vancouver - a. Conceptualization - a
(1) depending process of forming
on the basic ideas, designs,
reference list plans or strategies
● APA format based on given facts,
(alphabetical format) situations and
5. Presenting the contents of the examples applicable
review to the present study
● Independent variables should b. Fact - is the most
be discuss first then the basic term in
dependent variable research that is
6. Take note of the fallacies in the irreducible because it
literature review is an established and
verifiable truth
D. THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - Facts are the
- A theory comes from a greek word building
“theoria” which means a speculation blocks of
- Theories provide description and theories,
explanation of a phenomenon and hypotheses
are subject to further development and
- A theory is a basis of policies and propositions. If
practices in a particular discipline facts are
that gives specific direction to the insufficient,
researchers solution of hie/his research
research problem results will not
- A theory provides professional be conclusive
autonomy and power by guiding and and reliable
directing the practice, education and c. Constructs - are
research functions of the profession. highly abstract,
comled phenomena
Characteristics of a theory that are not
observable, but
- It consists of a set of concepts inferred from concrete
 or less abstract Theory also consists of propositions, each
indicators o a given of which indicates relationships between
phenomenon ( concepts derived from empirical data
wellness, mental PROPOSITION. A statement or
health, self-esteem, assertion of the relationship between
and emotional status) concepts derived from theories or
generalizations based on epmiprical or
d. Conceptual factual data.
framework. Consists
of specific or well A theory is represented y conceptual
defined concepts and paradigm and conceptual method
constructs, which
helps clarify the Paradigm. Represents global issues about
overall underpinnings individuals, groups, situations and events of
of the research interest to the profession
variables in terms of
how these concepts Nursing Theories
are defined and 1. Florence Nightingale
operationalized (e.g. 2. Lydia Hall
oxygenation, fluids 3. Virginia Henderson
and electrolytes, 4. Hildegard Peplau
metabolism) 5. Faye Abdellah
e. Theoretical 6. Dorothea Orem
Framework. Consists 7. Carmencita Abaquin
of proposition, 8. Martha Rogers
concepts and 9. Myra Levine
constructs used 10. Sr. Callista Roy
meaningfully as 11. Imogene King
basis of the study 12. Betty Newman
It is called conceptual framework since the 13. Madeleine Leininger
concepts are knitted together into a 14. Rozanno Locsin
coherent system to describe or explain the 15. Jean Watson
variables of the study: 16. Joyce Travelbee
17. Ramona Mercer
A research study need a conceptual or
theoretical framework in order to:
1. Justify the rationale behind the
investigation Conceptual paradigm
2. Give reasons for searching new data - This is a diagram that visually
and for analyzing, interpreting and presents and interprets the
synthesizing these data; and underlying theory, principles and
3. Cite theories in which the study is concepts of research
premised. In order to establish the
relationship among the variables of It is also a visual presentation of variables
the studies that interrelate with one another as
perceived by the researcher before an
actua; empirical investigation is done to
prove its relationships
Maybe constructed in the following manner
1. This is presented in solid lines
indicating direct relationship and
dotted lines indicating indirect
relation
2. This is presented with basic shapes
and arrows that indicate flows od
direction, interaction,
interdependence and
interrelationship
3. This should be properly labeled
4. Make the diagram short and simple
in order not to confuse readers
5.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS PART 2
Quanti - no theori and conceptu
Kaya lang ang theory kay pwede
siya ilagay sa rrl?
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- The problem must be clearly stated
- It must be expressed in precise
terms as the subject of inquiry
- It indicates the population and the
variables of the study
- Consists of the main or major
problem (general statement of the
problem) and specific or sub
problems which will be worked out in
response to the inquiry
- Maybe state in various ways….
- It is a continuation of the introduction
a. Interrogative form
- A major question is followed
by specific questions or
several questions to answer
a single problem
- The question is expressed
simply an direct to the point
which requires the precise
answer and focuses attention
the inquiry
- E.g what is the relationship
between the dependency
level of post-op renal patient
and their rate of recovery
■ What is the level of
anxiety of clients?
b. The declarative form (SPC)
- Can also be a major question
followed by specific ones
- Used when writing SOP
- E.g this study will determine
the extent of skills
preparation and the level of
confidence of student nurses
