Analytic Geometry

199
A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development
Module
In
Math 110B
CALCULUS 1
College of Engineering and Technology

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
200
Lesson No. 4
Analytic Geometry
1st Semester AY 2020-2021
Jose L. Zumarraga
Instructor I
Joriz U. Cardejon
Assistant Professor II
Jessa C. Austria
Instructor I
Fairy Jean C. Vergara
Instructor I

201
Table of Contents
Content Page
Cover Page 1
Title Page 2
Table of Contents 3
Instruction to the User 202
Introduction 202
Overview 202
Learning Outcomes 202
Lesson 1 (College Algebra)
Lesson 2 (Trigonometry)
Lesson 3 (Solid Mensuration)
Lesson 4 (Analytic Geometry) 204
Pretest 203
Activity 1 292
Posttest 293
References 293
Student’s Information
Back Cover (Vision, Mission, Core Values)

202
INTRODUCTION
This material will be your mode of instruction for the rest of the semester amidst this Covid-
19 pandemic. It consists of pre-test, lesson proper, activities and post-test to ensure that you can
really learn something at the end.
This module discusses the very root of algebra. It includes operations in algebraic
expressions that is required to be learned and prepares you to the next higher level of mathematics
and professional courses as well. Your cooperation is very much needed through reading and
solving problem practices that will give you the success of learning process.
OVERVIEW
This module will be the fourth part of bridging program prior to Calculus 1 proper which is defined
as Differential Calculus. It will serve as a review to students and will deal on the prerequisite subject which
is Analytic Geometry.
A. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to

1. solve word problems related on distance between two points,
2. solve word problems related to slope and angles,
3. find the x – intercept of the line,
4. solve word problems related to circle,
5. solve word problems related to hyperbola.
B. Time allotment: 3 weeks (January 4 to 22)

203
Pre-test 4
This is not a test as basis for your grade, failing the test is alright. No time limits. This will also serve
as a review. Try your best to answer the items below.
Instructions:
 Write your answers and solution on your personal notebook.
 To get full points, your solutions must be concise and properly presented.
 Final answers should be boxed.
 Work independently
1. Given a relation between and ; , determine the value of if .
2. The relation is equivalent to
3. Slope is the ratio of rise (horizontal) to run (vertical) of a straight line. Given the slope of ⁄ ,
What should be the run for a horizontal line segment of 9.

204
C. Discussion
1. The Cartesian coordinate system

Analytic geometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with the properties,
behaviors and solution of points, lines, curves, angles, surfaces and solids by means of
algebraic method in relation to a coordinate system.
Cartesian coordinate system consists of two perpendicular lines called the
and the , together they are known as the
Cartesian coordinate axes. Their point of intersection is called the origin. The coordinate axes
divide the plane into four quadrants.
A convenient unit of measurement is usually chosen and marked off on each axis.
Distances measured to the right of the y-axis and parallel to the x-axis are considered positive
while distances measured to the left of y-axis are negative. Distances measured upward from
the x-axis and parallel to the y-axis are considered positive while those measured downward
from x-axis are negative.
The position of any point on a plane may be determined by its distance from the y-axis
(abscissa or x-coordinate) and its distance from the x-axis (ordinate or y-coordinate).
Coordinates of a point are written in parentheses putting the abscissa first. A variable point
maybe denoted by . In case of fixed point where numerical coordinates are not given
letters of alphabet maybe used like .
4
3
2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1 1 2 3 4
-2
-3
-4

205
1.1 Points and lines in plane

Distance between two points
By Pythagorean theorem
√ , ,
√ the distance formula
Let
By Pythagorean theorem
√ , ,

206
Example
Find the distance between the points and .
Figure
4
3
2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1 1 2 3 4
-2
-3
-4
Solution
Using the distance formula (noting that instead of we are using ).
√ √
√ √ √
Example
Show that points , and are in a straight line.
Figure

207
Solution
The points are in a straight line if the sum of the two shorter distances is equal to the
longest distance.
For short distances
√[ ] √
√[ ] [ ] √ √
√
For longest distance
√[ ] √ √
√
As assumed
√ √ √
√ √ Hence proven
Example
The vertices of the base of an isosceles triangle are at and . Find the
ordinate of the third vertex if its abscissa is .
Figure

208
Solution
Let be the required point. Since is the base then the sides and must
equal (two sides of an isosceles triangle are equal. Hence
√ √
Squaring both sides
The third vertex is at
Division of line segment

A line segment may be divided internally (when the point of division is on the line) or
externally (when point of division lies on the extension).
Consider internal division of line segment

209
To determine the coordinate of the dividing point, we consider the and use
proportion.
and have the same sign since they are measured in the same sense. We
introduce a ratio as basis for proportion of division.
Where and . ( means “proportional to).

