111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1HANOI UNIVERSITY OF

POLYTECHNICS
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MATERIAL TEST REPORT

Instructor : Tran Thi Thu Trang

Performed by student : Nguyen Thanh Linh

MSSV : 20212254

Class : Printing Techniques 01-K66

Hanoi, 2023
Lesson 1: DETERMINING THE VISCOSITY OF FLOWING LIQUID PRINTING
INK
1. Purpose:
- Determine the viscosity of thin ink that flows easily (flow time < 100 s).
- Practice methods to change ink viscosity.
2: Theoretical basis:
- Ink needs to have a certain viscosity to ensure adhesion and rheology (ability to
flow) in accordance with printing technology, printing method and printing material.
- The viscosity of ink depends on the type and content of adhesives, thinners
or solvents in the "binding system" of the ink. In addition, the viscosity
of the ink also depends on the running speed of the machine. or temperature. Different
types of ink
use different binders, thinners or solvents.
- To change the viscosity of ink, one can adjust the composition and content of
adhesives, thinners or solvents in the "
binding system" in the ink.
- Depending on the type of ink, there is a suitable viscosity measurement method.
Thick ink (hard to flow) often determines the viscosity using the falling bar viscometer
method.
 Thin (easy-to-flow) ink can have its viscosity determined by using a
metal cup-type funnel, these are two methods of static viscosity measurement.
 Besides Printing ink can be measured using the Brookfield method.
3: Principles for determining the viscosity of thin printing (easy to flow):
The time in seconds to drain a certain amount of ink from a funnel-shaped metal cup
is an index of the ink's viscosity. The longer the ink flows, the more viscous the ink
becomes.
Convert flow time (s) to viscosity centipoises (CP)

CP = txdx K

Where t is the time it takes for all the ink to flow out of the cup, d is the density of the ink
and k is the coefficient
depending on the diameter of the cup shown in the following table:
Cup.No Diameter (in) K
first 0.8 1.1
2 0.11 3.5
3 0.15 11,17
 4 0.17 14.8
5 0.21 23

4: Tools and chemicals to determine the viscosity of thin water-based ink (easy to
flow):
 The viscometer used for the experiment is cup.No 4 with a capacity of 50ml
 Water
 Water-based ink
 Stirrer, glass rod
 Stopwatch
5 : Report experimental results and comments:
5.1: Table of experimental results:
Flow time (s)

First time 2nd 3 times Medium Viscosity

(CP)
Water 5.96 6.08 5.82 5.95 88.12
Ink 1 21.39 20.49 21.02 20.97 310.36
Ink 2 30.36 30.97 30.22 30.52 451.65
Ink 3 41.80 42.61 40.64 41.68 616.91
Ink 4 13.96 13.96 13.27 13.73 203.20
Squid 5 10.97 10.97 10.83 10.92 161.67
Squid 6 55.90 55.90 56.45 56.08 830.03
Table 1.1
Note:
 Ink 1: 100ml water-based ink (M1)
 Ink 2- Ink 3: Mixed original ink (M2-M3)
 Toner 4: 10ml water + 90ml M1 (M4)
 Toner 5: 20ml water + 80ml M1 (M5)
 Toner 6: 20g filler + 80g M1 (M6)
Formula to convert flow time (s) to centipoises (CP)
CP = txdx K
In which
o t : is the time it takes to run out of ink in the cup
 o d: is the density of ink (d=1)
o k: is a coefficient depending on the diameter of the cup (Cup No.4 K=14.8)

5.2 Reporting test results:

5.2.1 Present the purpose and meaning of determining ink viscosity:
- The viscosity of ink depends on the type of ink and the content of adhesives and
solvents (or thinners) in the ink's binding system.
- Determining the viscosity will find the viscosity value of that ink. From here we will
check whether properties such as: stickiness, rheology of the ink are compatible with
printing technology, printing method, etc. printed material surface or not. If the ink is too
viscous, it can cause clogging at the printhead needle, creating uneven print quality, or
clogging the printer. If the ink is too thin, it will lose adhesion, creating blurry, unclear
prints.
-If the ink cannot fully meet the requirements, it is necessary to change the viscosity of
the ink by adjusting the ink binding system to obtain ink with a viscosity most suitable
for the printing method.