c. A combination of both.
Ex.
- What is the extent of sills
preparation?
- What is the level of confidence of
student nurses?
- What is the relationship of skills
preparation between level of
confidence
Title: The dependency level of post-op
renal patients and their rate of recovery
Generalized
This study will evaluate/determine the
dependency level of post op renal patients
and their rate of recovery
Specific
 1. What is the dependency level of
post-op renal patients?
2. What is the rate of recovery of
post-op renal patients?
3. What is the relationship of the
dependency level and the rate of
recovery of post op renal patients?
RESEARCH VARIABLES
- Variable are qualities, properties or
characteristics of people, things,
events or situations under study that
vary from one person to another
- These variables are assessed and
measured quantitatively and
qualitatively
E.g. height, weight, sex, age civil
status, bloood pressure, anxiety
level, body temeperature
Types of Variables
1. Independent variable
- These are factors that are
being manipulated by the
researcher and the focus of
inquiry
- They are called
experimental, treatment,
causal or stimulus variables
- The variability of thr
independent variable
influences to a great extent
the variability of the
dependent variable being
studied
- Siya bale ang reason bakit
naga result ng ito or ganyan.
Title: Effects of music on fetal responses
during non stress test
Independent: Music
Dependent: Fetal responses
Title: The extent of skills preparation and
the level of confidence of student nurses
Independent: Extent of skills preparation
Dependent:
Title: The dependency level of post-op
renal patients and their rate of recovery
Independent:
Dependent:
E.g. 1. Work values of nurses managers
2. Mineral water container with droplight
2. Dependent variable
- This is a variable that is
affected or influenced by the
independent variable
- It si called criterion, effect,
response or outcome
variable; which captures the
interest of the researcher
E.g.
1. clinical performance of staff nurses
2. Thermoregulation of infants
3. Intervening variables
- This is a factor or variable
that exists between the
independent and the
dependent variable
- It is a variable that explains
why the relationship exists
and bears influence on the
effect of the independent
variable on the dependent
variable
 - This is also called as
correlated or mediator
variables
E.g. time management, goals and objective
birth weight, method of delivery
4. Moderator variable
- This is a variable that affects the
strength or direction of the
relationship between the
independent and the dependent
variable
- The IV interacts with the moderator
variable which makes the
relationships of the independent and
dependent variable stronger or
weaker in regard to the different
values of the moderating variable
E.g. The degree of anxiety experienced
during hospitalization is low among toddlers
who had previous hospitalization
(moderating variable)
HYPOTHESES (is)
- Is if singular, es if plural
- These are theoretical explanations
of a phenomenon
- They are statements that translate a
problem into precise, inabiguous
predictions of expected outcomes
- May be a “shrewd guess” or
inference, an “intellectual
propositions” formulated to explain
observed facts or conditions in order
to guide the investigation further
- It must be tested and verifiable by
observations
- If naay significant relationship
Based on the statement problem no 3
1. SOP is about the independent
variable
2. SOP is about the dependent variable
3. SOP about the relationship between
the independent and dependent
variable (Lead you to the hypothesis;
but hindi naga confine to one
hypothesis kung naay more than
one inferential question there should
be more than one hypothesis)
4. SOP is about the effects of the
factors
These are also speculations of how
variables in the study will work out and
provide predicted answers.
How to formulate the hypothesis?
1. Hypotheses are stated in a
declarative form, while research
problems are generally interrogative
2. Hypotheses related to the problems
raised in the study
3. Hypotheses should be stated before
the conduct of the study because
they give direction to the gathering
and interpretation of the data and
help in the solutio of the problem
(CBQ)
NUMBER 1 EXAMPLE:
Problem: Is there a significant relationship
between tactile and auditory stimulation and
the heartbeat rate response of premature
infants
Hypothesis: there is no significant
relationship between tactile and auditory
stimulations and the heartbeat rate
response of premature infants
NUMBER 2 EXAMPLE:
Problem: Is there a significant difference in
the level of patients satisfaction using
primary nursing and the case method of
nursing assignment
 1. What is the patient's satisfaction weight as infants born to non-heroin
using primary nursing and the case addicted mothers
method of nursing assignment ? OR
- There is no significant relationship
2. What is the patients satisfactions between maternal heroin addiction
using a case method of nursing and birth weight of infants
assignment