Hence
Or
Simplifying, we obtain
Similarly, by proportions
Consider external division of line segment (extension point)

210
Simplifying, we obtain
( ) ( )
Similarly, by proportions
( ) ( )
Example
The line segment joining and is to be divided into five equal
parts. Find the point of division closest to .
Figure
4
3
2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1 1 2 3 4
-2
-3
-4
Solution
Since is to be divided into five parts, we may consider to be one part and
to be four parts. It follows and .
or
Using the given formula for values of and , let , , , ,

, and .

211
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
The point of division is at
( ⁄ ⁄ )
Example
The line segment from to is to be extended (from ) a distance
equal to twice its length. Find the terminal point.
Figure
4
3
2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1 1 2 3 4
-2
-3
-4
-5
Solution
Since is to be extended twice its length, we have total of three parts from to ,
we may consider to be one part and to be two parts. It follows and .
We are going to use the formula for external division of line segment.
or
Using the given formula for values of and , let , , , ,

, and .

212
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
The point of extension is at
Midpoint of a line segment

A special case of the division of a line segment is that where we have the point of
division at the midpoint. In the given formula it just means that the two ratios are equal, that is
. Substituting these values to either formula of division or extension we have
And
These are the formulas for midpoint of a line segment, .

Example
Find the midpoint of the segment joining and
Figure
5
4
3
2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2
-3
-4
-5

213
Solution
Using formula for midpoint where , , ,
⁄ ⁄ [ ]
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
The mid-point division is at
( ⁄ )
Angle of inclination
A straight line makes four angle with the . The positive angle (measured from
positive in a counter-clockwise direction and never greater than ) that the
straight line makes with the positive is called its angle of inclination or simply
inclination denoted here as α.
Consider figure 1, the angle of inclination of is .
Figure 1

214

Figure 2
Slope of a line
The slope denoted by the letter , of a straight line is equal to the tangent of its angle
of inclination.
Slope in terms of coordinates

Consider the line joining two distinct points and . Draw the auxiliary lines
and forming the right triangle .

215
The slope of the line can now be expressed in terms of coordinates of and
noting and .
Substituting, we obtain the formula for slope of a line in terms of coordinates
Slope of parallel lines

Lines and are parallel if their angle of inclination are equal, that is . Thus
it follows for lines and to be parallel

216
Slope of perpendicular lines

Consider now a line perpendicular to line .
Let the angle of inclination of be . In figure we have
Being equal their tangents are equal
From trigonometry,
Since the tangent of the angle of inclination is equal to the slope of the line
The slopes of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocal to each other.

217
Example
Find the slope of the line joining and
With the subscripts chosen, then , , and
( )
Subscripts may be interchanged, that is, is changed to and

is changed to , then , , and then
( )
⁄ with the same result
Example
Show by formula and ⁄ that the triangle whose vertices are

, and is a right triangle.

218
Figure
We can prove to be a right triangle by showing that is perpendicular to

.
Consider
( )
the slope of
Consider
( )
the slope of
Since can be proven as ⁄ , that is
Therefore is right triangle

219
Example
Show by formula and (when lines are parallel) that the points
, , , and are the vertices of a parallelogram.
Figure
We can prove the shape is a parallelogram by showing opposite sides are parallel to
each other.
Consider
( )
the slope of
Consider (the opposite side of )
the slope of
Since , then opposite sides and are parallel.
Consider
( )
( )
⁄ the slope of
Consider (the opposite side of )
( )

220
⁄ the slope of
Since ⁄ , then opposite sides and are parallel.
Since the opposite sides of are parallel to each other, therefore it is a

parallelogram.
Angle formed by two lines

We will consider the angle from one line to another line as the angle through which
the first line is to be rotated in a counter-clockwise direction to make it coincide with the
second. It is usually denoted by .
Figure 1

221

Figure 2
In figure 1
In figure 2
[ ]
In both cases, from trigonometry
By formula and . Substituting, we have the formula for the

tangent of the angle from to .
Note: If or is parallel to the , the formula fails

222
Example
Find the angle from the line through and to the line through
and .
Figure
Solution
Let the line be and the line be .
Consider line
( )
⁄ the slope of
Consider line
⁄ the slope of
Using the formula for the tangent of the angle from to .
⁄ ( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )( ⁄ )

223
( ⁄ )
Example
A line with slope intersects a line parallel to the at .
Find the angle from to .
Figure
Solution
This is a special case where formula fails (tangent of is

undefined).
In figure
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
( ⁄ )
Example
The vertices of a triangle are , and . Find the interior angle
at the vertex .

