Nevid CH08 TB

Total Assessment Guide
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

Learning Objective Multiple Choice 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5, 10, 11, 16, 22
8.1 12, 13, 14, 15, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27
True-False 286, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, 293,
294, 295, 296, 297,
298, 299, 300
Essay 371
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 28, 29
8.2
True-False 301
Essay 372
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 30, 31, 34, 36 32, 33, 35
8.3
True-False
Essay 373
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 37, 38, 39, 40 41, 42, 43
8.4
True-False 302
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 62 69, 86, 87
8.5 49, 50, 51, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 63, 64, 65,
66, 67, 68, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93,
94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
99, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106,
107, 108, 109, 110,
111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 116, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 126,
127, 128, 129, 130,
131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136
True-False 303, 304, 305, 306,
307, 308, 309, 310,
311, 312, 313, 314,
315
Essay 374, 375, 376, 377
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 137, 138, 139, 140, 159 167
8.6 141, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148,
149, 150, 151, 152,
153, 154, 155, 156,
Copyright © 2018, 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
598
157, 158, 160, 161,
162, 163, 164, 165,
166, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172
True-False 316, 317, 318, 319,
320, 321, 322, 323,
324, 325, 326, 327,
328, 329, 330, 331
Essay 378, 379, 380, 381
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 173, 174, 175, 176, 188, 189 181
8.7 177, 178, 179, 180,
182, 183, 184, 185,
186, 187, 190, 191,
192, 193
True-False 332, 333, 334, 335,
336
Essay 382, 383
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 196, 197, 198, 199, 194, 195, 201 202
8.8 200
True-False 337, 338, 339, 340,
341, 342
Essay 386 384, 385
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 207, 214, 215, 216, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212,
8.9 220, 225, 226, 227 208, 213, 217, 221, 218, 219
222, 223, 224
True-False 343, 343, 344, 345,
346, 347, 348, 349
Essay 387
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 229, 230, 231, 232, 228 234, 235, 242
8.10 233, 236, 237, 238,
239, 240, 241, 243,
244, 245, 246
True-False 350, 351, 352, 353,
354, 355, 356
Essay 388
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 247, 248
8.11
True-False
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 250, 251, 252, 253, 249
8.12 254, 255
True-False 357, 358, 359
Essay 389
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 257, 258, 259, 260, 256
8.13 261
True-False 360, 361
Essay 390
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 262
8.14
True-False 362
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 266, 267 263, 265 264, 268, 269, 270,
8.15 271
599
True-False 363
Essay 391
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 273 272
8.16
True-False 364
Essay 392
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 276, 277, 278, 280, 274 275, 279
8.17 281, 282, 283
True-False 365, 366, 367, 368,
369, 370
Essay 393
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 284 285
8.18
True-False
Essay
600
8
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Multiple-Choice Questions
1.The two substances that have caused the most death through sickness and accident are ______.
a. heroin and cocaine c. alcohol and cocaine
b. opium and heroin d. alcohol and tobacco
ANSWER: D
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 1 Page: 298
Topic: Classification of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Learning Objective: 8.1
Skill: Factual
2.In the United States, about 1 in _________ adults smoke cigarettes.

a. 2 c. 8
b. 5 d. 11
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
3.The DSM-5 classifies substance-related disorders into ______ major categories.

a. two c. four
b. three d. five
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
4.According to the DSM-5, the two main types of ______ disorders include substance intoxication and substance
withdrawal.
a. substance use c. substance reaction
b. substance induced d. psychoactive
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
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5.Alvin drank alcohol chronically for years until he developed a type of dementia called Korsakoff’s syndrome.
His dementia would be classified by the DSM-5 as a ______ disorder.
a. substance-induced c. substance-reaction
b. substance-use d. psychoactive
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
6.The chemical actions of psychoactive drugs which result in a person feeling "drunk" or "high" are called
substance ______.
a. tolerances c. withdrawals
b. intoxications d. potentiations
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
7.__________ is a substance-induced disorder involving a cluster of symptoms that occur when a person abruptly
stops using a particular substance following a period of prolonged and heavy use.
a. Tolerance c. Withdrawal
b. Intoxication d. Potentiation
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
8.Abstinence syndrome is another name for ______.

a. dependence c. addiction
b. withdrawal d. potentiation
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
9.Physical habituation to a drug so that frequent usage necessitates higher and higher dosages to attain similar
effects is called ______.
b. tolerance d. potentiation
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
10. Gina has been using heroin for two years. Lately, she has found she must inject higher and higher dosages
of the drug to get the same "high" she has come to expect from her drug use. Her need for higher dosages is
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best described as ______.
a. dependence c. tolerance
b. addiction d. potentiation
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
11. Theresa suffers from alcoholism. When she goes too long without a drink she begins to feel anxious,
physically weak, and agitated. Often, she begins shaking and can feel her heart racing. Theresa's
symptoms are typical of what is called ______.
b. tolerance d. abstinence syndrome
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
12. Which of the following represent withdrawal symptoms from alcohol abuse?
a. Dryness in the mouth c. Hyperactivity
b. Sweating d. Low respiration rate
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
13. Chronic, heavy users of alcohol who dramatically lower their alcohol intake after many years of heavy
drinking may enter a withdrawal state known as ______.
a. delirium tremens c. tachycardia
b. disorientation d. potentiation
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
14. Which of the following psychoactive substances can lead to withdrawal syndrome when use is
discontinued?
a. LSD c. Phencyclidine (PCP)
b. Opioids d. Inhalants
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
15. The "DTs" are usually limited to ______ who dramatically ______ their intake of alcohol.
a. casual drinkers; increase c. chronic sufferers of alcoholism; increase
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b. moderate drinkers; increase d. chronic sufferers of alcoholism; decrease
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
16. Burt has just gone "on the wagon" and has quit using alcohol "cold turkey." He is now experiencing
sweating, tachycardia, mental confusion, incoherent speech, disorientation, terrifying hallucinations, and
extreme restlessness. His symptoms are typical of ______.
a. alcohol overdose c. delirium tremens
b. alcohol tolerance d. hypnagogic shock
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
17. __________ is a state of mental confusion characterized by incoherent speech, disorientation, and extreme
restlessness.
a. Cross-tolerance
b. Delirium
c. Amnesia
d. Dementia
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
18. Which of the following is known to produce a withdrawal syndrome?

a. PCP c. LSD
b. marijuana d. inhalants
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
19. The DSM-5 diagnosis of a substance use disorder requires _________ specific features or symptoms
occurring during the preceding ________ period.
a. two or more; six month c. three or more; one year
b. three or more; six month d. two or more; one year
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
20. According to the DSM-5, ______ disorders involve a pattern of maladaptive use of a psychoactive
substance that leads to significant levels of impaired functioning or personal distress.
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ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
21. In the DSM-5, having persistent problems cutting back or controlling alcohol use despite wanting to do so
is a symptom of a substance ______.
a. dependence disorder c. use disorder
b. withdrawal disorder d. misuse disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
22. Jim drinks alcohol and occasionally drives while intoxicated above what is considered the legal limit. His
use of alcohol in situations that pose a risk to his or others’ safety would warrant the DSM-5 diagnosis of
______.
a. substance dependence disorder c. substance misuse disorder
b. substance abuse disorder d. substance use disorder
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
23. In the DSM-5, tolerance and withdrawal syndromes are associated with ______.
a. substance addiction disorders c. substance use disorders
b. substance dependence disorders d. substance misuse disorders
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
24. According to the DSM-5, substance abuse and substance dependence are no longer considered distinct
categories and are both classified as ______ disorders.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
25. The DSM-5 allows clinicians to designate the severity of substance use disorders by specifying whether
they are _________.
a. mild, moderate, or chronic c. normal, mild, or severe
b. intermittent, continuous, or addicted d. mild, moderate, or severe
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ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
26. An estimated ______ percent of adults in the United States develop a substance abuse disorder at some
point in their lives.
a. 1 c. 20
b. 10 d. 30
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
27. African Americans and Latinos have ________ rates of substance use disorders compared to European
Americans.
a. much higher c. about the same
b. higher d. comparable or lower
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
28. The DSM-5 includes ________ as a new diagnostic category under Substance Use and Addictive
Disorders.
a. kleptomania c. sexual addiction
b. gambling disorder d. pyromania
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
29. Which of the following is no longer considered an Impulse Control Disorder in the DSM-5?
a. Kleptomania c. Sexual addiction
b. Shopping addiction d. Gambling disorder
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
30. ______ means that one's body has changed as a result of regular usage of a substance, as shown by the
development of tolerance for the substance, by a withdrawal syndrome, or both.
a. Psychological dependence c. Potentiation
b. Physiological dependence d. Emotional dependence
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Factual
31. The habitual or compulsive use of a drug that is accompanied by signs of physiological dependence is
called ______.
a. substance misuse c. tolerance
b. substance abuse d. addiction
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
32. Sophie has used heroin to the point that she has developed a tolerance to it and experiences withdrawal
symptoms when she tries to quit using it. She has become ______ heroin.
a. psychologically dependent on c. emotionally dependent on
b. physiologically dependent on d. psychologically abusive of
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
33. The DSM-5 uses the term “substance use disorder” rather than the term “addictive disorder” because
______.
a. the use of the term addiction is rarely used by professionals
b. the use of the term addiction is rarely used by laypeople
c. the term addiction is less stigmatizing
d. the term substance use disorder is less stigmatizing
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
34. Withdrawal symptoms in individuals with nonchemical addictions are typically ________.
a. physiological c. physiological and psychological
b. psychological d. nonexistent
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
35. Jan has used cocaine to the point where she has impaired control over her use of it. While she
experiences no withdrawal symptoms when she stops using it; she wants it so badly she cannot think about
anything else. She has become ______ cocaine.
a. psychologically dependent on c. physiologically abusive of
b. physiologically dependent on d. emotionally attached to
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ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
36. Which of the following is true?