3. Is there a significant difference of the DETERMINANTS OF STRESS

patient satisfaction nursing primary INFLUENCING CLINICAL PERFORMANCE
nursing and the case method of OF STAFF NURSES
nursing assignment - this will lead
you to the hypotheses Statement of the Problem
This study will identify the
Hypothesis: there is no significant difference determinants of stress that influence the
in the level of patient satisfaction using clinical performance
primary nursing and the case of method of
nursing assignment

RESEARCH VS. STATISTICAL

HYPOTHESES
- This is referred to as substantive or
declarative hypothesis or statement
Specifically, this study will answer the
of expected relationships
following questions:
- It is also known as alternative
1. What is the
hypothesis (Ha)
2. What is the level of the clinical
- E.g. Infants born to heroin-addicted
performance of staff nurses?
mothers have the same birth weight
3. Is there a significance relationships
as infants born to non-heroin
in the levels
addicted mothers
OR
- There is a significant relationship
between maternal heroin addiction
and birth weight of infants

b. Statistical Hypothesis
- This is stated in null form that there
exist no significant relationship or
difference between the IV and DV
- This is also known as Null
Hypothesis (Ho)
- E.g. Infants born to heroin-addicted
mothers do not have the same birth
Null hypotheses

Ho1 (should be in subscript, ang 1 mas
mababa sa o) there is no significant
relationships in the levels of perception of
staff nurses on the determinant of stress
and their clinical performance
Ho2 the determinants of stress do not
significantly influence the clinical
performance of staff nurses
The Purpose of The Study
- Pag-Qualitative study kay dapat ang
“purpose of the study” ang
subheading
Title: The experiences of
student nurses caring for
intubated clients
Ex. This study will explain the
experiences of student
nurses caring for intubated
clients.
- This is a statement of the reason or
reasons for undertaking the study or
the statement of the researcher’s
rule intention of the study
- The following are the
characteristics:
a. The goals of the
study are expressed
in a broad statement
of purpose:
b. The specific
objectives of the
study are expressed
in a statement that
pinpoints the main
concern of the study
Ang research questions kay naa siya sa
interview guide in the appendix of the paper
kasi nandoon man ang mga instruments
pati questionnaires gibutang
E.g the purpose of this study is to identify
factors that maximize opportunities for
mothers of hospitalized children to
participate in their care.
This study will determine which
parental style and attitude are most
significant to the emotional intelligence
development
Assumptions
- These are statements or assertions
related to the problem usually drawn
from the theoretical framework.
These are accepted by the
researcher as true on the basis of
logic and reason. Hence, they do not
need to be tested.
Types of assumptions
1. Universal assumptions
- These come from the
knowledge of the
researcher and from
observed facts
related to the problem
which are presumed
as true
E.g all human beings
needs love
2. Study assumptions
- These are assertions
needed in the pursuit
of the study as they
serve as starting
points from which the
study proceeds
Definitions of terms
- Facilitate understanding of the study
by defining terms or variables
according to their contextual use
- Reasons of defining:
 a. To guide and direct the service, to society and its implication
researcher in quantifying and to the future researchers
qualifying the variables. The following benefits are:
b. To ensure clarity of the a. Improvements of
meaning of the variables and policies, programs
minimize the readers and practices;
(kulang) b. Contribution to the
particular field of
study or profession in
Types of definition terms of knowledge,
a. Conceptual definition skills, and new
- This is the universal technology;
definition of a term c. Guide in decision
understood by people making;
- Sources: dictionary, RL, d. Added knowledge
authoritative sources and expertise for
individual
b. Operational definition practitioners;
- The researcher’s own e. New theory learned;
definition of terms as used in and
the study. It is concrete and f. Personal and societal
measurable development
- Sources: Research studies.
Empirical data, RL

c. Lexical definitions
- These are definitions taken
from authorities on the Beneficiaries of research studies
subjects or terms being a. The nursing profession as
defined whole;
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY b. The public as end users of
- In the pursuit of the study, the quality nursing care:
researcher cites the importance, - The nursing service
responsiveness, or relevance of - nursing education
expected outcomes of the - Nursing students, and
investigation and its probable effects - Hospital
on a nursing theory or practice Administrators
- Only use the null hypothesis and
significance of the study. No longer The findings of the study will benefit the
needs definitions of terms following sectors:
- It is also emphasized in this section
the significant contributions of the Nursing Personnel. For better
proposed research study to its target understanding and appreciation of their
population, to the different sectors in legitimate roles and functions and for them
nursing educations and nursing
to maximize their efforts in providing better
nursing care
Nursing Service Administrators. to revise
the hospital nursing operational manuals,
provide orientation to newly hired personnel,
and enhance job description
The Participants of this study. For the
added knowledge and appreciation on the
basic health protocol implementation
The Community. To get the best quality
care from competent nursing personnel, and
be assured of their basic rights to a decent
and healthful life
The researchers and future researchers.
For the new theory learned and for the
conduct of the study similar to this s the
results can be confirmed and verified
Nursing Education. By identifying ital
competencies to be developed in nursing
students, particularly proficiency of roles
and functions in patient care and
supervision
Hospital administrators. For depth
insights into the actual activities of nursing
personnel in relation to the hospital's
standard of healthcare.
Barangay health leaders. For the strict
implementation of the basic health protocol
among their constituents thus preventing
further the spread of virus
NOTES:
Margin
- Left 1 ½ top below right 1
- No hanging spaces = meaning you
have to continue your work
- Ex. If your background of the study
consumes only 1 ½ bond paper,
your RRL should immediately comes
in
After one topic, three single spaces or 2 and
½ spaces another topic again
1 space and then second count write “ lit
reviews”
Heading
- introduction , 1.5 spacing and then
background of the study na
Quantitative
- Regarding the conceptual
framework, wag lakihan ang box.
Ang pinaka importante is same sila
size.
- It should be uppercase and
lowercase always
- Main topic: written in bold (Example:
Methods)
Reference list
- Included at the end of the
introduction
- Vancouver style
- Backmost
- Dili dapat e cut, kung unsay naa sa
internet mao lang tong sundon
Justified margins at the right side
- Left: 1 and ½
- Right 1 inch
- Words should be in lined with the
margin
Midterm exam graded according to:

Format 15%
Comprehensiveness 15%
Completeness 70 points
Background of the study 10 pts
RRL 10 points
Theoretical framework 10 points
Conceptual framework 10 points
Hypothesis 5 points
Significance of the study 10 points
Reference list (Pero ang title
references lang) 5 points
Total = 100 points

Deadline:
- October 20, 2022
- Plastic envelope (May nakasulat na
section, group, members, date of
passing and professor)