224
Figure
Solution
Let the line be and the line be .
Consider line
⁄ the slope of
Consider line
⁄ the slope of
⁄ ( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )

225
2. Algebraic curves and equations

An equation involving the variables and is usually satisfied by an infinite number
of pairs of values of and , and each pair of values correspond to a point. Those points
follow a pattern according to the given equation and form a definite geometric figure called
the curve or locus of the equation. Each algebraic equation corresponds to a definite curve or
locus, or in some cases, no locus at all.
2.1 Curve tracing

A curve or locus of a given equation may be drawn by point-plotting. This is
accomplished by assigning values to and solving for , or vise-versa. Each pair of values of
and represents a point. By connecting a sufficient number of points with a smooth curve,
we obtain an approximation of the required curve. The number of points necessary to be
plotted is not the same for different curves, but the more points there are, the more accurate
the curve will be. The values of and may be tabulated to facilitate the plotting of points.
Example
Plot the curve represented by the equation
Solution
Assign values to and solve for .
When
When
When
When
When

226
Tabulation
Locus of the equation
y-axis
3
1 x-axis
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9

227
Example
Solution
Express as function of , that is, √ , assign values to then solve for

.
When
√ , √ (undefined)
When
√ ,
When
√ ,
When
√ , √ ,
When
√ , √ ,
Tabulation
√ √

228
9
y-axis
8
3
( √ ) ( √ )
2
( √ ) 1 ( √ ) x-axis
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
-3
-4
Example
Solution
Some values of are very large and to make the graph more compact, each unit along
the is made equivalent to along the . Assign values to and solve
for and tabulate values.
When
,

229
When
,
When
,
When
,
When
,
When
,
When
,
When
,
When
,
Tabulation

230
y-axis
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5 x-axis
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55

231
2.2 Intercepts
The points where the curve crosses the coordinate axes are called the intersections
with the axes. The are the values of the abscissas of the points where the
curve crosses the . The are the values of the ordinates of the points
where the curve crosses the . The are found by setting and
solving for . are found by setting and solving for .
In the figure, the points where the curve crosses the are at , and
. The are , and . The curve crosses the at . The
is .
6
y-axis
5
4 y-intercept
3
1 x-axis
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
x-intercepts
-3

232
Example
Find the intercepts of the curve represented by the equation
The figure need not be drawn

Solution
;
Solve for the values of by synthetic division
Therefore is a root and is a factor
The are , , and
The curve crosses the at , , and .
; ,
The curve crosses the at .
Example
Find the intercepts of the curve represented by the equation
The figure need not be drawn

Solution

233
;
;
The curve crosses the at , , and .
; ,
2.3 Symmetry
The center of symmetry of two points and is the point midway them (figure a).
The axis or line of symmetry of two points is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining
them (figure b).
Figure a Figure b
line of symmetry
A curve is symmetric with respect to a coordinate axis if, for every point of the curve
on one side of the axis, there is a corresponding image point on the opposite side of the axis.

234
A curve is symmetric with respect the origin if, for every point of the curve, there is a
corresponding image point directly opposite and at equal distance from the origin. See figure
Figure
Tests for symmetry
If an equation is unchanged by the substitution of – for , its curve is symmetric with

respect to the x-axis.
If an equation is unchanged by the substitution of – for , its curve is symmetric with

respect to the y-axis.
If an equation is unchanged by the substitution of – for and – for

simultaneously, its curve is symmetric with respect to the origin.
Example
Test for symmetry the curve represented by the equation
Solution
Test symmetry to , substitute – for .

235
The equation is different from original equation. Therefore, not symmetrical to

.
or
.
Test symmetry to , substitute – for and – for simultaneously
or
.
Example
Test for symmetry the curve represented by the equation
Solution
The equation is identical with the original equation. Therefore, symmetrical to

.

.

236

.
Tests for symmetry may be simplified as follows
If all of the terms have even exponents, the curve is symmetric with respect to the
.
If all of the terms have even exponents, the curve is symmetric with respect to the
.
If all of the terms have even exponents or if all of the terms have odd exponents, the
curve is symmetric with respect to the origin.
2.4 Domain analysis

Domain analysis is the analysis of abscissas or possible values. We have to solve for
in terms of (though for some equations it may be impractical to reform as such, we have
to resort to other means of analysis) and analyze possible values for .
Example 12.1.3.4
Discuss about the domain analysis for the curve whose equation is
Solution
Solve for in terms of
( )( )
Since the denominator cannot be zero, then and ,

hence the values of cannot be and . The vertical equations and
are called the vertical asymptotes. An asymptote is a line where the curve approaches
more and more closely but never really touches it except as a limiting position at
infinity.

237
Hence for the domain analysis, the abscissa or values for is good for all real
numbers except and .
-3 1
2.5 Range analysis

Range analysis is the analysis of ordinates or possible values. We have to solve for
in terms of (though for some equations it may be impractical to reform as such, we have to
resort to other means of analysis) and analyze possible values for .
Example 12.1.3.5
Discuss about the range analysis for the curve whose equation is
Solution
Solve for in terms of
A quadratic form with , , and .