5.2.2 Comment and analyze experimental results. Evaluate the suitability of

ink samples for different printing technologies:
a, Compare the viscosity of the inks in the experiment:
M5 < M4 < M1 < M2 < M3 < M6.
b, Analysis:
- The flow time of ink is proportional to viscosity.
- Water has the lowest viscosity (88.12 CP) because its composition does not
contain fillers, binding agents, or pigments, so the flow is not hindered.
- Viscosity increases when fillers are added (eg: Viscosity M6 > M1)
- Viscosity decreases when diluted by water or solvent (eg: Viscosity M1 > M4 >
M5)
- Evaluate the suitability of ink samples for printing technologies.
 Data table for ink selection for printing technologies

Based on the table above, we can conclude the suitability of each type of ink for each
printing technology as follows:

M1 Flexopraghic Shipping Printing (Flexo sheets - rolls)

M2 Flexopraghic Shipping Printing (Flexo sheets - rolls)
M3
M4 Flexopraghic Shipping Printing (Flexo sheets - rolls)
M5 Flexopraghic Shipping Printing (Flexo sheets - rolls)
Gravure Shipping Printing (Concave printing, gravure)
M6

 Based on the above calculations and standards, we can determine the suitability of
each type of ink for each printing technology. However, the above options are for
reference only because during the process of performing the experiment, some
errors may occur from experimental operations, instrument errors, environmental
conditions, standardization of measurement samples, and rounding calculations
5.2.3 Comment on the change in ink viscosity in the experiment when adding water
or adhesive in the ink. From there, we can draw conclusions about how to change
the viscosity of the oil ink during technological implementation.
- Change in viscosity of ink in the experiment when adding water or binder to the ink:
 When adding water to ink, the viscosity of the ink decreases (because the flow
time of the ink decreases).
 When adding binders (fillers) to ink, the viscosity of the ink increases (because
the flow time of the ink increases).
- The viscosity of ink depends on the type and content of adhesives, thinners or solvents
in the "binding system" component of the ink. Different types of ink use different binders,
thinners or solvents. To change the viscosity of ink, one can adjust the composition and
content of adhesives, thinners or solvents in the "binding system" in the ink.
 Water-based ink: use water to dilute, use fillers to increase viscosity
 Oil-based ink: use oil to dilute
 Solvent-based ink: use solvent to dilute
- The reduced rheology of the ink leads to thicker ink, possibly due to the drying and
desiccant substances in the ink being too high.
 Lesson 2: SURVEY THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY
1. Purpose:
 Determine the dynamic viscosity of printing ink using the rotating cone method
 Investigate the effect of temperature on ink viscosity
2. Theoretical basis:
Each machine configuration requires an ideal ink viscosity. Ink needs to have a certain
viscosity
to ensure adhesion and rheology (ability to flow) in accordance with printing technology,
printing method and printing material. During operation, the printer's temperature may
change.
Temperature fluctuations have a strong impact on ink viscosity, even for
Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. As the temperature of the ink increases, the
viscosity decreases. For example, a temperature increase
of 5.5 °C can reduce ink viscosity by 50% or more (DeJidas and Destree,
2005). If the ink is not in the right printing condition, the viscosity of the ink will increase
or decrease
to the point where the ink will not transfer properly. That's why it's necessary to keep the
printer at
a constant temperature to minimize ink viscosity fluctuations. Brookfield
viscosity : the ratio between shear stress and shear rate is called the viscosity coefficient.
The viscosity coefficient
is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and is often called the fluid's viscosity
.
There are many methods to determine the viscosity of printing ink.
 Falling blow viscometer method
 measuring tube equipment
3. Experimental tools and chemicals:
-Rotating cone viscometer: Haake RV100. Hat system: pk 2; 0.3 0 , D =20mm,
sample capacity: 0.01ml

Yes Displacement rate coefficient M=88 (s -1 /D%); A= 233(Pa/%t)