a. Persons can become psychologically dependent on drugs in the absence of emotional dependence.
b. Persons cannot become physically dependent on drugs in the absence of psychological dependence.
c. Persons cannot become simultaneously psychologically and physically dependent on drugs.
d. Persons who are physically dependent on drugs are by definition also psychologically dependent.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
37. The pathway to drug dependence includes all but which of the following stages?
a. Experimentation c. Addiction or dependence
b. Routine use d. Toxic use
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
38. People who use drugs to "feel good" on an occasional basis and believe they are in control and can stop at
any time are on the ______ pathway to drug dependence.
a. routine use c. experimentation
b. addiction or dependence d. toxic use
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
39. When people begin to structure their lives around the pursuit and use of drugs, they are on the ______
pathway to drug dependence.
a. experimentation c. routine use
b. addiction or dependence d. toxic use
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
40. When people feel powerless to resist drugs, either because they want to experience the effects of the drugs
or they want to avoid the consequences of withdrawal, they are on the ______ pathway of drug
dependence.
a. toxic use c. routine use
b. addiction or dependence d. experimentation
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
41. Jay uses drugs at parties, and sometimes at home. He does not use them daily, only on "special" occasions.
The drugs make him feel good, even euphoric at times, but the effects do not last. He feels in control and
believes he can stop at any time. He is in the ______ stage of drug dependence.
a. experimentation c. addiction or dependence
b. routine use d. toxic use
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
42. Tony has begun to structure his life around the pursuit and use of drugs. He denies that he has a problem
and tries to cover up the behavioral problems he is having because of his drug use. His friends and family
now take a distant second place to his drug habit. He is in the ______ stage of drug dependence.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
43. Greg has been using drugs for three years. He feels powerless to resist his cravings for drugs. His whole life
revolves around his next "high." Nothing else matters to him. He has lost his job. His wife and children
have left him, and all he can say is "They didn't understand!" Now he is robbing banks to get money to
support his $7,000 per week habit. He is in the ______ stage of drug dependence.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
44. Drugs of abuse are classified within three major groupings. Which of the following is one of the groupings?
a. Depressants c. Cholengerics
b. Anesthetics d. Neuroleptics
ANSWER: D
Topic: Drugs of Abuse
Skill: Factual
45. Depressants generally act by curbing the activity of the ______.

a. central nervous system c. parasympathetic system
b. peripheral nervous system d. endocrine system
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ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
46. The most widely abused substance in the world is ______.

a. alcohol c. nicotine
b. heroin d. opium
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
47. The most widely abused substance in the United States is ______.
b. heroin d. marijuana
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
48. Alcohol, in large quantities, usually kills by ______.

a. poisoning brain cells c. depressing breathing
b. depressing heart rate d. causing severe convulsions
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
49. Alcohol is classified as a(n) ______.

a. depressant c. hallucinogenic
b. stimulant d. opiate
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
50. Alcohol has biochemical effects similar to those of a class of ______.

a. antidepressants c. minor tranquilizers
b. anticoagulants d. major tranquilizers
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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51. Alcohol is classified a depressant and has biochemical effects similar to those of a class of antianxiety
drugs that would include which of the following?
a. MAO inhibitors
b. SSRIs
c. Phenothiazines
d. Benzodiazepines
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
52. The most widely held view of alcoholism is the ______ model.
a. addiction c. physical
b. psychological d. disease
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
53. The personal and social costs of alcoholism ______.

a. are somewhat less than those associated with nicotine use
b. are similar to those associated with chronic marijuana use
c. are exceeded only by the costs associated with illicit drug use
d. exceed those of all illicit drugs combined
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
54. Alcohol is implicated in about one in ______ reported suicides.

a. three c. seven
b. five d. nine
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
55. Alcohol is implicated in about one in ______ deaths due to unintentional injury, such as motor vehicle
accidents.
a. two c. four
b. three d. five
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
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56. Of the 88,000 people in the U.S. who die from alcohol-related causes each year, the most frequent are from
motor vehicle accidents and alcohol-related ______.
a. arsons c. diseases
b. homicides d. suicides
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
57. More teenagers and young adults die from ______ than from any other cause.
a. suicide c. illicit drug use
b. violent crime d. alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
58. ______ is the drug of choice among young people today.

a. Alcohol c. Cocaine
b. Marijuana d. LSD
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
59. The most popular drug on college campuses is ______.

b. marijuana d. cocaine
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
60. The highest rates of alcohol use and highest proportions of problem drinkers occurs in the ______ age rage.
a. 18 to 24 c. 20 to 40
b. 25 to 30 d. 40 to 45
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
61. Men are over ______ times more likely than women to be diagnosed with an alcohol use disorder.
a. 2 c. 10
b. 5 d. 14
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ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
62. Which of the following is true regarding alcohol's effects on women?

a. Women have more of an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach than men do.
b. Alcohol may hit women harder because they weigh less than men.
c. Most women find the taste of alcohol unpleasant and thus drink less.
d. Women may be less likely to develop alcoholism because of the “flushing” response to drinking it.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
63. Which of the following disorders is a predictor of alcoholism?

a. Generalized anxiety disorder c. Antisocial personality
b. Bipolar affective disorder d. Conversion disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
64. The BEST predictor of alcoholism or problem drinking in adulthood is ______.

a. family history of alcohol abuse c. antisocial personality
b. ethnic background d. social class
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
65. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor in alcoholism?

a. Educational attainment c. Gender
b. Age d. Region of the country one resides in
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
66. Which of the following is the BDOC (Big Drug On Campus) among college students?
a. Amphetamines
b. Marijuana
c. Cocaine
d. Alcohol
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Factual
67. Alcohol use disorders tend to develop somewhat ______ in women than in men, and are more common
among people living ______.
a. earlier; alone c. earlier; with someone else
b. later; alone d. later; with someone else
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
68. Alcohol dependence is generally more common among people of ______ income levels and ______
education levels.
a. lower; lower c. higher; lower
b. lower; higher d. higher; higher
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
69. Which of the following people has the highest risk of developing alcoholism?
a. A wealthy, well-educated 30-year-old female
b. A poor, well-educated 60-year-old female
c. A wealthy, uneducated 50-year-old male
d. A poor, uneducated 25-year-old male
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
70. Which of the following groups is at lowest risk of developing alcoholism?

a. Native Americans c. Jewish Americans
b. African Americans d. Irish Americans
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
71. Which American ethnic group has the lowest rate of alcoholism?
a. Asian Americans
b. Hispanic Americans
c. African Americans
d. European Americans
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Factual
72. Many Asian Americans ______ when they drink which may curb excessive alcohol intake and reduce their
risk of developing alcoholism.
a. become nauseous c. develop heart palpitations
b. pass out d. show a flushing response
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
73. Hispanic American men are ______ as likely as non-Hispanic White males to drink alcohol and develop
alcohol use disorders.
a. half c. twice
b. equally d. four times
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
74. Compared to non-Hispanic White women, Hispanic women are ______ likely to drink alcohol and are
______ likely to develop alcohol use disorders.
a. less; less c. less; more
b. more; less d. more; more
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
75. Which of the following people is least likely to use alcohol and develop alcohol use disorders?
a. A Hispanic American male c. A Hispanic American female
b. A non-Hispanic White male d. A non-Hispanic White female
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
76. The prevalence of cirrhosis of the liver among African Americans is about ______ of that among non-
Hispanic White Americans.
a. half c. twice
b. the same d. four times
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
77. Compared to non-Hispanic White Americans, African Americans are ______ likely to develop alcohol
abuse or dependence, and are ______ likely to develop cirrhosis.
a. less; less c. more; less
b. less; more d. more; more
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
78. A degenerative, potentially fatal liver disease is ______.