We can solve for in terms of using quadratic formula.
( ) √( ) ( )( )
( )
The denominator cannot be zero, thus and we determine our horizontal

asymptote which is actually the .

238
Alternative solution
We recall the form when the same equation is in term of as in example
12.1.3.4. (domain analysis)
Divide each term of the numerator and the denominator of the right hand
member by , the term of highest degree.
As approaches infinity
{ }
The horizontal asymptote, confirming our previous analysis.
Example 12.1.3.4
Discuss and trace the curve of the equation
Solution
We are going to apply the following analysis to facilitate tracing the curve
Intercepts
Symmetry
Domain analysis
Range analysis
Curve tracing with the help of point plotting
Intercepts
;
;

239
;
;
Symmetry
or
The equation is different from the original equation. Therefore, not
symmetrical to .
or
The equation is different from the original equation. Therefore, not
symmetrical to .

.
Domain analysis

240
Since the denominator cannot be zero, then and cannot be . We

have a vertical asymptote of .
Hence for the domain analysis, the abscissa or values for is good for all real
numbers except .
Range analysis
Since the denominator cannot be zero, then and cannot be . We

have a horizontal asymptote of .
Hence for the range analysis, the ordinate or values for is good for all real
numbers except .
Curve tracing
We first draw the coordinate axes depicting the intercepts, vertical and
horizontal asymptotes.
Before point plotting we will do some supplementary analysis using domain

equation and range equation.

241
At the values from to , is negative.

At the values from to , is positive.

At the values from to , is negative.
Shaded areas are the possible curve location
(vertical asymptote)
(horizontal asymptote)
x-intercept
y-intercept
Values for point plotting will be determined using the equation in terms of x;
. Assume values of (using the shaded areas as reference) and solve for .
or ⁄
When ; ⁄
When ; ⁄
When ; ⁄ ⁄
When ; ⁄ ⁄
When ; ⁄ ⁄

242
When ⁄ ; ( ⁄ )⁄( ⁄ )
When ⁄ ; ( ⁄ )⁄( ⁄ )
When ; ⁄
When ; ⁄
When ; ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
When ; ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Tabulation
⁄ ⁄
0 ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 5 ⁄ ⁄
y-axis
7
O 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x-axis
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

243
2.6 Lines
Line or straight line is a locus of a given equation that has a constant slope.
If the line is parallel to and at a directed distance from the , its equation is
If the line is parallel to and at a directed distance from the , its equation is
General equation of a line
Examples
where , , and
where , , and
a) Standard equation of a line. Point slope form.

Suppose a line passes through the point and has a slope equal to . Take
any point on the line

244
By formula, , simplifying, we obtain the point-slope form of the straight

line
Example
Find the equation of the line through with slope ⁄ .
Solution
Plot the point and draw the line connecting it to a point depicting the slope.
The point-slope form of the straight line is

245
Where , , and ⁄
Substituting and simplifying
Example
Find the equation of the line passing through and
Solution
By formula , we obtain the slope of the line to be

( )
Any of the two given points may be used in formula . Taking

then formula is .

246
b) Standard equation of a line. Slope-intercept form.

We derive the standard equation of a line whose intercept is equal to and whose
slope is equal to . Take any point on the line.
Figure
Using formula
, taking , and
the slope-intercept form of the straight line
Example
Reduce the equation to the slope intercept form.
Solution
Here ⁄ and , or point

247
Example
Find the angle from the line to the line
.
Solution
Let be and be
Consider
⁄ ⁄
Consider
⁄ ( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )

248
Equation of parallel lines

Theorem: If two linear equations have identical x-coefficients and identical y-
coefficients, the lines represented are parallel.
This theorem states that
is parallel to
Both lines have slope ⁄ . Since their slopes are equal, the lines are parallel.
Equation of perpendicular lines

Theorem: If in two linear equations, the x-coefficient of the first is equal to the y-
coefficicient of the second and the y-coefficient of the first is numerically equal but of opposite
sign to the x-coefficient of the second, or vice-versa, the lines represented are perpendicular
to each other.
This theorem states that
is perpendicular to
Slopes of the lines are ⁄ and ⁄ respectively. Since their slopes are negative
reciprocals to each other, the lines are perpendicular.
Example
Write the equation of a line passing through parallel to the line
Solution
The required parallel line
Or by using the slope of the given line ⁄ . Slope ⁄ .
, ⁄ [ ]

249
Example
Write the equation of a line passing through perpendicular to the line
.
Solution
The required perpendicular line
Or by using the slope of the given line ⁄ . Slope ⁄ . The slope of

perpendicular line ⁄ , Therefore ⁄( ⁄ )
c) Standard equation of a line. Intercept form.