Pagwalang factors dapat ang arrow kay

double headed (Conceptual framework)
 - This is conducted in a specialized
THE RESEARCH DESIGN setting (laboratory, experimental unit
- Design lang ang ilagay sa paper or research center)
- This is the researcher’s pan of - In here, the researcher controls and
a. how the study will be manipulates the independent
conducted variable and randomly assigns the
b. the type of data that will be subjects to different conditions or
conducted situations
c. The techniques or the means - The researcher consciously
to be used to obtain these manipulates or controls situations
data, related to the study, thus interfering
d. the reasons for the choice of with nature.
the subjects, ● Control group
e. the manner of determining - Are very important
the sample size since magpoint out
f. the instruments or tool to sila kung anong
used and their validation, and design ang gamitin
g. the data analysis scheme without it hindi
maconsider na
This is the part of research wich involves experimental study
the choice of overall methods by which ang isang study
respondents will be selected controlled and - Observations are done in a
recognized controlled conditions or environment
The characteristics of research design are:
a. A detailed explanation of techniques Ex. Quantitative research = will use
and procedures for data collection phenomenological design
and analysis (Research design).
b. A description of the target E.g. “Thermoregulation of Infants Utilizing
population, the location or setting of Mineral Water Container and Droplight”
the study and the procedure for the
choice of samples or respondents Types of experimental research
(sampling design or participants). 1. True Experiment
c. A clear description of tools and - This is an inquiry that
instruments to be used and the considers four properties of
statistical treatment of data to be experimental research
applied (Instrumentation and Properties of true experiment:
Statistics). A. Manipulation
- The researcher subjects the
TYPES OF BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN respondents of the study to a
a. Experimental research particular situation for a
- This design is an inquiry on cause specific purpose
and effect relationships
● Cause- independent
● Effect- dependent
B. Control
- The researcher imposes certain
conditions over the experimental
situation such as the use of:
1. A control group. A group that
is not subjected to any
experimental treatment. This
is usually used to evaluate
the performance of the
experimental group
2. An experimental group. A
group that is subjected to the
treatment used by the
researcher and whose
performance is compared
and analyses according to
the performance of the
control group
Ex. Droplight = control group
kasi common na siya
Water bottle container - ito
kasi kay resources siya so
masali ito sa experimentation
C. Randomization
- The researcher assigns subjects to a
control or experimental group on
random basis, which means that
every subject has an equal chance
of being assigned to any group
- Ex.
● Even numbers= assigned to
control group
● Odd numbers = assigned to
experimental group
D. Validity
- The researcher must ensure the
validity of data gathered, so it will
objectively answer all research
questions or test hypotheses.
1. Internal validity - this means
the degree to which changes
in the dependent variable (
effects) can be attributed to
the independent variable
(cause)
2. External validity
- This is the degree to
which study results
can be influenced or
affected by the other
populations and
settings
Types of true experimental designs
Basic experiment
a. The Post-test only design
- This refers to the
randomization and
experimental treatment of the
subjects that were
completed, followed by a
posttest on the performance
of the subjects on certain
variables
E.g. Health teachings on patients with
urinary incontinence
b. The Pretest and Posttest Design
- This refers to the pretest and
posttest conducted before
and after experimental
treatment was done to the
control and experimental
groups
E.g. Effectiveness of the Use of Guava
Leaves for External Flushing to Post Partum
to Prevent Infection
The control group will use tap water for
external flushing
The experimental group will use the guava
leaves for external flushing
 - Pretest shall be done prior to
treatment
- Posttest shall again be administered
to both groups after their treatment
2. Quasi-experiment
- This is an experiment that lacks one
or more of the four properties of the
true experiment
- The missing ingredient is either
randomization or control group or
validity component
E.g. Administering a drug to a group of
infants whose mothers are heroine addicted
to see if the treatment can increase or
decrease the weight of the infant. (No
control group can be used here)
Advantages of Experimental design
1. Explains and establishes causal
relationships of variables.
2. Increases purity of observation
3. Creates conditions in the
experimental setting that
approximates the natural setting;
and
4. Free from the pressures of daily life
when conducted in a controlled unit
Disadvantages of experimental design
1. Dangerous, particularly if human
beings are used as subjects
2. Difficult to create conditions;
3. Time constraint;
4. Non-cooperation of subjects;
5. Population constraints; and
6. A generalization may not be reliable
if done in an artificial setting
7.
B. Non- Experimental Research
- This research is often known as
“surveys”, which have les control
over the study subjects and the
setting where it is conducted
The researcher does not interfere
with nature, and the conditions for research
are realistic or natural.
They are research situations in
which the researcher cannot control and
manipulate the independent variable.
They are mostly conducted in a
natural settings such as schools, hospitals,
and other public agencies, and home of
patients, among others
Types of non-experimental design
1. Basic or library research
2. Applied research or action research
Basic or Library Research
● This is called pure research for
purpoes of generating new
knowledge
● This is intended to increase
knowledge in science
● This includes reading books and
literature, listening to discussions,
journal analysis, browsing articles
from internet and website and
teleconferencing among others
● The end product is purely body
knowledge
● Its goals are to improve patient care,
alleviate the problem of nursing
shortage, enrich the nursing
curriculum, and strengthen the
organization of nursing service
Applied research or action research
- This is taken for practical purposes
- It seems solutions to immediate
problems that have been identified
by the clients and the nurse in the
actual setting
- It is a collaborative process involving
other members of the health care
team that provides solution to
practical problems in the
organization
Types of applied research Research data greatly affect the
a. Historical design implications of research findings of the
- This is a critical development theory
investigation and
anylsis of evets, 1. Cross-sectional data
developments, and - These are present data or
experiences of the events occurring at the time
past research.
- It describes the past - These examine the subjects
in relation ot the at one point in time and
present situations gathered when the time
- Analyze the frame is of short duration
implications in E.g. A study is conducted on the amount of
relation to the norm nursing care a patient receives on certain
E.g The Evolution of Nursing Practice from days according to categorization of needs
the time of FLorence Nightingale and problems