- Viscosity is calculated
With η : Viscosity
% τ : Shear stress
%D: Slip
rate - Thin ink.
4 . Experiment report :
4.1: Experimental results table:
Spin speed Temperature Shear stress ( τ ) Sliding speed ( Viscosity ( η )
D)
6 35.0 12.8 0.85 39.87
7 34.2 21.4 0.90 62.96
8 33.8 35.9 1.10 86.41
9 33.5 59.9 1.82 87.14
ten 33.4 100 2.74 96.63
Table 1

Spin speed Temperature Shear stress (D) Sliding speed ( Viscosity ( η )

τ)
6 36.0 12.8 0.81 41.84
7 35.7 21.4 0.85 66.66
8 35.8 35.9 1.06 89.67
9 35.7 59.9 1.75 90.63
ten 35.8 100 2.43 108.96
Table 2
 Spin speed Temperature Shear stress (D) Sliding speed ( Viscosity ( η )
τ)
6 40.3 12.8 0.79 42.90
7 40.3 21.4 0.85 66.66
8 40.2 35.9 0.95 100.06
9 40.4 59.9 0.96 165.21
ten 40.3 100 2.02 131.07
Table 3

4.2 Reporting experimental results:

4.2.1 Presentation on factors affecting ink viscosity. The importance of viscosity to

the machine running process.

Factors affecting ink viscosity:

- Chemical composition: pigment greatly affects the viscosity of ink. Small pigment
particles create disturbances in the liquid layers when these liquid layers deform,
preventing these liquid layers from sliding over each other. Relatedly, we see that
the viscosity of ink is not a constant quantity but depends on the deformation rate
of the ink. The ink that contains less pigment is more liquid and less flexible.
- Temperature has a major impact on the viscosity of inks, including Newtonian or
non-Newtonian liquids. Each type of machine requires an ideal viscosity of ink.
Ink needs to have appropriate viscosity to ensure adhesion and rheology suitable
for printing technology, methods and materials. The viscosity of ink is high when
left alone and decreases when a constant force is applied. Temperature has a
significant impact on viscosity. As the temperature increases, the ink flows faster
because intramolecular movement also increases, and the viscosity decreases.
- When temperature affects the evaporation process of many volatile components in
ink (solvent). When the solvent evaporates too much, the viscosity increases. In
addition, there are a number of factors that affect viscosity: diameter of elastic
 roller, hardness and elastic modulus, properties of roller, rotation speed of roller,
temperature of roller , temperature and humidity of the environment, temperature
of the sample, thickness of the ink film, ink or adhesive, etc.
- If the ink is in less than ideal conditions, the viscosity fluctuates to the point where
the ink will not transfer properly, which can cause color changes between printing
units, resulting in incorrect print colors. Therefore, the printer needs to be at a
constant temperature to limit fluctuations in viscosity. When the ink has too high
viscosity beyond the threshold and is not adjusted due to temperature and running
the machine at high speed, it will cause the paper surface to peel off fibers.
- In short, each type of equipment and technology corresponds to an appropriate
type of ink and during the process of running the machine, it is necessary to keep
the appropriate temperature to minimize fluctuations in viscosity.
 LESSON 3: DETERMINING SOME BASIC PROPERTIES OF PAPER
1. Purpose:
 Understand the structure of printed paper
 Know and practice determining some basic properties of paper including
grain direction paper , paper surface , paper color.
 Understand the causes that affect the properties of paper
2. Theoretical basis:
2.1: Composition of paper:
Main components of paper: Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignine and auxiliary substances
family.
 Cellulose: (C6H10O5)nn = 100 – 10,000 Has a crystalline structure , containing
OH groups that make them capable of absorbing water and hatched chest.

 Hemicellulose: Amorphous structure, easily hydrolyzed by acids and bases.