Take a line intersecting the -axis at and the -axis at . The -intercept
would therefore be and the -intercept .
Figure

250
Take any point on the line and draw auxiliary lines and . Triangle
is similar to triangle ,
Dividing through by
⁄ ⁄ the intercept form of the straight line
Example
Find the equation of a line whose -intercept is and -intercept is .
Solution
and
Using the formula
⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄
Example
A line passes through and has its intercepts numerically equal but of
opposite signs. Find its equation.

251
The intercepts are given to be numerically equal but of opposite signs, thus
The intercept form of the straight line is
⁄ ⁄
Since the point is on the line, its coordinates satisfy the equation of the line
⁄ ⁄
Substitute
⁄ ⁄ ; ⁄ ⁄ ; ⁄
and
Substitute to ⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄
d) Standard equation of a line. Normal form.

A line whose equation is to be found has its distance from the origin to be equal to .
Let the angle of inclination of be .
Figure 1 Figure 2

252
Figure 3 Figure 4
In all of the four possible cases
⁄ or ⁄
Since is perpendicular to , the slope of is equal to the negative reciprocal of the

slope of .
⁄ or ⁄
Substituting in the slope-intercept form

, we obtain
⁄ ⁄
Simplifying, we have the normal form of the straight line.
Reduction of the general form to the normal form
The slope of the line is ⁄ . The slope of which is

perpendicular to the line is therefore ⁄ . Thus ⁄ .
From trigonometry, we obtain the values

253
If we divide through the general equation of the straight line by √ , we have
√ √ √
Transposing the constant term to the right, we obtain
√ √ √
This is of the normal form . Comparing the two equations, we

note that
To reduce the general form of the straight line to the normal form, divide through by
√ . The sign of the radical must be chosen to be the same as the sign of .
Example
Reduce to the normal form.
Figure 1
Solution
√ √ , Note, since is positive, the sign of radical is positive.

The required equation is

254
√ √ √
Where
√
, √
, √
In the normal form, is positive when the -intercept is positive and negative when
the -intercept is negative.
Example
Find the equation of a line parallel to the line passing at a distance
from the point .
Figure 1
Solution
Find first the equation of the line parallel to the given line and passing
through , that is
Reducing to the normal form, we have

255
√ √ √
normal form of (parallel to )

√ √ √
The distance of this line from the origin is

√
.
The required lines are of distance from line
Figure 1
√ √ √
The required line (s), we have two are
√ √ √
√
And
√ √ √

256
Distance from line to a point

Let the given line have the equation and the given point to be
.
The normal form of is
√ √ √
equation 1 (distance from to origin)

√
The equation of the line parallel to which passes through is
√ √ √
equation 2 (distance from to origin)

√
Figure
The distance between the two lines, which is also the distance from the line to the
point , is equal to the difference between the distances of the two lines from the
origin. Subtracting the right-hand quantity of equation 1 from that of equation 2, that is

257
( )
√ √
This represents the distance from the line to the point .

The ambiguous sign should follow the sign of . This distance will be positive when
the point is above the line and negative when the point is below the line.
If the line is parallel to the -axis, the distance is positive when the point is to the right
of the line and negative when the point is to the left of the line.
Example
Find the distance of the point from the line .
Figure
Solution
, , , and . Using the formula of distance from
point to a line.

258
( )( ) ( )( )
since is negative the sign of
√( ) ( )
denominator is negative.
⁄
√
√ ⁄
Example
Find the bisector of the obtuse angle between the lines
and .
Figure
Solution
Take a point on the bisector and let its distance from the two lines be and
. The two distances are numerically equal and both positive because is above both
lines.

259
For the line ; , , , and . Using

the formula of distance from point to a line.
√( ) ( )
For the line ; , , , and . Using the

formula of distance from point to a line.
√( ) ( )
Since the point is equidistant to both lines then
√ √
√ √
2.7 Conic sections

If a plane is made to cut a right circular cone, the section obtained is called a conic
section.
If the plane is parallel to the base of the cone we have a circle.

260
If the cutting plane is parallel to a plane tangent to the cone, the section is called a
parabola.
If the cutting plane is not parallel to a plane tangent to the cone, the section is called an
ellipse.
A right circular cone is actually the surface generated by an oblique line, rotated about
a vertical axis at the point of intersection . The surface has two nappes or sheets joined at .