a. cirrhosis c. Korsakoff’s syndrome
b. anemia d. melanoma
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
79. Which of the following ethnic groups is at highest risk of developing alcoholism?
a. Italian Americans c. Hispanic Americans
b. Native Americans d. German Americans
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
80. Many Native Americans believe _______________ is largely responsible for their high rates of drinking
related problems.
a. discrimination and prejudice from more dominant racial groups
b. loss of their traditional culture
c. lack of access to stimulating activities on reservations
d. poverty and lack of access to good health care
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
81. ________________ appear to explain why African American males have a higher rate of alcohol-related
health issues yet a lower rate of alcohol dependence compared to European American males.
a. Genetics
b. Choice of alcoholic beverage
c. Socioeconomic factors
d. Cultural practices
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
82. With increasing acculturation, alcohol use and abuse by Hispanic American women in the United States is
becoming more similar to __________ women.
a. Asian American
b. African American
c. European American
d. Native American
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
83. Approximately ______ of college students today have engaged in binge drinking during the past 30 days.
a. one out of two c. one out of four
b. two out of three d. two out of five
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
84. Approximately ______ percent of adults today have engaged in binge drinking during the past 30 days.
a. 7 c. 27
b. 17 d. 37
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
85. Leslie, a University of Virginia student, described in the text, died from binge drinking as a result of
______.
a. liver failure c. falling down stairs
b. a motor vehicle accident d. mixing the alcohol with Tylenol
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
86. Debbie is a college sophomore who binge drinks. According to the profiles developed by Ham and Hope,
Debbie is probably drinking because ______.
a. she will enjoy the social results
b. it is a regular part of her sorority life
c. her friends drink
d. it will soothe her feelings of anxiety and depression
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Applied
87. Anton is a college sophomore who binge drinks. According to the profiles developed by Ham and Hope, he
is probably drinking because ______.
a. it helps him sleep better at night
b. it is a regular part of his fraternity life
c. it helps him pass the time when he is alone
d. it will soothe his feelings of anxiety and depression
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
88. Alcohol is most similar in its biochemical effects to ______.

a. marijuana c. opiates
b. methamphetamines d. benzodiazepines
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
89. Alcohol affects us by ______.

a. increasing central nervous system activity
b. reducing sensitivity of the parasympathetic nervous system
c. heightening activity of GABA
d. increasing sensitivity of norepinephrine receptor sites
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
90. Alcohol appears to heighten the activity of the neurotransmitter ______.

a. GABA c. serotonin
b. endorphin d. dopamine
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
91. Which of the following is true of alcohol's effects?

a. It encourages people to talk more openly and honestly.
b. It lowers people's ability to envision the consequences of misbehavior.
c. It directly increases people's sexual responsiveness.
d. It makes it easier for people to sleep.
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Factual
92. Which drug is most likely to be implicated in cases of domestic violence and sexual assaults?
a. Xanax c. Alcohol
b. Marijuana d. Prozac
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
93. Increasing amounts of alcohol use can ______ sexual performance.

a. delay c. enhance
b. impair d. arouse
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
94. Chronic alcohol abuse is connected with which of the following?

a. Cancer c. Anemia
b. Increased aerobic capacity d. Arthritis
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
95. A potentially fatal disorder in which healthy liver cells become supplanted with scar tissue is ______.
a. alcoholic hepatitis c. Korsakoff’s syndrome
b. cirrhosis of the liver d. Wernicke's syndrome
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
96. Cirrhosis of the liver is linked to ______.

a. direct death of liver cells from long-term alcohol poisoning
b. protein deficiencies related to long-term alcohol abuse
c. vitamin deficiencies related to long-term alcohol abuse
d. carbohydrate deficiencies related to long-term alcohol abuse
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
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97. A liver disease which involves a serious and potentially life-threatening inflammation of the liver is called
_______.
a. alcoholic hepatitis c. Korsakoff’s syndrome
b. cirrhosis of the liver d. Wernicke's syndrome
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
98. Korsakoff’s syndrome is linked to ______.

a. direct death of brain cells from long-term alcohol poisoning
b. protein deficiencies related to long-term alcohol abuse
c. vitamin deficiencies related to long-term alcohol abuse
d. carbohydrate deficiencies related to long-term alcohol abuse
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
99. ______ is characterized by glaring confusion, disorientation, and memory loss for recent events.
a. Broca's syndrome c. Korsakoff’s syndrome
b. Wernicke's syndrome d. Klinefelter's syndrome
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
100. Habitual drinkers tend to be ______.

a. hyperactive c. malnourished
b. underachievers d. obese
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
101. Mothers who drink place the fetus at risk for which of the following?
a. Infant mortality c. Low vision
b. Development of Alzheimer’s disease later in life d. Later infertility
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
102. Fetal alcohol syndrome has been found among children of mothers who drank as little as ______ of alcohol
per week.
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a. a drink and a half c. five drinks
b. 3 drinks d. seven drinks
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
103. A childhood disorder characterized by facial features such as a flattened nose, widely spaced eyes, an
underdeveloped upper jaw, mental retardation, and social skills deficits is ______.
a. Korsakoff’s syndrome c. fetal alcohol syndrome
b. infantile autism d. Reye’s syndrome
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
104. Correlational studies indicate that where drinking alcohol is concerned, ______ most beneficial to one's
health.
a. abstinence is c. heavy levels of drinking are
b. moderate levels of drinking are d. very heavy levels of drinking are
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
105. Light drinking appears to incur some positive health benefits through ______.
a. a protective effect on the heart and circulatory system,
b. raising levels of LDL
c. increasing overall metabolism
d. decreasing overall metabolism
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
106. Moderate alcohol use is defined as about ______ for women.

a. 1 to 3 drinks per week c. 2 to 4 drinks per day
b. 1 drink per day d. 4 to 6 drinks per month
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
107. Moderate alcohol use is defined as about ______ for men.

a. 3 drinks per week c. 4 drinks per day
b. 2 drinks per day d. 10 drinks per month
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
108. Amobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital, and pentobarbital are ______.

a. opiates c. barbiturates
b. stimulants d. hallucinogenics
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
109. Barbiturates are ______.

a. opiates c. antidepressants
b. sedatives d. stimulants
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
110. Barbiturates are ______.

a. opiates c. hallucinogens
b. depressants d. stimulants
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
111. Barbiturates ______ create psychological dependence and ______ create physiological dependence.
a. do not; do not c. do not; quickly
b. quickly; do not d. rapidly; quickly
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
112. High doses of barbiturates produce effects similar to those of ______.

a. hallucinogenics c. cocaine
b. alcohol d. methamphetamines
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
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113. The effects of barbiturates last about ______ hours.
a. 1 to 3 c. 6 to 9
b. 3 to 6 d. 9 to 12
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
114. Barbiturate use results in the development of ______.

a. neither tolerance nor withdrawal c. withdrawal but not tolerance
b. tolerance but not withdrawal d. both tolerance and withdrawal
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
115. Which of the following is true of barbiturates?

a. They have few side effects when used in the long-term treatment of insomnia.
b. They rarely create psychological and physiological dependence.
c. They are stimulating and can produce a mild state of euphoria.
d. Abrupt withdrawal from barbiturates after tolerance has developed can produce fatal seizures.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
116. Barbiturates have synergistic effects when combined with ______.

a. cocaine c. PCP
b. marijuana d. alcohol
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
117. A mixture of barbiturates and alcohol is about ______ times as powerful as either drug used by itself.
a. two c. six
b. four d. eight
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
118. Marilyn Monroe and Judy Garland died at least in part due to ingesting a combination of alcohol and
______.
a. antidepressants c. barbiturates
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b. mood stabilizers d. stimulants
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
119. Drugs that are used medically for pain relief but that have strong addictive potential are ______.
a. stimulants c. narcotics
b. hallucinogens d. neuroleptics
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
120. Which of the following is an opioid?

a. Codeine c. Propofol
b. Phencyclidine d. Modafanil
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
121. Opioids are classified as ______.

a. narcotics c. stimulants
b. mild tranquilizers d. hallucinogens
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
122. The major medical application for opioids is ______.

a. tranquilization c. CNS arousal
b. disinfection d. analgesia
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
123. Endorphins are similar in chemical structure and lock into the same receptor sites as ______.
a. barbiturates c. hallucinogenics
b. opioids d. stimulants
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Factual
124. Endorphins function chiefly to ______.

