Local internal symmetries: + Alocal internal symmetry is an internal symmetry in which parameters of the NIST ae te anomssrlese cut Receas TCoe Bere setae MeN ccna cee cc ud Incas coe See Tae ee [eC Rue ct Ta ea na eaters have this symmetry are called gauge theories. Why is it reasonable to have local symmetry? If field theory is local then why not symmetry should also be local OUR Rae ae Rela RUT EM Lea) Tlie id See rua eral brs oak ean Eur MNCs under local symmetry if it is already invariant under global symmetry. + Incoming slides we shall learn how amend the terms with derivative so that they are rel aunLocal internal symmetries Gece are et Aa de w(x) = el” p(x), Ter ru aur lea) Seo ea (OP 69 ee aahaeed C9 am eO Rec lu) PT SINC UCM accu cue Cee CR TS la CA De Cane (rere ec tcc elt) Mt dee Caine aN eat a CMa Sie Ra eer Ra caus No otherwise there shall be no dynamics in the system of fields eet aati Mea eae nung ccsLocal internal symmetries eee eC CCR Let ae eeu (0, — ieVA', eX = eV (4, — ieV Ay) An important result: i D,»D,) e te = iby "Dy wp — mip = iby *(A, rats} ah eae eA aa Aa dei ie eco aan =n va Where, Fy = Ay — Ay Fy = Fury (gauge invariant) eon ote CLePUnO ter creo TcLocal internal symmetries 2. Lagrangian of double massive free Dirac field: Soe Aa aM ROMY Aa Me a ee aD Pe eee Aare Dn ed (a) Ps Res nee ee OA) a eT SU(2) transformation in terms of generators: U(@) = e!%a7a Rca Fc eer) PT) errLocal internal symmetries Pee RR Le a= Hirt ogy — mip SERRE (Sct) 11g a ipy*d,p — mp + gpToy Aa bP) = R a se Tn a a a a Let F,,, =0,4y, —8,Ayy => Foy # ou ay, = Fe # Fy Hence, —thiy F is not gauge invariantLocal internal symmetries Pee aR Lo = iby) — mip |SULR)elobalsymmetey | where F,,, =0,, et (aT) = ifapcle a Ca ertLocal internal symmetries Pee RR Le a= Hirt ogy — mip SERRE g where F,,,,=0,4,,—0,4y, + £E yey A, (Exercise) os a a Hi (Peer) | Caren)SEE ic tune) Ga ea Cre SR NAO NT a _ 2. Fields: Q(N) Le A ae Aa Ce Eent ar a ene cnuec cae en Ur ca coat NEE CUR SU 0c sp re ae a ed ATE a ie LER a i ed Gauge transformation of Agy: A’, = UA,Ut ——(a,U)U* where Ay = TE Aay ama = Cree | Cy eae) 5 favc(OpAay — 2vAan)AGAY — © farefarnArwAerAmAR PMc RSU (Rice Seater aa ee eu es eec CM Mura See MN Cenc aC ee) Semel Cee en ae ea A ad fl OA Cae OE BRE Course ACS SeaTac Lee COE eT oe Ace Le CPV en where C depend on repr. (For adjoint repr C = N) * Adjoint repr. i.e., repr. of dim = N? — 1, generators are (T/’)yc = —ifabeMore on the transformation of gauge fields: Gauge transformation of Agy: A’ i togrE SU Aled CD AME aT a OLY CO How can we find the transformation of Aqy? For infinitesimal transformation U ~ 1+ iO, Tf = 1+ i0 ES Py AG et DY ey BR CUE) == 190) (1 —i8) st oa V7 ra PY EYP Pn (Ce ria Ey ay. ere Cy Pn ee | re a 7 1 Uae ET CC Lr Pita lees Rc ne Cau ls , : : il Alay ~ Aay + foacIrAcy Using: (Ta')oc = —ifave er ie CC a Tt ee a 90080 Aan ~ Aay + i(Ts') , Orden ~ a ac , a ae ee ee qeLocal internal Symmetries Free massless vector Field: (s = 1) Free massive vector Field: (s = 1) + Itturns out that mass term of a vector field is not gauge invariant. + Thus the gauge theories with exact gauge symmetries produce massless gauge fields. FC