 Lignine : Has an amorphous structure, is a substance that binds cellulose fibers

together and is a layer that protects cellulose from destruction by bacteria or fungi.
Is a component in wood. Creates hardness for wood, is waterproof and
highly resistant to decomposition. When exposed to light and ambient air, the
lignin structure changes
and oxidizes, creating yellow and brown colors.
 Additives: glue group, filler group, color additive group, and
paper production environment.
2.2: Properties of paper:
 Optical properties: brightness, whiteness, gloss, color of paper
 Physical properties: quantity, thickness, density (g/cm3)
 Paper durability: tear resistance, folding resistance, moisture resistance, surface
durability, burst resistance...
 Absorbent properties.
In this experiment, some properties of paper will be tested:
Paper grain direction: is the direction of cellulose fibers arranged on paper (
this direction is parallel to the paper production direction)
-Properties such as tensile strength, durability The tear strength, bearing capacity,
bending capacity, and folding ability of paper are different depending on whether
the paper edges are parallel or not. perpendicular to the direction of the paper
grain.
-When exposed to moisture, paper has the ability to absorb moisture thanks to the
(OH) groups,
so the paper has the property of stretching more perpendicular to the grain
direction than with a direction parallel to the grain direction of the paper.
Paper side: The paper machine has one mesh side, so the characteristics of the
two paper sides are
different.
- Different paper surfaces will be able to resist the pulling force that causes the
fibers
to bow out of the surface. Paper with poor surface strength may fray on the surface
or cause problems during transportation in equipment and printing processes in the
printer.
Paper color: Each color is characterized by 3 basic components: Hue,

Chroma, lightness.
2.3: CIE color matching system:
CIE color systems use a 3-axis coordinate system to locate a color in space color
space. Color spaces include: CIE XYZ; CIE L*a*b*; CIE L*C*h*; The advantage
of these color spaces is that they are device independent, based on average
perception of humans with color harmony functions.
3. Experimental tools and chemistry:
- Two types of paper: offset couche.
- Xrite spectrometer.
..

4. Experiment report:
4.1: Paper grain direction
* How to determine paper grain direction and explain

Method 1:
- Step 1: Use 2 strips of paper measuring 21 x 2 (cm) cut along 2 dimensions of
the paper (Couche or Offset paper) and mark AB.
- Step 2: Stack 2 pieces of paper on top of each other and hold one end tightly.
Step 1: Place strip A above strip B below, observe (Image)
Second time: keep the 2 strips in place, then flip them 180 degrees and observe
(Image)

Comments and explanations:

When the paper is folded down completely, it shows the horizontal grain direction
compared to the length of the piece of paper. And vice versa, the less folded paper
strip has a grain direction parallel to the length of the paper.

Explanation: Paper grain direction is the direction of cellulose fibers arranged on

paper parallel to the production direction. Based on this detail, we can explain the
above phenomenon. When you put the paper down in the direction of the cellulose
fibers and hold one end tightly and let the other end fall freely, the paper is less
likely to bend because there are cellulose fibers like a support river so that the
paper can be as straight as possible. On the contrary, when the grain direction is
perpendicular to the direction of dropping the paper strip, it cannot create a spine
line to help the paper straighten up, then the paper strip will fold down more.
Image of the results obtained:
Method 2: Based on humidity
Take a 10 x 10 cm sheet of paper, wipe water on both edges of the paper and
observe.

Paper has the ability to absorb thanks to -OH groups, so paper has the property of
stretching more in the direction perpendicular to the grain direction than the
direction parallel to the grain direction. On the surface of the paper, ripples appear,
creating grooves parallel to the direction of the cellulose fibers - or the direction of
the paper. The wave is due to the cellulose fibers absorbing water, causing them to
swell, the horizontal stretch is not uniform with the absorbency, expansion of
additives, and fillers in the paper, so bond reaction interactions can occur, leading
to ripples in the fibers of paper.
Pictures of experimental results:

Method 3: Tear paper:

Take two identical 10 x 10 cm sheets of paper and tear each sheet in one direction,
observing.
 Based on the properties of cellulose fibers and how they are arranged together. If
tearing paper creates a straight line with little skew, that is the direction of the
paper grain. If the oblique tear fold is not straight, it means you are tearing in a
direction that is not consistent with the direction of the paper poem. According to
the grain direction, the bond between cellulose fibers is mainly fillers and
additives in paper production, leading to poor bonding properties and easy
breakage. Therefore, when driving in the direction of the paper grain, it will be
easier. When tearing perpendicularly or not in the direction of the paper grain, it
will break and fracture the structure of the cellulose fibers, so the tear shape will

not be straight.
Images of experimental results

4.2: Paper side:

- After drying the paper, we observe that there will always be one side of the paper
bent, forming a groove. This change can be explained in the paper production
process. The paper machine has a mesh surface, so the characteristics of the two
sides of the paper are different.
People put the tightly woven mesh surface into the water containing ingredients
such as paper fibers, wood pulp, bleach and additives... When the mesh surface is
lifted up, the mesh surface is mainly cellulose fibers, while the net surface is
mainly cellulose fibers. The bottom side will contain additives, located in very
small mesh holes. When dried, one side of the paper will concentrate a lot of
cellulose fibers, while the other side will have more filler. Furthermore, cellulose
has better water absorption properties than milk, the main moisture content for
paper (about 7%). At that time, the fibers will swell, and when dried, the moisture
will evaporate, causing the paper to dry and shrink, leading to the phenomenon of
the paper bending. The side that is crimped is the side that contains more cellulose
than when the paper is folded. On the contrary, the other side contains more
additives.
 - Experimental images:

- The importance of determining the paper surface in printing: we need to choose

the top surface of the paper because it has good absorbency, so we will avoid the
risk of ink not absorbing into the paper, which when moved will easily cause
problems. color fading. In particular, the top surface of the paper is smoother so
the ink prints evenly, with many micro-holes appearing that reduce light reflection
so the print will be dark, giving unsatisfactory quality. Thereby we determine the
paper surface will help printing ensure better colors and ensure better dryness
during printing.

4.3: Color of paper

Kind of paper Location L a b

Couche first 82.54 -3.03 13.39
2 83.00 -2.98 12.95
3 82.76 -3.51 13.21
4 82.93 -3.24 13.10
5 82.77 -3.22 12.84
Offset first 80.83 -1.84 6.64
2 80.51 -2.26 6.88
3 80.78 -2.12 6.45
4 80.42 -1.93 6.32
5 80.79 -2.28 6.76
Tables
- Comments on the color characteristics of paper:
 Couche paper is coated so the paper surface has better brightness.
Offset paper has more micro-holes so that when light arrives, it will be less
reflected.
- The importance of determining the color of the paper: helps us choose the
appropriate paper and align the amount of ink offset with the color of the paper to
get satisfactory prints. Or choose the best materials to ensure the highest color
purity.
- Causes of paper color:
The color of paper depends on the material color and chemicals contained in the
paper. These factors include additives, fillers, detergents, colorants, wood pulp,
and how the wood pulp is treated. The smaller the fibers in the wood pulp, the
higher the fineness and fewer micropores, allowing the incoming light to be
reflected evenly to the eyes, creating a feeling of not being dark. On the contrary,
if the wood pulp is not carefully processed, it will result in large micro-holes, and
light will be reflected unevenly, causing a darker color.
Bleaching agents and fillers are used to increase the whiteness and smoothness of
paper. The fillers have the function of penetrating into the micropores, filling the
gaps between fibers. There are also some influences from the paper production
environment, how to preserve paper,...
 Lesson 4: SURVEYING COLOR DENSITY CHANGES ACCORDING TO
THE RATIO OF PIGMENT IN THE INK
1.Purpose of experiment:
 Evaluate the change in color of the ink layer when the pigment ratio changes.
 Determine the appropriate pigment ratio.

2. Theoretical basis:
2.1: Lambert Beer's Law:
The level of light absorption of the colorant layer depends on the thickness and
concentration of the absorber (colorant).

C - absorbent concentration is constant

I 0 – Intensity of incident rays
I – Ray intensity
dI = CIdx

 When increasing the thickness of the absorption layer, the absorption increases,
which means increasing the purity of the reflected light, leading to an increase in
color intensity (increasing color density D).
2.2: Color density:
Optical density is a measure of how well an illuminated surface absorbs light. Optical
density is defined as the inverse ratio of reflected or
transmitted light

In there:
D is the optical density, the reflectance or transmittance coefficient

Color density is the optical density value calculated according to the degree of selective
absorption of electromagnetic radiation of
that color.
3 . Tools and equipment:
 Pigment has been dispersed
 Solvents and binding agents
 200 ml cup; measuring tube.
 Ink film modeling tool
 X-rite DTP22 digital swatchbook spectrophotometer color
4. Experiment report:
4.1: Ink film samples and parameter measurement results:

Origi Measurement parameters

Solve
nal
nt
Sample Practice sample ink
mass L a b D
weigh
(g)
t (g)

M1 30 70 71.18 -18.51 -2.52 0.51

M2 50 50 69.21 -21.33 -5.00 0.57

M3 70 30 66.39 -23.79 -9.66 0.66

Graph of relationship between color density and pigment mass %.