b. Descriptive Design 2. Retrospective Data

- A study that describes the - Commonly called Ex-Post
nature of the phenomena Facto studies
under investigation after a - Data are collected on events
survey of the current trends in the past before a study
and conditions that elate to design is completed or data
the phenomenon. collected “after the fact”
E.g. Fear responses of children during
Types of descriptive research physical examination. The data will
1. Descriptive Normative surveys expectedly indicate previous unpleasant
2. Correlational studies experiences which health workers that could
3. Comparative studies have influenced the children’s behavior
4. Descriptive evaluative surveys or
methodological studies 3. Prospective Data
5. Problem-solving - Refers to future data or
6. Decision making events that occured after the
7. Case study study design has been
8. Content analysis
9. Feasibility studies - business E.g. What will happen to cancer patients
purposes who are discharged from the hospital after
six months
Types of research data
- This is determined by the purose of Advantages of non-experimental Research
the study, the method of research 1. Retrospective and less expensive
used and the tools to be used in 2. Adequate time
gatherig the data 3. Cooperation is easy to obtain
4. Funding may be available for a
representative target population
Disadvantages of Non-Experimental
Research
1. Non capable of estimating causal
relationships in the same degree as
experimental research
2. Non applicable to a new product or
procedure.
3. It is not useful in the development of
theories, principles and concepts
4. Oftentimes not considered as true
research and may not get financial
support
C. combined experimental and
Non-experimental research design
- These are known as partial
experimennts or partially controlled
non-experimental designs. A natural
setting is used, such as a nursing
unit in a hospital. However, the
research exercises some control in
the assignment of the study subjects
to various study groups
D. Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Design
1. Quantitative Research
- Also considered as the heart
“hard science”
- Applies to experimental
studies that yield numerical
data which can be subjected
to statistical analysis
Types of Quantitative Research
a. Surveys
b. Methodological Research - entails
numbers
c. Evaluative Research - same with
methodological research, also
contains numbers
d. Content analysis
- Ex. To check the samples
that needs to be analyzed
e. Clinical trials or intervention
Research - or intervention research,
otherwise known as experimental
studies, clinical trials made by
doctors, pharmacists
2. Qualitative Research
- This type focuses on insights into
and understanding of individual
perceptions on the phenomenon
under study
- This is considered as “soft science,
concerned with the subjective
meaning of experience to an
individual
- A bricoleur is a person who is
immersed in a data situation and has
the expertise to do qualitative
research.
Types of Qualitative research
1. Phenomenological Studies
- Exploration of experiences in
certain phenomenon of the
participants
2. Ethnographic studies
- Deals with lifestyle in the
people of the community
- Difference of
phenomenological and
ethnographic is that in
ethnographic we need to
immersed and learn the
lifestyle of the participants
3. Grounded theories
- This research would lead one
into certain theory
4. Historical studies
5. Case studies
6. Field studies
- Business
7. Biographies
 - SPC cannot be mentioned because
that would be unethical
- Do not mention identifiers
B. This study will be conducted in of the
health center in Davao City specifically
inside its conference room

C. This study will be conducted in the

homes of the participants
- Do not specify the address

3 single spaces - write design

Normative survey
- Survey of perception
- Does not correlate or compare

SETTING (last line of your design; 2= 1.5

spaces on the second enter you will put the
word settings)
- The place where the study will be
actually conducted
- It can in a laboratory, research
centers or units
- It can also be in natural places such
as hospitals, schools, community,
and homes of the participants of the
study
- It can also be done virtually using
platforms like zoom, messenger
video, or google especially at this
time of pandemic
Note:
- You cannot identify SPC if you will
be using messenger/zoom or any
social media platforms,
- Identify exactly what platforms you
will use.

Ex.