261
If the cutting plane intersects both nappes, the conic section is called a hyperbola.
Analytically, a conic section is defined as the path of a point which moves so that its
distance from a fixed point called the focus is in a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed
line called the directrix. The constant ratio is called the eccentricity.
In figure, let be the , the , a point on the conic and the

.
From the definition of a conic,

262
This is the equation of a conic. Conic sections are classified according to the value of
e.
When the conic is an ellipse
When the conic is a parabola
When the conic is a hyperbola
When the ellipse approaches a circle as a limiting shape
When the definition fails
2.7 Parabola
The parabola is the conic section whose eccentricity is , . It is the locus of
points which are equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line.
We shall derive the equation of the parabola. Assume the vertex to be at the origin and
focus lying along the -axis. This makes the -axis as the axis of the parabola. The distance
from vertex to the focus, called , will always be positive. Since , the distance of the
directrix with respect to the vertex will always equal the distance from vertex to focus which
is , hence the directrix in this case will be the vertical line .
Taking a point on the parabola, by definition

parabola,

263
Squaring both sides and simplifying
This is the standard equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin opening
rightwards. The following are its properties:
Axis : -axis
Focus :
Directrix :
Length of latus rectum :
In case of parabola opening rightward but vertex is not at origin , instead its
vertex is situated at , then its standard equation is
Axis at , Focus at , Directrix at , Length of latus rectum is

.
The standard equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin opening leftward

264
The following are its properties:

Axis at -axis, Focus at , Directrix at , Length of latus rectum is .
In case of parabola opening leftward and vertex is at .

.

265
The standard equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin opening upward

In case of parabola opening upward and vertex is at .
The standard equation of a parabola with vertex at opening upward

.

266
The standard equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin opening downward

In case of parabola opening downward and vertex is at .
The standard equation of a parabola with vertex at opening downward

.
Example
Locate the vertex, the focus and ends of the latus rectum and find the equation of the
directrix, then draw the parabola whose equation is

267
Solution
This parabola is the equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin opening upward,
standard form is .
distance from the vertex to the focus and from vertex to directrix
distance from the focus to the ends of the latus rectum
The focus is at , ends of the latus rectum are at and and the
equation of the directrix is .
Figure
x
directrix
Example
Find the equation and draw the general appearance of the parabola with vertex at
and as directrix
Solution
Comparing the equation of the directrix with the ordinate of the vertex, it is evident
that the directrix is above the vertex, therefore the parabola opens down ward with vertex not
at the origin.
Its standard form is
The distance from vertex to the directrix is equal to , the length of the
latus rectum , and .

268
Substitute to the standard form

[ ]
Figure
directrix
,
General form of the parabola

The general equation of a parabola whose axis is parallel to the -axis
The general equation of a parabola whose axis is parallel to the -axis
Summary: An equation of the second degree in which the -term is missing and only
one square term is present represents a parabola with its axis parallel to a coordinate axis.
Example
Reduce to standard form, then draw the curve.
Solution
Divide through by and transpose the and constant term to the right.
Complete squares

269
( ⁄ )
Parabola with vertex not at the origin and opening upward, standard form is
.
Vertex is at ( ⁄ ), parallel to -axis opening upward
length of latus rectum

distance from the vertex to the focus and from vertex to directrix
distance from the focus to the ends of the latus rectum
-coordinate of focus; ⁄ ⁄ ( ⁄ )
-coordinate of ; ( ⁄ )
-coordinate of ; ( ⁄ )
Equation of directrix is ⁄ or ⁄
( ⁄ )
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )
directrix

270
Example
Find the equation of a parabola with axis parallel to the -axis and passing through
( ⁄ ), and .
( ⁄ )
Solution
The general equation of a parabola whose axis is parallel to the -axis is
The plan, since we have three points given, is to create three equations out of the three
points and solve simultaneously three equations for three unknowns. For the meantime we
have four arbitrary constants, , , , and , but we can remedy that by dividing the equation
through by .
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
We can change variable, let:
Substituting, we have

271
equation I
Now, the arbitrary constants are reduced to three, , , and . Substituting the
coordinates of the given points to this equation, we obtain the following equations
( ⁄ ) : ( ⁄ )
equation a
:
equation b
:
equation c
Solving the three equations simultaneously, we obtain
⁄ , , ⁄ substitute to equation I
⁄ ⁄
2.8 Ellipse
The parabola is the conic section whose eccentricity is less than ,
. That is, if is any point on the ellipse
Equation of the ellipse with its axes coinciding with the coordinate axes.
Let the center be at and the major axis coincide with so that . Also let
the distance from to and be respectively and .

272
For any point of the ellipse, we have by definition
⁄ , or
√ , and
√ equation 1
Because is on the ellipse, we have similarly
equation 2
Likewise is on the ellipse, so that
equation 3
By addition and subtraction we get, from equations 2 and 3
, and ⁄
Substitution into equation 1 gives
√ ⁄

273
Squaring both sides
It will be convenient to let
So that in simple form
the major axis is along -axis
Note that since
So that
or
Hence, the major axis of an ellipse is always greater than its minor axis.
The form indicates that major axis is along -axis.