4.2: Comment on results:
- From the graph above, we see that pigment volume is proportional to color density, the
more pigment volume, the greater the color density.
- From the experimental data table, we see that the mass percentage increases with
decreasing luminosity L. Explanation for this phenomenon: When light reaches the ink
layer, it will be absorbed by more light rays. The higher the percentage of pigment in the
ink layer, the less reflective it is and the less it reflects light rays.
 LESSON 5: DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF PAPER ON COLOR DENSITY
OF PRODUCTS.
1. Purpose:
 Preliminary assessment of paper characteristics.
 Evaluate the color change of the ink layer when changing the paper type.
2. Theoretical basis:
2.1: Optical density:
Optical density is a measure of how well an illuminated surface absorbs light. Optical
density is defined as the inverse ratio of reflected or
transmitted light

In there:
D is the optical density, the reflectance or transmittance coefficient

Color density is the optical density value calculated according to the degree of selective
absorption of electromagnetic radiation of
that color.
2.2: Dependence of the incoming ear and the reflex ear to the eye:

3. Laboratory tools:
 Ink film modeling tool
 Offset printing ink
 Types of paper: (different types of paper have the same weight and same
whiteness;
same type of paper has different whitenesses)
 X-rite DTP22 digital swatchbook spectrophotometer color
4. Experiment report:
4.1: Table of sample measurement results:

Paper
No templat Ink film sample L a b D
e
Flat
beach
60 g/m
first 74.07 1.72 71.29 0.26
2

Whiten
ess 90
Flat
beach
60 g/m 75.61 68.78 0.24
2 1.32
2

Whiten
ess 80

Offset
76.33 3.69 68.96 0.22
3 140 g/
m2

Couche
77.18 -6.17 74.48 0.24
4 140 g/
m2
 Couche
78.57 -7.09 68.59
5 230 0.23
g/ m 2

4.2: Comments:
*How the color density changes for the film on each type of paper
The density of the ink film increases in the following order
Offset 140 < Couche 230 < Couche 140 = Flat yardage 60/80 < Flat yardage 60/90
During the experiment, small errors may occur such as uneven ink layer formation and
scratched areas may occur during the measurement process. However, based on the above
results table, we see that the color density of the Couche 140 and couche 230 groups are
equivalent. In the remaining paper sample, we can clearly see the difference in color
density. And between the two groups, there is a negligible difference in density.
*Evaluate the change in color parameters when changing paper type:
Based on the Lab color chart, we can see that the brightness of the Couche paper group
is slightly better than the flat and offset groups. The luminosity L of the offset group has a
relatively slight increase. 60/90 flat paper has the smallest brightness. Therefore, we can
confirm that the Couche paper group has the ability to reproduce and restore colors better.
The flat and offset paper groups have a positive a index, while the Couch paper group has
a negative a index. The b index of Couche 140 paper is the highest, the rest are only
equivalent. Lab color coordinates of paper types:
Offset and flat paper are both in the quadrant containing more Yellow with a lower Green
recovery index than the two types of Couche paper.
*Causes of color differences when changing paper types:
Because each type of paper has a different composition and ratio of binding agents
Offset paper and Couche paper have higher brightness and surface smoothness than flat
paper. In particular, Couche paper has a coating layer that helps fill the micro-holes, so
the smoothness is higher, leading to better reflectivity, retaining pigment particles on the
surface of the paper, so after printing, the ink on the paper can be The better the light
reflection, the brighter the print will be.
Flat ground paper has a lower brightness because the pulp has not been thoroughly
milled, causing the fiber bonds to be loose, larger micro-pores, and a rough surface
leading to poor reflectivity to the eye, so flat ground paper brighter than other papers.
Due to the large pores, pigment particles tend to penetrate below the surface, leading to
reduced color purity. In addition, the substances in the binding system also affect the
whiteness of the paper such as: bleaching agents, additives, fillers...