a. This study will be conducted at one

of the Tertiary School in Davao City
specifically inside the consultation
room of the library
PARTICIPANTS (subtitles)
- The appropriate objects or
respondents of the study that will
generate data specific to the
purpose or objective of the inquiry
Sampling procedure
- This entails selection of appropriate
subjects or respondents of the study
Guideposts on the sampling procedure
1. Universe
- This refers to the target
population, the group of
people or objects from which
the researcher intends to
collect data and generalize
the finds of the study
- Generally used
E.g. patients, student nurses, staff
nurses
2. Population
- This refers to the accessible
group of individuals from
which the sample will be
drawn by the research,
consistent with specific
criteria, or the total possible
participation of the group in
the study
- This also refers to that
portion of the universe
accessible to the researchers
Population types
a. Target population - the group
of individuals or objects
about which speculative
information is desired
E.g.
● all student nurses of
X college of Nursing
● all patients in the
medical-surgical ward
b. Subjects or respondent
population - the group of
individuals or objects chosen
to provide data and
information needed in a
research
- Used only in
experimental type of
research while the
participants refers to
nonexperimental
research design
E.g. BSN IV or the graduating
students of X College of Nursing
c. Stratum - a mutually
exclusive segment of the
population distinguished by
one or more traits or
qualifications.
E.g. Age, youngest to oldest
Civil Status, single and
married
3. Sampling
- This is the process of
selecting a representative
position of the population to
the represent the entire
population
This involves:
a. Sampling unit - a specific area or
place which can be used during the
sampling process
E.g medical-surgical ward
b. Sampling Frame - complete list of
sampling units from which the
sample is drawn.
E.g. If there are a total of 10 clinical
areas in a hospital only 2 or 3 areas
are sampled.
c. Sampling design - the scheme that
specifies the number of samples
 drawn from the population, the
inclusion, and exclusion criteria for
their choice and the sampling
technique used.
- To get the sample size from
the population, the Sloven
Formula may be used.
4. Sample
- This is a (actual) portion of
the population from which
data will be solicited for
purposes of the research
- It is a subgroup of the
population which constitutes
the subjects or respondents
of the study
- Madetermine dito kung ilan
na kadami or ilan ang total
population
- May be categorized as
respondents of the study who
will respond to the study, and
or subjects of the study who
will receive treatment or
special attention during
conduct of the study.
- sampling bias or distortions
may arise when a sample is
not representative of the
population from which it was
drawn
E.g. From a universe of 500 student nurses,
only 100 BSN IV students are considered as
the target population and only 50 students
out of the 100 are chosen as samples for
the actual study. Thus, only 50 students
represent the 500 student nurses
Steps in sampling
a. Identify the target population or the
universe. The group t which you
want to apply your findings.
E.g
All graduating students.
All juvenile diabetics of Davao City
b. Identify your Respondent
Population. The portion of the target
population accessible to you from
whom you will draw needed data
and information
Eg.
BSN graduating students
Juvenile diabetics with insulin
deficiency
c. Specify the inclusion and exclusion
criteria for respondent selection.
Criteria must be specific with respect
to the characteristics of the
respondents
E.g. Inclusion criteria -
● BSN graduating students with no
RLE deficiencies; Male and female;
Have had intensive practicum in
special area
Exclusion criteria
- Grades lower than 80% in academia
and RLE
- With RLE deficiencies
- Not less than three or more than four
years in the nursing program
d. Specify the sample design. Once the
respondent population is identifies,
decide how the samples will be
chosen and how large this will be by
considering the representative
proportion of the population
E.g. probability sampling using random
sampling or non probability sampling using
purposive sampling
e. Recruit the Subjects/ Respondents.
When the sampling design has been
determined, recruit now the subjects
or respondents kulang
Types or Categorization of Sampling
1. Non-probability sampling
2. Probability sampling
Non-probability Sampling
- In here, the respondents or subjects
are selected in a random way. The
researcher desires to use the
available subjects at her
convenience anytime during the
period of the study
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
a. Accidental or convenience sampling
- Uses the most readily
available or most convenient
group of people or objects as
study respondents
b. Quota Sampling
- Divides the population into a
homogenous strata or group
to ensure representative
proportions. Then the
researcher established
desired proportions for some
variables of interest to be
able to solicit homogenous
data
c. Purposive or Judgment sampling
- Respondents are handpicked
to be included in the
sampling frame based on
certain qualities for purposes
of the study. This is
commonly used in qualitative
studies
d. Snowball or Network Sampling
- This consists of identification
of a few persons who meet
the requisite characteristics
of the study and who in turn
refer to other individuals who
may be interviewed. This
process continues until the
desired number of
respondents is reached.
ADVANTAGES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
1. Convenient
2. Economical
DISADVANTAGES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
1. It is like to produce biased sample or
eros in judgment because the
researcher cannot estimate the
precise elements of the population
that will be included in the samples
2. Certain elements may have no
chance to be included in the sample
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- This Involves the random selection
of subjects/respondents. The goal is
to examine representative elements
of the population
Types of Probability Sampling
a. Simple Random Sampling. The
selection on a random basis of
elements from a sampling frame.
Each element has an equal chance
or probability of being chosen as
subject of the study
 - Listahan ng samples and
units where we are supposed
to get them
b. Stratified Random Sampling. Divides
the population into a homogenous
subgroups from which elements are
selected at random
c. Cluster sampling or multi-stage
sampling. The successive selection
of random samples from larger to
smalle units by either simple random
or stratified random methods. It
involves several stages in drawing
the samples from the population
d. Systematic or Sequential sampling.
The selection of every 10th name in
a list of patients in odd or even
numbered rooms; every 5th house
on the block; every 6th baby in the
nursery
Advantage: there is less bias as every
element in the population is given an equal
chance to be selected
Disadvantages: it is time consuming,
expensive, inconvenient, and impossible to
obtain
Elements refers to entities that kae up the
sample and the population
EXAMPLES on how to write the participants
in the study
Participants
The participants of this study will be
the Deans of the selected Centers of
Excellence in Nursing Education (COENE).
However, other pieces of information
regarding this study will be taken from the
recent school records. The Deans hold the
tenure status of the institution and more
importantly they are willing to take part in
the study.
Participants
A total of 47 Barangay Health
workers (BHWs) will participate in the study