a. increase metabolic rate
b. regulate states of pleasure and pain
c. decrease central nervous system functioning
d. increase GABA sensitivity
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
125. Natural substances that function as neurotransmitters in the brain and are similar in their effects to
morphine are ______.
a. catecholamines c. endorphins
b. neuroleptics d. antigens
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
126. Initial withdrawal symptoms associated with opioids include ________.

a. high blood pressure and cramps
b. vomiting, insomnia, and diarrhea
c. tremors and hot and cold flashes
d. anxiety, death, and cravings
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
127. After a few days following the last dose of an opioid, withdrawal symptoms include ________.
a. cravings
b. anxiety
c. hot and cold flashes
d. irritability
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
128. The withdrawal syndrome associated with opioids usually begins within ________ hours of taking the last
dose.
a. 1-2 c. 8-12
b. 4-6 d. 20-24
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
129. ______ was introduced in the United States around the time of the Civil War and was used to deaden pain
from wounds.
a. Morphine c. Opium
b. Heroin d. Codeine
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
130. In the 19th century, physiological dependence on ______ became known as "soldier's disease."
a. codeine c. opium
b. morphine d. heroin
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
131. Morphine’s name is derived from Morpheus, the Greek god of ______.
a. pleasure c. poetry
b. pain d. dreams
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
132. The most widely used opiate is ______.

a. morphine c. heroin
b. opium d. methadone
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
133. Heroin is usually ______.

a. injected c. snorted
b. swallowed d. smoked
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
134. The positive effects of heroin ______.
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a. are immediate c. vary greatly from user to user
b. take several minutes to develop d. take several hours to develop
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
135. Heroin is a ______.

a. stimulant c. depressant
b. hallucinogen d. designer drug
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
136. Heroin produces a powerful rush that lasts from ______.

a. 5 to 15 seconds c. 5 to 15 hours
b. 5 to 15 minutes d. 5 to 15 days
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
137. Psychoactive substances that increase nervous system activity are called ______.
a. opioids c. stimulants
b. hallucinogens d. depressants
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
138. Which of the following is an amphetamine?

a. Brotizolan c. Benzodiazepine
b. Methedrine d. Phencyclidine
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
139. Amphetamines are used in high doses for their ______.

a. pain-killing properties c. euphoric rush
b. calming effects d. appetite enhancing qualities
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
140. An amphetamine which is smoked in a rather pure form is known as ______.

a. crack c. speed rush
b. bennies d. crystal meth
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
141. The most potent form of amphetamine is ______.

a. liquid methamphetamine c. dextroamphetamine
b. amphetamine sulfate d. methylphenidate
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
142. Which of the following is true of amphetamines?

a. Psychological dependence on amphetamines is rare.
b. Amphetamine users do not show an abstinence syndrome when they stop usage.
c. High doses can cause delusions, hallucinations, and insomnia.
d. Amphetamine users do not suffer the “crash” experience that cocaine users typically report of when the
drug wears off.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
143. Amphetamine psychosis most closely resembles ______.

a. disorganized schizophrenia c. paranoid schizophrenia
b. dissociative personality disorder d. catatonic schizophrenia
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
144. ______, a designer drug that is chemically similar to amphetamines, became a popular illicit
drug during the 1990s at clubs and “raves.”
a. MXR c. Ecstasy
b. PCP d. Crystal meth
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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145. Ecstasy is chemically similar to ______.
a. nicotine c. alcohol
b. endorphins d. amphetamine
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
146. Teen use of ecstasy ______ in the early years of the new millennium.
a. dropped significantly c. stayed the same
b. increased significantly d. varied unpredictably
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
147. Ecstasy can produce which of the following psychological effects?

a. Increased alertness c. Psychosis
b. Relaxation and calm d. Drowsiness
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
148. Clark has used ecstasy several times during high school. Which cognitive function could be impaired when
Clark enters college?
a. Concentration c. Perceptual motor coordination
b. Memory d. Organizational ability
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
149. Which of the following statements is true?

a. In lower doses, ecstasy improves concentration and arousal.
b. Ecstasy can deplete dopamine levels in the brain.
c. Ecstasy is chemically similar to cocaine.
d. When mixed with other stimulants, cause low blood pressure.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
150. Cocaine is a(n) ______.

a. stimulant c. opioid
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b. depressant d. hallucinogen
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
151. Withdrawal symptoms for cocaine are usually ______ in duration and involve a period of ______
depression.
a. brief; mild c. brief; intense
b. extended; mild d. extended; intense
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
152. Crack contains about ______ percent pure cocaine.

a. 35 c. 75
b. 55 d. 95
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
153. The most habit-forming street drug available is ______.

a. 'srooms c. purple drank
b. crack d. angel dust
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
154. A method which intensifies the rush of cocaine by heating it with ether and then smoking it is called
______.
a. snorting c. freebasing
b. mainlining d. downstreaming
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
155. Next to marijuana, ______ is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States.
a. heroin c. methamphetamine
b. alcohol d. cocaine
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Factual
156. Which of the following is a complication of cocaine use?

a. Permanent dopamine depletion c. Decreased heart rate
b. Fatal, irregular heart rhythms d. Decreased blood pressure
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
157. Cocaine is associated with which of the following?

a. Psychosis c. Hypochondriasis
b. Obesity d. Diabetes
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
158. Which of the following is cited as a complication of cocaine use?

a. Ulcers of the nostrils c. Diabetes
b. Cancer of the throat d. Pancreatic damage
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
159. Habitual smoking of nicotine creates a ______ addiction to a ______ drug.

a. psychological; depressant c. physical; depressant
b. physical; stimulant d. psychological; stimulant
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
160. Over ______ people die each year in the United States from smoking-related illnesses.
a. 280,000 c. 480,000
b. 380,000 d. 580,000
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
161. Smoking ______ the risk of dying in mid-life.

a. reduces c. slightly increases
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b. has no effect on d. doubles
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
162. About ______ people die around the world annually from smoking-related illnesses.
a. 750,000 c. 2 million
b. 1 million d. 3 million
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
163. About ______ percent of Americans smoke today.

a. 8 c. 18
b. 10 d. 28
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
164. More women die of ______ cancer than any other form of cancer.
a. cervical c. uterine
b. breast d. lung
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
165. By quitting smoking, one can reduce one’s risk of having cancer _________.
a. to rates below that of individuals who never smoked
b. to lower rates but not to rates as low as that of someone who never smoked
c. is undetermined due to the fact that all of the research is correlational
d. to rates equal to that of individuals who never smoked
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
166. Which of the following ethnic groups has the highest percentage of individuals who smoke?
a. African Americans c. Native Americans
b. Asian Americans d. Caucasian Americans
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
167. Walt is a novice smoker. As he smokes, his skin becomes cold and clammy, and he feels nauseous, dizzy,
and faint. Later on he develops diarrhea. His symptoms are directly due to the action of ______ in his
cigarettes.
a. carbon monoxide c. hydrocarbons
b. carbohydrates d. nicotine
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
168. The stimulant in tobacco smoke which gives cigarettes their "kick" is ______.
a. carbon monoxide c. the hydrocarbons
b. the carbohydrates d. nicotine
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
169. Nicotine stimulates the body by causing a discharge of ______.

a. estrogen c. epinephrine
b. testosterone d. dopamine
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
170. Nicotine creates pleasurable feelings by causing the release of ______.

a. endorphins c. catecholamines
b. enkaphalins d. cortisol
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
171. Nicotine use leads to ______.

a. neither tolerance nor withdrawal c. withdrawal but not tolerance
b. tolerance but not withdrawal d. tolerance and withdrawal
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
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172. About ______ of tobacco users who quit for two or more days show evidence of tobacco withdrawal
disorder.
a. 25%
b. 90%
c. 50%
d. 30%
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
173. Hallucinogens are also known as ______.

a. opioids c. stimulants
b. depressants d. psychedelics
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
174. Drugs that produce sensory distortions or hallucinations as their primary psychoactive effect are called
______.
a. opioids c. barbiturates
b. stimulants d. hallucinogens
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
175. Which of the following is classified as a hallucinogenic drug?

a. Marijuana c. Methamphetamine
b. Meow-meow d. Cocaine
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
176. Research indicates ______ to hallucinogens.

a. there is no evidence of the development of tolerance or withdrawal syndrome
b. tolerance may develop but there is no withdrawal syndrome
c. no support for the development of tolerance but a clearly identified withdrawal syndrome
d. the development of tolerance and a clearly identified withdrawal syndrome
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
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177. Which of the following is true of LSD?
a. Only experienced, heavy users of LSD report "bad trips."
b. Some users of LSD report flashbacks.
c. Many LSD users claim that it improves attention to detail.
d. LSD trips are somewhat unpredictable with first-time users but become predictable with repeated use.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
178. Flashbacks can occur days, weeks, or even years after taking ______.
a. cocaine c. hashish
b. marijuana d. LSD
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
179. The street name "angel dust" refers to ______.

