SECONDARY

DISTRIBUTION

Pogoy, Arsenet P..

Tumampo, Mary Rose
What is Secondary Distribution System?

The secondary distribution system typically refers to

the network responsible for distributing electricity
from substations to end-users, such as homes and
businesses. It involves transformers, distribution lines,
and other components that step down voltage for safe
consumption.
 SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

A low-voltage network or secondary network is a part

of electric power distribution which carries electric
energy from distribution transformers to electricity
meters of end customers.
 SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

Secondary networks are operated at a low voltage level,

which is typically equal to the mains voltage of electric
appliances. Most modern secondary networks are
operated at AC rated voltage of , at the frequency of 50 or
60 hertz.
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

Operating voltage, required number of phases

(three-phase or single-phase) and required
reliability dictate topology and configuration
of the network.
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Electric power distribution systems are
designed to serve their customers with
reliable and high-quality power. The most
common distribution system consists of simple
radial circuits (feeders) that can be overhead,
underground, or a combination.
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
Distribution transformers
or secondary
transformers, placed
along feeders, convert the
voltage from the medium
to a low voltage level,
suitable for direct
consumption by end
customers (mains
voltage).
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER

Typically, a rural primary feeder supplies up to 50

distribution transformers, spread over a wide region
but the figure significantly varies depending on
configuration. They are sited on pole tops, cellars or
designated small plots.
From these
transformers, low
voltage or
secondary network
branches off to the
customer
connections at
customer premises,
equipped with
electric meters
Customers are connected to distribution systems via
service drops. Customers close to a distribution
transformer are able to have service drops directly
connected to transformer secondary connections.
Other customers are reached by routing a secondary
main for service drop connections.

Systems utilizing secondary mains are characterized

by a small number of large distribution transformers
rather than a large number of small distribution
transformers
CONFIGURATION OF SECONDARY
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
RADIAL NETWORK

Radial operation is the most widespread and

most economic design of both MV and LV
networks. It provides a sufficiently high
degree of reliability and service continuity
for most customers.
In American (120 V) system, the customers are
commonly supplied directly from the distribution
transformers via relatively short service drop
lines, in star-like topology.

In 240 V system, the customers are served by

several low-voltage feeders, realized by overhead
power lines, aerial or underground power cables,
or their mixture.
SPOT NETWORK
Spot networks are used when increased reliability of
supply is required for important customers. The
low-voltage network is supplied from two or more
distribution transformers at a single site, each fed
from a different MV feeder (which may originate
from the same or different substations).
The transformers are connected together with a bus or
a cable on secondary side, termed paralleling bus or
collector bus. The paralleling bus typically does not
have connecting cables (reaches) to other network
units, in which case such networks are termed isolating
spot networks. When they have, they are referred to as
spot network with reach.

In some cases, fast-acting secondary bus tie breaker

may be applied between bus sections to isolate faults
in the secondary switchgear and limit loss of service
GRID NETWORK

A grid networks consist of an interconnected grid of

circuit , energized from several primary feeders
through distribution transformers at multiple
locations. Grid networks are typically featured in
downtowns of large cities, with connecting cables
laid out in underground conduits along the streets.
Numerous cables allow for multiple current paths
from every transformer to every load within the
grid
Individual cable sections may be protected by
cable limiters on both ends, special fuses
providing very fast short-circuit protection.

The inherent system redundancy generally

prevents any customer from experiencing outage.