using purposive sampling. To minimize
ambiguity, the participants will satisfy the
criteria set by the researchers. The inclusion
criteria for focus group discussions (FGDs)
and in -depth interviews include BHWs who
are willing, oriented, trained, deployed, 20
years old and above, and with three years
experience as BHW. They are chosen
regardless of the source of their financial or
material support whether from city,
municipality or barangay levels. Thus, this
study excludes the newly hired BHWs
though with comprehensive training and
orientation from the City Health Office
(CHO).
Participants
The participants of the study will be
the employees and managers of the
hospital. Included in the study are those in
regular status. Employed from 6 months
and over without regard to sex. On the other
hand, those on probationary status will be
excluding from participating in the study. A
total of 114 participants will be selected
using random sampling.
 2. Scanning Questionnaire
Measures - In here, the survey system
Subtopic: Design produces questionnaires
Research Instrumentation
- This is the process of knowing what 3. Interview guide
instruments or measures will be - This is the second most used
used in the conduct of the study so research instrument
relevant or appropriate data will be - The researcher, in a
gathered from the participants. one-on-one dialogue with
subjects, participant, asks or
Instruments reads the questions to illicit
- Are specially prepared tools or answers to the latter
devices used to collect needed data - The researcher may use
or information and facilitate other devices or methods to
observation and measurement of ensure that data are
research variables, consistent with accurately recorded such as
the purpose of the study video or tape recorder
- Must be valid and reliable to avoid - A researcher assistant may
inaccurate data help record the questions
- Most often use in qualitative
Note: The one who will validate the studies
instruments are the experts in the field - Methods of interviewing:
a. Personal interview
Ex. Nursing theories - nurses are the one b. Telephone surveys
who will validate c. Mail surveys
d. Computer direct
Statisticians - responsible for data analysis, interview
the one who will compute the results e. E-mail surveys
f. Internet surveys
Terms to consider:
Types of Research instruments a. Interview schedule - is used for
1. Questionnaire formal interview (set with the
- Is the most frequently used participants)
to gather data b. Interview guide - is used in informal
- It is a paper and pencil interview
approach in which 4. Anecdotal Records and other
participants are asked to documentary materials
answer a set of printed - There are written records
questions (description) of the participants
- Data and information are - Ex. Evidences such as grades, ilang
based of demographic profile times na siya na jury, ilang times
and perceptions of the siya nag absent or any material that
participants regarding the can prove that a certain person is
variables of the study healthy (medical certification from a
physician)
5. Mechanical instruments
Types of questions asked
1. Open-ended
- Participants are given
enough flexibility to answer
the questions
- Is most appropriate for
exploratory research but is
most difficult to administer
and analyze
- The question given allows
the participant to answer the
way she wants to answer
- NO fixed answer to it
- Appropriate to exploratory
research
E.g. Give your comments and suggestions
to improve teaching and learning process in
the clinical area at this time of pandemic
2. Close -ended
- Participants answer a banned
number of alternative and/or
fixed answer
Types
a. Dichotomous items - allows the P to
choose between two response
alternatives.
E.g. Have you ever been pregnant
() yes () no
b. Multichotomous items - these allow
participants to answer questions with
a range of responses as in multiple
choice test
c. Fixed-Alternative Items- participants
are allowed multiple response
alternatives. These are good when
possible replies are few and clear
cut
E.g. how favorable is it to you to get
pregnant at this time?
() Very favorable
() Favorable
() Not sure
() Unfavorable
() Very favorable
d. Projective Questions- uses a vague
question such as in fill-in-the-blank
sentences. Difficult to analyze so
better used in exploratory research.
E.g. ___stimulates the employees to work
e. Cafeteria questions - P are asked to
respond according to their won
viewpoint
E.g people have different views on family
planning. Which if the following best
represents your views?
1. FP is necessary to quality life.
2. FP is immoral and must be totally
3. FP is moral and should be practiced.
4. FP has beneficial effects that merits
the practice.
5. FP has undesirable side effects that
suggest need for caution
F. Rank- Order Questions - P are asked to
rank answers from “most” to “least”
important, relevant, reasonable, frequent, or
beneficial
E.g. Why must FP be practices? Rank your
answer from 1 “most to 5 “least” questions
Kulang
G. Checklist- also called the matrix
questions. Questions are written horizontally
while P’s answers are written vertically. The
P checks the appropriate answer
Ways of Stating Research Questions
1. State the questions in the affirmative
rather than in a negative manner
2. Questions should be neutrally
worded to avoid biased responses
3. Ambiguous questions must be
avoided
4. Avoid double negative questions
which can be difficult
Ex. Family planning is immoral and
shouldn’t be totally banned
5. Avoid double barreled questions or
two questions stated as
Ex. Did you already graduate and do
you plan to go abroad? Or Do you
plan to go abroad after you
graduate?
Advantages of the Use of Questionnaires
1. Facilitate data gathering
2. Easy to test data for reliability and
validity
3. Less time consuming than interview
and observation
4. Preserves the annuity and
confidentiality of the participant’s
reactions and answers
Disadvantages of the use questionnaires
1. Printing and mailing is costly
2. Response rate may be low
3. Participants may provide only
socially acceptable answers
4. There is less chance to clarify
ambiguous answers
5. Participants must be literate and no
physical handicaps
6. Rate of retrieval can be low because
retrieval itself is difficult.
Advantages of interviews
1. Responses are broad and varied
- Why yes or why no ang
questions
2. Participants can give complete
answers if questions are well
structured
3. Verbal and non- verbal behaviors
can be observed
- Needs to have a research
assistant to observant the
behavior of the participant
4. There is flexibility in questions asked
and participants' reaction to these.
Disadvantages of Interviews
1. Time consuming and
expensive
2. Schedule for interview may
be difficult to make
3. Participants’ answers may be
influence by the interviewers
4. Interviewers need training
Measurement of variables
- This is assigning numerical values to
variables
- Ways of assigning these numbers
include counting and ranking of
objects or events
1. Quantitative measurement of
variables
- Data are defined in such a
way that they can be
explained according to the
scale of measurement
- Scale of measurement refers
to the device that assigns
code numbers to subjects in
order to place them in a
continuum with respect to the
attributes being measures
such as height, weight,
temperature, nursing care,
among others. The code
numbers
B. Ordinal Scale- this is used in ordering Pretest participants are part of the
observations, according to magnitude or population with similar
intensity. Data are categorized and ranked characteristics to those of the actual
ordered from most to least or highest to study participants or subjects, but
lowest according to frequency of occurrence they will not participate in the actual
or values. survey.