a. LSD c. PCP
b. THC d. DDT
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
180. “Angel dust” was developed in the 1950s as ______.

a. an anesthetic c. a neuroleptic
b. an analgesic d. a minor tranquilizer
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
181. Ben feels as if there is some sort of barrier or wall between himself and his environment, as if he was an
outsider watching the rest of the world go by without him. He is also experiencing some extremely hostile
and aggressive urges, perceptual distortions, and paranoia. He has most likely been using ______.
a. LSD c. PCP
b. THC d. DDT
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
182. Which of the following hallucinogens is classified as a deliriant?

a. LSD c. DDT
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b. THC d. PCP
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
183. The major psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is ______.

a. PCB c. PCP
b. THC d. LSD
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
184. Marijuana is considered a ______.

a. depressant c. hallucinogen
b. deliriant d. major tranquilizer
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
185. Hashish is very similar in its effects to ______.

a. marijuana c. PCP
b. LSD d. cocaine
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
186. Approximately ______ percent of twelfth graders have tried marijuana in the past month.
a. 21 c. 61
b. 41 d. 81
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
187. About ______ percent of the U.S. adult population suffers from a marijuana use disorder.
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
188. Which of the following people is MOST likely to be dependent on marijuana?

a. An 18-year-old male c. A 32-year-old male
b. A 24-year-old female d. A 47-year-old female
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
189. Which of the following people is LEAST likely to be dependent on marijuana?

a. An 18-year-old male c. A 32-year-old male
b. A 24-year-old female d. A 47-year-old female
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
190. ______ is the nation's most popular illicit substance among teenagers.
a. Cocaine c. Marijuana
b. Alcohol d. LSD
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
191. Which of the following is an effect of marijuana at stronger levels of intoxication?

a. It may produce feelings of heightened sexual sensations.
b. It can cause smokers to become agitated.
c. It can make time seem to pass more quickly.
d. It appears to produce more physiological than psychological dependence.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
192. Which of the following is true of marijuana?

a. It may produce tolerance over long periods of heavy use.
b. A specific withdrawal syndrome is not associated with its use.
c. Over time, smoking one joint of marijuana daily presents 1/3 the risk of developing cancer compared
to smoking one cigarette daily.
d. It impairs short-term memory and slows learning.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
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193. Some chronic marijuana users report developing sensitization, which is defined as _________________.
a. developing skin rashes and mouth sores with long-term use
b. becoming less sensitive to the drug’s effects with repeated use
c. becoming more sensitive to the drug’s effects with repeated use
d. a withdrawal symptom similar to what is experienced with alcohol withdrawal
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
194. For most adolescents, alcohol is used primarily to ______.

a. be accepted by their peers c. get “high”
b. prove they are adults d. avoid social anxiety
ANSWER: C
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Conceptual
195. Anxious people may be drawn to which of the following types of drugs?
a. Antipsychotics c. Marijuana
b. Cocaine d. Psychedelics
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
196. There appears to be a common pathway in the brain involving the neurotransmitter ______ that may
explain the pleasure-inducing effects of many drugs.
a. cortisol c. acetylcholine
b. dopamine d. norepinephrine
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
197. When the body becomes habituated to opioids, it ceases production of ______.
a. testosterone c. prostaglandins
b. endorphins d. norepinephrine
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
198. Twin studies have found ______.

a. no significant correlation for rates of alcoholism in monozygotic or dizygotic twins
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b. a greater concordance rate of alcoholism for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins
c. a greater concordance rate of alcoholism for dizygotic twins than for monozygotic twins
d. an equal concordance rate of alcoholism for monozygotic and dizygotic twins
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
199. Cocaine works on the brain’s use of ______________.

a. serotonin c. norepinephrine
b. epinephrine d. dopamine
ANSWER: D
Topic: A Closer Look: How Cocaine Affects the Brain
Skill: Factual
200. Cocaine interferes with the process of reuptake by which excess molecules of __________ are reabsorbed
by the transmitting neuron.
a. serotonin c. epinephrine
b. dopamine d. norepinephrine
ANSWER: B
Topic: A Closer Look : How Cocaine Affects the Brain
Skill: Factual
201. Research evidence suggests that a genetic vulnerability to alcohol may involve a combination of getting
______ pleasure from the drug and a ______ biological tolerance for the drug.
a. less; lower c. less; greater
b. greater; lower d. greater; greater
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
202. Charlie is at a high genetic risk for alcoholism. However, he grew up in a family in which neither parent
ever abused alcohol. The history of his family’s drinking behavior ______ the likelihood of his becoming
an alcoholic.
a. reduces c. increases
b. nullifies d. would not affect
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
203. Learning theories stress that the most powerful factor in people becoming dependent on drugs such as
cocaine is ______ reinforcement.
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a. positive c. social
b. negative d. delayed
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
204. According to learning theorists, which of the following is true?

a. Substance-related behaviors cannot be unlearned due to the powerful genetic influences of addictive
processes.
b. Emotional stress often sets the stage for development of substance abuse.
c. Drugs may become habitual because of the body’s increased need for the drug.
d. Substance abuse is actually a disease.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
205. According to learning theorists, which of the following is one of the reasons why people initially use an
illegal drug?
a. Trial and error c. Genetic vulnerability
b. Medical need d. Physiological drive
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
206. The tension reduction theory proposes that ______.

a. the more often one drinks to reduce tension, the stronger the habit becomes
b. the more often one drinks to reduce tension, the weaker the habit becomes
c. the less often one drinks to reduce tension, the stronger the habit becomes
d. the less often one drinks to reduce tension, the weaker the habit becomes
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
207. Which type of drug may be used as a form of self-medication for depression?
a. Alcohol c. Nicotine
b. LSD d. Heroin
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
208. Once people become physiologically dependent on a drug, the drug habit is maintained by ______.
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a. positive reinforcement c. classical conditioning
b. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
209. Jean played pool while drinking beer at the local bars during college. Years later, whenever Jean plays
pool, she is overwhelmed with cravings to drink beer. In the classical conditioning model, her cravings
represent the _______.
a. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response d. conditioned response
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
210. Paul played pool while drinking beer at the local bars during his time in college. Years later, whenever Paul
plays pool, he is overwhelmed with cravings to drink beer. In the classical conditioning model, “playing
pool” represents the _______.
a. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
211. Susie completed a semester abroad during her junior year of college. Every evening she ate pasta and
drank large amounts of red wine with her companions. After returning to the U.S., Susie finds she craves
red wine whenever she eats pasta. In the classical conditioning model, the red wine represents a(n)
__________.
a. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimuli
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
212. Whenever Tina drinks alcohol, she is overwhelmed with feelings of pleasure and relaxation. In the classical
conditioning model, the pleasurable and relaxing feelings which accompany her ingestion of alcohol
represents ______.
a. unconditioned stimuli c. conditioned stimuli
b. an unconditioned response d. a conditioned response
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Applied
213. For some substances users, cravings may represent a conditioned response to ________ associated with
prior use of the substance.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative operants
c. environmental cues
d. physiological cues
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
214. Research shows ______ exhibit increased salivation to the sight and smell of alcohol.
a. neither people with alcoholism nor nonalcoholics
b. people with alcoholism, but not nonalcoholics
c. nonalcoholics, but not people with alcoholism
d. both people with alcoholism and nonalcoholics
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
215. Cue exposure training involves the use of ______ to treat alcohol dependence.
a. punishment c. extinction procedures
b. intrinsic rewards d. aversive conditioning
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
216. An alcohol dependence treatment technique which exposes a person to alcohol related stimuli while
preventing the person from drinking is called ______.
a. intoxication prevention therapy c. classical conditioning training
b. symptom substitution therapy d. cue exposure training
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
217. Which of the following is a strong cognitive predictor of adolescent drinking?

a. Family history c. Self-efficacy expectancies
b. Outcome expectancies d. Social class
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Conceptual
218. Charlize drinks alcohol because she believes that it reduces tension, helps her relax, become more sociable
and, in general, have a good time. She believes that people like her better when she's had a few drinks and
feels she can make more friends when she's drunk than when she's sober. Charlize's beliefs about what
alcohol can do for her represent ______.
a. outcome expectancies c. self-efficacy expectancies
b. behavioral contingencies d. behavioral cues
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
219. James believes that he needs alcohol to help him relax when he talks to people. The ______ model would
explain James’s motivation for drinking.
a. outcome expectancy c. tension reduction
b. self-efficacy d. paradoxical intention
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
220. Personal expectancies we hold about our ability to successfully perform tasks are ______ expectancies.
a. self-efficacy c. hardiness
b. attributional d. outcome
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
221. When we insist on seeing the world in black and white rather than shades of gray (for example, as either
complete successes or complete failures), we may be engaging in what Aaron Beck calls _________.
a. expectancy outcome
b. magnification
c. overgeneralization
d. absolutist thinking
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
222. The one-drink hypothesis exemplifies what Aaron Beck calls ______.
a. emotional thinking c. relativistic thinking
b. impulsive thinking d. absolutist thinking
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Conceptual
223. According to psychodynamic theory, alcoholism reflects an ______ personality.