274
Important properties of ellipse

1. The ellipse is a closed curve and is symmetrical with respect to both its axes.
2. The sum of the focal distance of any point on the ellipse is constant and equal to the
length of the major axis; .
3. As a corollary to the preceding property, we see that the distance from a focus to a vertex
at one end of the minor axis is equal to half the length of the major axis; .
4. The distances from the center to a focus is and center to a directrix is ⁄ .
5. The length of the latus rectum is ⁄ .
Example
Reduce to the standard form and compute the eccentricity, the
distances from yhr center to the foci and the directrices, and the length of the latera recta.
Afterwards, locate the vertices, ends of the latera recta, and trace the ellipse.
Solution
Transposing the constant term to the right
Dividing by 45
⁄ ⁄ or ⁄⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄
( ⁄ ) (√ )
The major axis √ coincides with -axis and the minor axis ⁄
coincides with -axis.
The foci will lie on the major axis which is the -axis. From
√ ⁄
√ ⁄ distance from center to foci

275
√ ⁄
√
⁄ √
⁄√ ⁄
√
⁄ √ ⁄ distance from center to directrix

276
√ ⁄
( √ )
( √ ⁄ √ ⁄ ) ( √ ⁄ ) ( √ ⁄ √ ⁄ )
( √ ⁄ √ ⁄ ) ( √ ⁄ ) ( √ ⁄ √ ⁄ )
( √ )
√ ⁄

277
Example
An ellipse with major and minor axes coinciding with and respectively has an
eccentricity of ⁄ . If the distance between the foci is , find the equation of the ellipse.
Solution
Here, ⁄ , ⁄ and .
Hence ⁄ ⁄⁄ and
( ⁄ )
The required equation is then
⁄ ⁄

278
Ellipse with center at

Referred to a set of axes coinciding with its own major and minor axes , the
equation of the ellipse is
⁄ ⁄ or ⁄ ⁄
and
Referred to and axes, the standard equation of the ellipse is
⁄ ⁄ or
⁄ ⁄
The general form of equation of ellipse is
The general form of equation of ellipse can be reduced to standard form by

transposing constant term and completing the squares.

279
Example
Trace the curve
Solution
Transposing and completing the squares
( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )⁄
⁄
( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )⁄
⁄
( ⁄ )
Here is ( ⁄ ), √ ⁄ , ⁄ ⁄
( ⁄ )

280
2.9 Circle
A circle is the locus of a point which moves at a constant distance from a fixed point
called its center. The constant distance of any point from the center is called the radius.
Let be any point on the circle, the center. By definition
Applying the distance formula we have
This is the standard equation of a circle of radius whose center is at .

If the center is at the origin then and the equation becomes

281
General equation of a circle

The general equation of second degree is of the form
The circle have and , then the equation becomes
This is the general equation of a circle. It can be reduced to the standard equation by
dividing through by and then completing squares in and .
Example
Reduce to standard form and draw the circle whose equation is
Solution
Dividing through by 4 and transpose the constant term to the right
Completing squares in and .
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
The center is at ( ⁄ ⁄ ) and the radius is ⁄
( ⁄ ⁄ )

282
Example
Find the equation of a circle with center at and tangent to the line
Solution
The radius of the circle is equal to the distance of the center from the line
. Applying the formula of distance from line to a point,
( )( ) ( )( )
since is negative the sign of
√( ) ( )
denominator is negative.
√ ⁄
The equation of the circle is
( √ ⁄ )

283
Example
Find the equation of a circle passing through , and .
Solution
We substitute the coordinates of three points to the general equation of circle, we
would obtain three equations in three arbitrary constants. For the meantime, we have four
arbitrary constants, , , , and , but we can remedy that by dividing the equation through
by .
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
We can change variable, let:
Substituting, we have
equation I
Now, the arbitrary constants are reduced to three, , , and . Substituting the
coordinates of the given points to this equation, we obtain the following equations
:
equation a
:
equation b
:
equation c
Solving the three equations simultaneously, we obtain
, , substitute to equation I

284
Example
Find the equation of a circle passing through , and with center on
.

285
Solution
The center of the circle will lie on the locus of points equidistant from and
. Let be any point on the locus of points equidistant from to .
√ √
equation 1
The point of intersection of this line with that of the given line
equation 2
Is the center of the required center. Solving equations 1 and 2 simultaneously, we
obtain the center of the circle to be at . The radius is or , we take .
Using the standard form, the equation of the circle is
In general form, the equation of the circle is

286
2.10 Hyperbola
The hyperbola is a conic whose eccentricity is greater than 1 ; that is, for any
point on the hyperbola,
In figure, is the center, and the vertices, and the foci, and the
latera recta, and the directrices and and are the asymptotes.
The line segment is the transverse axis, whose length is usually denoted by .
The line segment or the perpendicular bisector of length , is the conjugate axis.
The length of the transverse axis of a hyperbola may be greater than, equal to, or less
than that of its conjugate axis.