NOTE: Interview questions should be Criteria for evaluating

structured or unstructured 1. Reliability. Refers to the
degree of consistency or
Structured - formal interviews, where accuracy with which the
interview schedules will be used instrument measures the
Unstructured - informal interviews variables of study
2. Validity. The degree to which
1. Likert scale an instrument measures
- Ps are asked to what it intents to measure.
indicate the degree to An instrument may be
which they agree or reliable but not valid
disagree with the 3. Efficiency. Refers to the
ideas expressed by capability of the instruments
the indicator. It is to measure items within a
used to assess the given time frame
attitude of the Ps 4. Objectivity. The degree to
towards the variables which two independent users
being investigated of the instruments will obtai
E.g. Variables on sanctity of marriage identified or similar scores on
5- Strongly Agree the phenomenon under
4- Agree study.
3- Uncertain 5. Speed. Quick, fast, and
2- Disagree complete results are ensured
1- Strongly Disagree within the time frame allowed
to obtain data
2. Graphic rating scale 6. Simplicity. Clear and simple
- Ps are asked t in order to avoid the risk of
respond in a bipolar errors
continuum such as 7. Meaningfulness. The extend
to which the data collected
will be of value and practical
- The Field Test or Dry- Run or Pilot for use of the sectors
Test concerned.
Research instruments are best
assessed for their validity and Examples on how measures can be
reliability by means of a pretest, etc. presented in the paper
This is a trial version of the study
Measures
The study will use a
researcher-made questionnaire based on
the review of literature and related studies.
Part I of the study questionnaire is intended
to obtain the demographic data of the
participants, wherein the participants will be
requested to provide their profile information
needed for the study. Part II includes true or
false questionnaire on t he level of
knowledge of the five (5) elements of patient
safety culture among staff nurses. On the
other hand, part II measure the self reported
practices of the (5) five elements of patient
safety culture using likert scale
questionnaire

(ADD SA LAST: This instruments will be

validated by experts and will be pretested)
(Present tense and future tense, never past
tense)
In order to score and interpret the finding of
the study, the following will be the bases:
For the Level of Knwledge
For a qualitative study
Measures
A researcher-made semi-structures
interview guide will be used in data
gathering. It will comprised of five (5) major
questions with sub-questions or probing
questions that are focused on hte
experiences of nurses caring for a dying
patient. On the other hand, a tape recorder
will be used after the participant consents to
its use to ensure the accuracy of the
information gathered from the participants.
The interview guid will be submitted to three
(3) experts for content validation.

NOTE: NO PILOT TESTING, ONLY

VALIDATION

DATA ANALYSIS

Statistical measurements in research

Statistics - is a branch of mathematics used
to summarize, organize, preent, analyze,
interpret numerical data such as the
numerical characteristics of sample
parameters and the numerical b. Testing the Null hypothesis
characteristics of a population - Steps in testing the Ho are
as follows:
1. State the
Kinds of Statistics research
1. Descriptive statistics hypothesis
- Refers to statistics intended (Ha);
to organize and summarize 2. State the null
numerical data from the hypothesis
population and sample (Ho);
- Uses of descriptive statistics 3. Choose the
a. Measures and condenses data in appropriate
- Frequency distribution kulang statistical test
b. measures of central tendency - uses for a given
to describe the mean, median and data;
mode
2. Inferential statistics 4. Determine the level of significant
- It is concerned with population and difference, the relationship or correlation
the use of sample data to predict between the given variables in order to
future occurrences reject or accep the HO
- Uses of inferential statistics

a. To estimate population parameter,

the following facts are considered:
- Sampling error which is the
difference between data
obtained from a random
sampled population and data
that would be obtained if the Statistical tool for treatment of data
entire population is 1. Percentage
measured. This occurs when 2. Ranking
the sample does not 3. Weighted mean or overall average
accurately reflect the 4. Measures of central tendency like
population. mean, median and mode
- Sampling distribution is a 5. Standard deviation
theoretical frequency 6. The T-test
distribution based on an 7. The one-way analysis of variance or
infinite number of samples ANOVA
- Sampling bias occurs when 8. Multiple regresstudion analysis
samples are not carefulyy
selected as in
non-probabibility sampling
For the Qualitative Study “To the faculty of school of nursing” dili
- Colaizzie’s method which follows na “nursing department”
seven (7) steps: (paragraph form)
1. Reading all the contents of the - Submit the final paper on
interview to grasp the general idea November 29, next week
of the participants
2. Quoting the substantial statements
(Do not include: “Hulat sa maam
Biosketch
mag isip sa ako”
3. Formulate meaning into groups of
themes
4. Summarizing the meanings into
groups of themes
5. Mixing the groups of themes into
descriptions
6. Creating the fundamental structure
7. Verifying the data analysis results to Baliktad ang interpretation and description
the participants

Arrangement
● design
● setting
● participants
● measure
● procedure
● ethical consideration
● data analysis

Appendices
Appendix
A- letter of participants
B- Informed consent form
C- plagiarism & grammarly results
D- biosketch (pic of 2x2)
E- validators
F- criteria for validating
G- interview guide

Letter for the participants

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Plagiarism and grammarly results
Biosketch - picture (formal - 2x2)
 Change to scientific experts
Change: panel of evaluators to Scientific
experts

Change: ethics committee to Research

Ethics Committee

Prepare: 600 pesos for the panelists

APPENDIX A
● Double space
● Letter to the Dean
● 3 single spaces
● Date (Kailan sinulat ang letter)
● Double space
● Dear, Good Day!
● If group 1 of BSN 3J are involved in
nursing 211, we will be conducting a
thesis entitled “TITLE.” In line with
this or in regards with this I would
like to ask for permission to….
● Respectfully yours
● Member’s names
● After “The researchers”
● Then noted by “Professor Ninfa
Galendez”

Appendix B
Letter of Response