a. oral-dependent c. anal-retentive
b. oral-aggressive d. anal-expulsive
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
224. According to psychodynamic theorists, smoking is a(n) ______.

a. oral fixation c. phallic conflict
b. anal fixation d. genital fixation
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
225. Cognitive theorists explain the "one-drink" effect as a ______.

a. biochemical process c. cognitive lapse
b. self-awareness model d. self-fulfilling prophecy
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
226. ______ is generally associated with abstinence from alcohol.

a. Being married c. Working as a bartender
b. Working as a dentist d. Attending church
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
227. Teenagers who start drinking before age 15 are ______ people who begin drinking at a later age to develop
alcohol dependence in adulthood.
a. half as likely as c. twice as likely as
b. just as likely as d. five times as likely as
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
228. Which of the following is true of treating people with substance abuse and dependency problems?
a. They are eager to enter treatment but typically lack health insurance or the financial means to
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support the treatment.
b. Helping substance abusers through withdrawal is usually the most complicated and difficult part
of treatment.
c. Substance abusers often have trouble relating to other substance abusers who abuse substances
that are different from the ones they abuse.
d. Substance abusers often have other psychological problems in addition to their substance abuse
problems.
ANSWER: D
Topic: Treatment of Substance Use Disorders
Skill: Conceptual
229. In many, if not most, cases, people with drug dependencies ______ want to stop and ______ seek treatment
on their own.
a. do not; do not c. do not; do
b. do; do not d. do; do
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
230. Biological treatments for people with chemical dependencies often begin with ______.
a. electroconvulsive therapy c. intoxification
b. behavioral counseling d. detoxification
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
231. The process of ridding the system of alcohol or other drugs under supervised conditions is known as
______.
a. abstinence c. withdrawal
b. detoxification d. symbiosis
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
232. In detoxification, patients are sometimes given ______ to help mute withdrawal symptoms.
a. opioids c. antianxiety drugs
b. stimulants d. hallucinogenics
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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233. Substance abuse counselors may use the technique of __________ to increase their clients’ readiness to
make changes in their lives.
a. direct confrontation c. behavioral interviewing
b. motivational interviewing d. peer processing
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
234. Eddie suffers from social anxiety disorder as well as an addiction to alcohol. As part of his treatment,
Eddie receives social skills training and individual therapy along with the standard activities of his
treatment for chemical dependence. Clients like Eddie, who have both chemical dependence and
psychological issues, are said to have a __________.
a. self-medication duality
b. dual diagnosis
c. primary psychological disorder
d. secondary addiction
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
235. Jean has been given a drug that makes her violently ill if she drinks alcohol. The drug she is most likely to
have been given is ______.
a. naloxone c. methadone
b. disulfiram d. diazepam
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
236. Which of the following statements about Antabuse is true?

a. It causes high blood pressure when taken with alcohol.
b. Antabuse has a no effect on people with liver disease.
c. Patients who want to drink merely suffer through the physical reaction if they elect to drink while on
Antabuse.
d. Little evidence supports the efficacy of the drug in the long run.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
237. ______ have shown some promise in stemming some abusers' cravings for nicotine.
a. Antidepressants c. Tranquilizers
b. Stimulants d. Opiates
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Factual
238. An antidepressant used to blunt cravings for nicotine is ______.

a. Xanax c. Naloxone
b. Zyban d. Luvox
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
239. Which of the following drugs used in cessation-smoking treatment is linked to serious complications, such
as increased risks of depression and suicidal behaviors?
a. Bupropion (trade name Zyban)
b. Varenicline (trade name Chantix)
c. Benzodiazepine (trade name Zanex)
d. Disulfiram (trade name Antabuse)
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
240. Which of the following has been shown to be MOST effective in getting smokers to successfully quit
smoking?
a. Nicotine replacement therapy by itself
b. Behavior therapy by itself
c. Behavior therapy combined with psychodynamic therapy
d. Nicotine replacement therapy combined with behavior therapy
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
241. Methadone is a(n) ______.

a. opiate c. stimulant
b. barbiturate d. hallucinogenic
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
242. Ann is trying to overcome an addiction to heroin. She has been given an alternative drug that is slower
acting than heroin and does not provide the "rush" provided by heroin. It does, however, protect her from
the painful abstinence syndrome usually associated with the cessation of heroin use. She is most likely
taking ______.
a. disulfiram c. methadone
b. naloxone d. diazepam
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ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
243. Methadone is ______ addictive.

a. not c. moderately
b. slightly d. highly
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
244. Buprenorphine and levomethadyl are both used to treat ______.

a. heroin addiction c. nicotine dependency
b. alcoholism d. barbiturate withdrawal effects
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
245. Naltrexone is used to treat by blocking the high feelings produced by ______.
a. amphetamine psychosis c. alcohol and opioid dependence
b. withdrawal from barbiturates d. LSD flashbacks
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
246. The major problem with drug treatments involving disulfiram, naltrexone, or methadone is that ______.
a. they cannot be given to patients for long periods of time
b. they only work on about half the patients to whom they are given
c. they produce tolerance to an even greater degree than some of the substances they are attempting
to replace
d. patients can choose not to use them as required, rendering them useless
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
247. Many members of ethnic minorities resist traditional treatment approaches to alcoholism because ______.
a. these approaches have not been shown to work with members of ethnic minorities
b. these approaches do not work as well as "home-grown" methods of treatment
c. they are not interested in treatment for something that is only considered a problem in white society
d. they feel excluded from full participation in society
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ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
248. Which of the following has been recommended as a way of improving the success rate of alcohol treatment
plans among ethnic minorities?
a. Improve the level of technology that is brought to bear during treatment.
b. Incorporate social media into the treatment aftercare plan.
c. Use counselors who have not been chemically dependent themselves.
d. Address all facets of the human being, including racial and cultural identity.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
249. To Alcoholics Anonymous, alcoholics who have quit drinking are always seen as ______.
a. cured c. fooling themselves
b. recovering d. in remission
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
250. Alcoholics Anonymous is run by ______.

a. physicians c. psychotherapists
b. social workers d. laypersons
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
251. In Alcoholics Anonymous, more experienced group members called ______ support newer members
during periods of crisis or potential relapse.
a. peer mentors
b. sponsors
c. recovery buddies
d. guides
.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
252. Alcoholics Anonymous follows a ______-step approach for treating alcohol abuse.
a. 3 c. 9
b. 6 d. 12
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ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
253. Which of the following is a component of groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous,
and Cocaine Anonymous?
a. Asserting one’s control over his or her drug use
b. Learning to use alcohol or drugs in moderation
c. Working in isolation to overcome one’s addiction
d. Getting in touch with a "higher power" through prayer and meditation
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
254. Al-Anon is designed to ______.

a. support people suffering from alcoholism who have failed at the regular Alcoholics Anonymous
programs
b. provide support to people suffering from alcoholism who are struggling with other substance abuse
problems in addition to alcohol abuse
c. provide support exclusively for teenaged sufferers of alcoholism
d. provide support to spouses and family members of people suffering from alcoholism
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
255. Alateen provides support ______.

a. exclusively to teenaged sufferers of alcoholism
b. exclusively to teenaged polydrug abusers
c. to the children of people suffering from alcoholism
d. to the spouses of teenaged sufferers of alcoholism
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
256. Hospitalization would be recommended for which of the following persons with chemical dependence?
a. A client with solid medical health coverage. Otherwise the treatment is too costly to be borne by the
addict.
b. Chemically dependent users with legal charges pending.
c. In a case where outpatient treatment would be costlier.
d. When the abuser’s behavior is self-destructive or dangerous to others.
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Conceptual
257. ______ of people treated for alcoholism are treated on an outpatient basis.
a. A small minority c. A slight majority
b. A large minority d. The great majority
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
258. Most inpatient programs use a ______ day treatment program.

a. 7 c. 21
b. 14 d. 28
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
259. Comparisons of outpatient and inpatient treatment programs for alcoholism have found that ______.
a. neither one works as well as individuals quitting "cold turkey" on their own
b. outpatient treatment is generally more effective than inpatient treatment
c. inpatient treatment is generally more effective than outpatient treatment
d. both inpatient and outpatient treatment work about equally well in relapse rate
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
260. Residential treatment programs for substance use have ______ numbers of early dropouts and ______
residents relapse upon returning to the outside world.
a. low; few c. low; many
b. high; few d. high; many
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
261. Psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of substance use focus on ______.