287
Some properties of hyperbola

1. The hyperbola consists of two open branches, and is symmetrical with respect to both
axes.
2. The difference between the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is constant and is
equal to the length of the transverse axis:
3. The distances from the center to a focus and to a directrix are respectively and ⁄ .
√
4. The length of the latus rectum is ⁄ .
5. The diagonals (prolonged and ) of the rectangle of sides and

and parallel to the transverse and conjugate axes respectively are asymptotes of the
hyperbola.
Equation of hyperbola referred to its axes

288
By a procedure similar to the case of the ellipse, we obtain, for the hyperbola shown
above
Or since
for convenience put
then
Standard form for hyperbola with center at and transverse axis on -axis.
Standard form for hyperbola with center at and transverse axis on -axis.

289
Example
Trace
Solution
Rearranging
( ) ( )
So that
⁄ and ⁄ . The transverse axis coincides with .
√( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) √ ⁄ ⁄ √ ⁄
√ ⁄
The latus rectum is
( ⁄ )
⁄ ⁄
( ⁄ )
⁄
⁄ ⁄

290
Hyperbola with center at

By translation of axes, the standard equation of a hyperbola with center at is
readily obtained.
Transverse axis is parallel to
Transverse axis is parallel to
General form of hyperbola
Where and are opposite signs. The general form of equation of hyperbola can be
reduced to standard form by transposing constant term and completing the squares.
Example
Trace the curve
Solution
Transposing the constant term and completing squares
⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄
The center is at ; the transverse axis is parallel to ; , . The foci

are at √ to the right and to the left of the center. The latus rectum is of length
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ .
The foci are at and . The vertices at at and .

291

292
D. Activities/Exercises
ACTIVITY 1
Instructions:
1. Determine the distance from to

2. Find the slope of the line between and
3. The line segment from to is to be extended (from ) a distance equal to twice
its length. Find the terminal point.
4. Find the equation of the line parallel to and passing through .
5. Find the coordinates of the focus of the parabola
6. An ellipse has an eccentricity of ⁄ . Compute the distance between directrices if the distance
between foci is .
7. How far is the center of the circle from the line ?
8. Find the eccentricity of a hyperbola having distance between foci equal to and the distance
between directrices equal to

293
E. Evaluation/Post-test
Post-test 4
This test will measure your mastery in Lesson 4 covered in this module.
Instructions:
1. The abscissa of a point is . If its distance from a point is , find its ordinate.
2. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the points and
.
3. The vertices of the base of an isosceles triangle are and . If the third vertex lies on
the line , find the area of the triangle.
4. Compute the angle between the line .
5. A line has an equation of . Find the value of if this line makes an angle of
with the line
6. Determine the -intercept of the line passing through and .
7. A circle has its center on the line and tangent to the -axis at . Find its radius
8. Find an equation for the hyperbola with foci at and , and eccentricity .
References
Rainville, E., Love, C., (1981). Differential and Integral Calculus. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
Quirino D., Mijares, J., (1993). Analytic Geometry. Royal Publishing House, Inc.
Kern W., Bland, J., (1967). Solid Mensuration. John Willy & Sons, Inc.
Rider P., (1971). Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
Fuller, G., (1982). College Algebra. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

294
Congratulations for completing this module!
Student’s Information
Name:
Program:
Year and Section:
Contact No.:
E-mail address:
Facebook Account:
Messenger Account:

295
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WPU commits to develop quality human resource and green
technologies for a dynamic economy and sustainable
development through relevant instruction,
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199

A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

College of Engineering and Technology

1st Semester AY 2020-2021

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to

B. Time allotment: 3 weeks (January 4 to 22)

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

1. Given a relation between and ; , determine the value of if .

2. The relation is equivalent to

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

1. The Cartesian coordinate system

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

1.1 Points and lines in plane

√ the distance formula

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

The third vertex is at

Division of line segment

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

Where and . ( means “proportional to).

Consider external division of line segment (extension point)

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

Using the given formula for values of and , let , , , ,

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

The point of division is at

Using the given formula for values of and , let , , , ,

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

The point of extension is at

Midpoint of a line segment

These are the formulas for midpoint of a line segment, .

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

The mid-point division is at

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

Consider figure 2, the angle of inclination of is .

Slope in terms of coordinates

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

Substituting, we obtain the formula for slope of a line in terms of coordinates

Slope of parallel lines

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

Slope of perpendicular lines

Let the angle of inclination of be . In figure we have

Being equal their tangents are equal

The slopes of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocal to each other.

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

With the subscripts chosen, then , , and

Subscripts may be interchanged, that is, is changed to and

⁄ with the same result

Show by formula and ⁄ that the triangle whose vertices are

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

We can prove to be a right triangle by showing that is perpendicular to

Since can be proven as ⁄ , that is

Therefore is right triangle

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

Consider (the opposite side of )