a. replacing substance abuse behaviors with alternate behaviors that are more socially acceptable and
equally gratifying
b. improving the patient's social support system so that it does not encourage drug use
c. altering positive outcome expectancies and self-efficacy expectancies associated with drug use
d. resolving underlying emotional conflicts which led to drug abuse in the first place
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Factual
262. Natalie goes to a therapist for treatment of her substance use problem. Her therapist spends a lot of time
exploring her childhood in an effort to find the underlying conflicts which created her need to use drugs.
Her therapist is most likely a ______ therapist.
a. behavioral c. psychodynamic
b. cognitive d. humanistic
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
263. Behavioral approaches to the treatment of substance use focus on ______.

a. modifying abusive and dependent behavior patterns
b. improving the patient's social support system so that it does not encourage drug use
c. altering positive outcome expectancies and self-efficacy expectancies associated with drug use
d. resolving underlying emotional conflicts which led to drug use in the first place
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
264. Terri goes to a therapist for treatment of her substance use problem. Her therapist immediately begins
teaching her new skills and self-control strategies, focusing on new ways of behaving rather than on
possible underlying mechanisms which may have led her to use drugs. Her therapist is most likely a
______ therapist.
a. behavioral c. psychodynamic
b. cognitive d. humanistic
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
265. Self-control strategies for substance abuse include all but which one of the following?
a. Controlling the antecedents c. Controlling the consequences
b. Controlling the behaviors d. Controlling the reinforcements
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
266. Which of the following is a technique typically used by behavioral therapists to treat substance abuse?
a. Hypnosis c. Self-actualization exploration
b. Electroconvulsive therapy d. Social skills training
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Factual
267. In the contingency management approach to treatment of opioids and cocaine, the patient ______.
a. vomits whenever taking the drug
b. uses a substitute drug like methadone
c. is awarded money for staying clean
d. gradually is weaned off of the substance
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
268. Jennifer goes to a therapist for treatment of her substance use problem. Her therapist teaches her to focus on
the antecedent cues which lead to her drug use, the drug use itself, and the consequences of her drug use.
Then, the therapist discusses ways she can avoid the cues which tempt her to use drugs, competing
responses she can substitute for drug use, and self-rewards she can use to substitute for the rewards she
used to get from drug use. Her therapist is using _______.
a. self-control training c. covert sensitization
b. aversive conditioning d. social skills training
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
269. Stacy goes to a therapist for treatment of her drinking problem. The therapist makes her drink alcohol at the
same time she takes a drug that induces nausea and vomiting. Her therapist is using ______.
a. negative reinforcement c. covert sensitization
b. aversive conditioning d. skills training
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
270. Marta goes to a therapist for treatment of her drinking problem. Her therapist teaches her to be more
assertive in dealing with her "drinking buddies" who are always pressuring her to drink until she can't stand
up. This technique is called ______.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
271. Rosa goes to a therapist for treatment of her drinking problem. Her therapist makes her sign a written
behavioral contract in which she agrees to abstain from drinking and to take Antabuse. Her husband agrees
to refrain from making comments about her past drinking and the probability of future lapses. This
technique is part of ______.
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ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
272. Sarah goes to her therapist for treatment of her drinking problem. Her therapist teaches her methods to stop
the drinking, which work quite effectively. Then, her therapist teaches her a series of techniques and skills
designed to help prevent her from drinking again and to help her cope with high-risk situations and
temptations she is sure to encounter. This approach is called ______.
a. self-control training c. relapse prevention training
b. skills training d. the abstinence violation effect
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
273. The relapse prevention model focuses on ______.

a. underlying psychological conflicts which create the need to use drugs
b. total abstinence from drug use
c. identifying high-risk situations and learning effective coping skills
d. modification of social support systems
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
274. Compulsive or pathological gamblers often report that they experienced a big win, or a series of winnings,
_____ in their gambling career.
a. late
b. early
c. throughout
d. never
ANSWER: B
Topic: Gambling Disorder
Skill: Conceptual
275. Miguel has been involved in online gambling. Each day he tells himself that he will quit when he has spent
$20, but frequently goes over that amount, sometimes by a large sum. This pattern of gambling more than
one intends to gamble is characteristic of which DSM-5 disorder?
a. Gambling addiction disorder
b. Gambling disorder
c. Problem gambling disorder
d. Chronic gambling disorder
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Applied
276. About ______ young Americans aged 14 to 21 engage in problem gambling.

a. 40% c. 25%
b. 2% d. 5%
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
277. About _________ of the general population will develop a gambling disorder at some point in their lives.
a. 1.5% to 3.0% c. 5%
b. 0.4% to 1.0% d. 10%
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
278. Compulsive or problem gambling is________, due in part to the____________.

a. on the rise; increasing spread of legalized forms of gambling
b. on the rise; ease of access to gambling through the Internet
c. decreasing slightly; increasingly harsher penalties for declaring bankruptcy
d. decreasing dramatically; intense gambling addiction awareness education through media and schools
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
279. Which of the following is often true about compulsive gamblers?

a. They have high self-esteem. c. They come from accepting families.
b. They have low self-esteem. d. They have parents that gamble compulsively.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
280. Which of the following is a similarity between nonchemical addictions and substance addictions?
a. Withdrawal symptoms
b. High arousal before the addictive behavior is performed but low arousal during the addictive behavior
c. Low arousal before the addictive behavior is performed and low arousal during the addictive behavior
d. A loss of control over the addictive behavior
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Factual
281. Which of the following is true about compulsive gambling?

a. It is more likely in individuals with high impulse control.
b. It is more likely in individuals with low emotional instability.
c. It is more likely in individuals with high frustration tolerance.
d. It is more likely in individuals with high levels of self-centeredness.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
282. Compulsive gamblers show brain deficits in the _______.

a. temporal lobes
b. hippocampus
c. prefrontal cortex
d. occipital lopes
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
283. Like many forms of abnormal behavior, evidence points to an important __________ component in
compulsive gambling.
a. genetic
b. learning
c. unconscious
d. sociocultural
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
284. __________ medication has shown promise in the treatment of compulsive gambling.
a. Antianxiety
b. Antidepressant
c. Antipsychotic
d. Antiobsessional
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
285. Most compulsive gamblers seek treatment _____________.

a. when they are still successful
b. only during a financial or emotional crisis
c. only after they have been arrested and are facing still legal consequences
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d. only if they have no access to family financial resources
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
True-False Questions
286. Tobacco and alcohol cause more deaths through sickness and accidents than all illicit drugs combined.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
287. Illicit drugs cause many more deaths than legal drugs like tobacco or alcohol.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
288. Illegal drugs have a much more negative effect on one’s health than legal drugs.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
289. Korsakoff’s syndrome leads to irreversible memory loss after years of chronic alcohol abuse.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
290. The disorders that compose Korsakoff’s syndrome go away soon after a person stops chronically
consuming alcohol.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
291. The DSM-5 classifies substance-related disorders in terms of two major types: substance-abuse disorders
and substance dependence disorders.
ANSWER: F
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Skill: Factual
292. The DSM-5 classifies substance-related disorders in terms of two major types: substance-induced disorders
and substance use disorders.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
293. A state of drunkenness or being “high,” brought about by use of a particular drug is called substance
intoxication.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
294. Two of the major types of substance use disorders identified in the DSM-5 are substance intoxication and
substance withdrawal.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
295. Substance withdrawal is a substance-induced disorder involving a cluster of symptoms that occur when a
person abruptly stops using a particular substance following a period of prolonged and heavy use.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
296. Tolerance is a state of physical habituation to a drug, resulting from frequent use such that higher doses are
needed to achieve the same effect.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
297. Alcohol induced mania is a state of mental confusion characterized by incoherent speech, disorientation,
and extreme restlessness.
ANSWER: F
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Skill: Factual
298. Alcohol induced delirium is a state of mental confusion characterized by incoherent speech, disorientation,
and extreme restlessness.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
299. The DSM-5 recognizes that regular use of caffeine can lead to a substance withdrawal disorder following
the abrupt cessation of caffeine intake after a prolonged period of daily use.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
300. Drug-related problems are more frequent among ethnic minorities.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
301. Addiction involves a loss of control over use of a drug despite knowledge of the harmful consequences it
causes.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
302. The three pathways to addiction listed in your text include: prodromal experimentation, active use, and
addiction/dependence.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
303. Drinking among college students tends to be limited to weekends and to be heavier early in the semester
when academic demands are relatively light.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
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304. Hispanic American women are much more likely to use alcohol and to develop alcohol use disorders than
non-Hispanic White women.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
305. The prevalence of cirrhosis of the liver is nearly twice as high in African Americans as in non-Hispanic
White Americans.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
306. African Americans show lower rates of alcohol abuse and dependence than do (non-Hispanic) White
Americans.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
307. Many Native Americans believe the loss of their traditional culture is largely responsible for their high
rates of drinking-related problem.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
308. Native Americans overall have higher rates of alcoholism and suffer from more alcohol-related problems
than any other ethnic group.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
309. The effects of alcohol reflect the interaction of (a) the physiological effects of the substances and (b) our
interpretations of those effects.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
310. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome has been found among children of mothers who drank as little as a drink and a half
per week.
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ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
311. A mixture of barbiturates and alcohol is about four times as powerful as either drug taken by itself.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
312. Opioids are a group of stimulants whose main uses include alleviating lethargy and attentional problems.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
313. Neurons in the brain have receptor sites into which opioids fit like a lock and key.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
314. Withdrawal symptoms associated with opioids are relatively mild.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
315. Heroin was developed during a search for a nonaddictive drug that would relieve pain as effectively as
morphine.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
316. Stimulants have been used to treat chronic pain.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
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317. The hallucinations and delusions of amphetamine psychosis mimic the features of paranoid schizophrenia.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
318. About 5% of Americans aged 12 or older report using meth at some point in their lives.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
319. The amphetamines are a class of natural, organic stimulants.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
320. Ecstasy, or MDMA, is a designer drug, a chemical knockoff similar in chemical structure to amphetamine.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
321. Ecstasy can produce adverse psychological effects, including depression, anxiety, insomnia, and even
paranoia and psychosis.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
322. Research has revealed that using ecstasy does not have an enduring adverse effect on memory.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
323. The original formula for Coca-Cola contained an extract of cocaine.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
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324. Next to marijuana, cocaine is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
325. Unlike heroin, cocaine does not directly stimulate the brain’s reward or pleasure circuits.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
326. Repeated use and high-dose use of cocaine can lead to depression and anxiety.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
327. One in three adults worldwide smoke and more than three million die each year from smoking-related
causes.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
328. More women die of lung cancer than any other type of cancer, including breast cancer.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
329. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among U.S. women.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
330. Habitual use of nicotine does not lead to physiological dependence on the drug.
ANSWER: F
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Skill: Factual
331. Habitual use of nicotine does not lead to psychological dependence on the drug.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
332. Mescaline is derived from the peyote cactus and has been used for centuries by Native Americans in
religious ceremonies.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
333. LSD is a naturally hallucinogenic that is extracted from the Texas River Toad.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
334. LSD “flashback” trips may occur days, weeks, or even years after using the drug.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
335. A deliriant is a drug capable of producing states of spiritual awareness and enlightenment.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
336. Among Americans in 12 grade, about 21% report having used marijuana during the past month.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
337. Many drugs of abuse produce pleasurable effects by increasing the availability of the neurotransmitter
dopamine.
ANSWER: T
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Skill: Factual
338. Over time, regular use of drugs such as cocaine, alcohol, and heroin may boost the brain’s own production
of dopamine.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
339. People who have a family history of substance use disorders stand a four to eight times greater chance of
developing these disorders themselves.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
340. Monozygotic (MZ) twins share half of their genes, whereas fraternal or dizygotic (DZ) twins have identical
genes.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
341. Cocaine interferes with the process of reuptake by which excess molecules of dopamine are reabsorbed by
the transmitting neuron.
ANSWER: T
Topic: A Closer Look: How Cocaine Affects the Brain
Skill: Factual
342. People who are better able to “hold their liquor” may be at greater risk of developing drinking problems.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
343. To the learning theorists, drug-related problems are not regarded as symptoms of disease but rather as
problem habits.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
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344. Drug abuse may also provide social reinforcers, such as the approval of drug-abusing companions and, in
the cases of alcohol and stimulants, the (temporary) overcoming of social shyness.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
345. According to the tension-reduction theory, the more often one drinks to reduce tension or anxiety, the
stronger the habit becomes.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
346. The conditioning model of craving has not been supported by research because people with alcoholism do
not tend to salivate more than others at the sight and smell of alcohol.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
347. People who suffer from alcoholism show distinctive changes in brain activity in areas of the brain that
regulate emotion, attention, and appetitive behavior.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
348. Alcohol lowers self-efficacy expectancies.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
349. Church attendance is generally connected with abstinence from alcohol.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
350. In most cases, substance-dependent people really do not want to discontinue the substances they are
abusing.
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ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
351. Disulfiram prevents users from getting high if they subsequently take heroin.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
352. Many substance abusers have additional psychological disorders.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
353. Research shows detoxification is just as safe carried out at home as it is in a hospital setting.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
354. Antidepressant medications have shown some promise in stemming cravings for nicotine in some users
shortly after they discontinue the drug.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
355. Nicotine replacement has not been shown to reduce withdrawal symptoms for smokers trying to quit
smoking.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
356. A widely used treatment for heroin addiction involves the substitution of another addictive drug.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
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357. Alcoholics Anonymous promotes controlled social drinking.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
358. Alcoholics Anonymous is run by laypeople.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
359. The success rate of Alcoholics Anonymous remains in question.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
360. It has been demonstrated that most people recovering from alcoholism require hospitalization during the
early stages of recovery.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
361. Most inpatient programs use an extended 3-month detoxification period.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
362. Psychoanalysts view alcohol and drug problems as symptoms of conflicts rooted in childhood experiences.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
363. Contingency management (CM) programs provide reinforcements (rewards) contingent on performing
desirable behaviors, such as producing drug-negative urine samples.
ANSWER: T
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Skill: Factual
364. All in all, efforts to help people discontinue substance dependence and abuse have been highly successful.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
365. Gambling is less popular than it has been in previous generations and rates for compulsive gambling have
been decreasing slightly.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
366. Compulsive gambling as a unique kind of chemical addiction.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
367. One difference between nonchemical addictions and substance addictions is that nonchemical addictions do
not have withdrawal symptoms.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
368. Mood-stabilizing medication has shown promise in the treatment of compulsive gambling.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
369. About 4% to 10% of the general population will develop a gambling disorder at some point in their lives.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
370. Pathological gamblers often report that they experienced a big win, or a series of winnings, throughout their
gambling careers.
ANSWER: F
669
Skill: Factual
Essay Questions
371. Define substance-induced disorders and substance-use disorders as defined by the DSM-5.

Skill: Conceptual
372. Briefly explain the circumstances associated with Internet addiction.

Skill: Conceptual
373. Distinguish between psychological and physiological dependence, and briefly explain each of the stages of
drug dependence.

Skill: Conceptual
374. Identify and explain the five factors that place an individual at risk for developing alcoholism or alcohol
related problems.

Skill: Factual
375. Summarize the differences in the use of alcohol and health related factors as they apply to the ethnic
background of the user.

Skill: Factual
376. Discuss the research on the health benefits of moderate drinking.

Skill: Factual
377. Describe the two research discoveries from the 1970s that demonstrated that the brain produces chemicals
670
of its own that have opiate-like effects.

Skill: Factual
378. What is ecstasy? Describe the rise and fall in use patterns and the health risks associated with the use of
this drug.

Skill: Factual
379. Discuss the effects of ecstasy.

Skill: Factual
380. Describe the effects of cocaine and three methods of cocaine use.

Skill: Factual
381. Summarize findings on health and the use of tobacco and nicotine.

Skill: Factual
382. Describe flashbacks in the context of LSD use. How do psychological factors impact the experience of
flashbacks?

Skill: Factual
383. What was the initial use of PCP? Why was its use discontinued in medical settings and what are the effects
of using this drug?

Skill: Factual
384. What is the role of neurotransmitters in terms of understanding addictive processes?

671
Skill: Conceptual
385. Summarize the research on addictions and addiction focusing on twin studies, the role of genetic
vulnerabilities, and the impact of environment on these vulnerabilities.

Skill: Conceptual
386. Discuss how cocaine impacts the brain. Focus on the role of neurotransmitters and action at the synapse
level.

Skill: Factual
387. Discuss biological and behavioral approaches to explain cravings for substances.

Skill: Conceptual
388. Discuss the effectiveness and controversies associated with methadone maintenance programs.

Skill: Factual
389. How effective have nonprofessional support groups like AA been in helping clients remain chemical-free?
What makes analysis of AA outcomes so difficult?

Skill: Conceptual
390. Summarize research findings on the effectiveness of residential approaches to treating substance use
disorders.

Skill: Factual
391. Explain the controversy related to treatment for alcoholism with controlled drinking.

Skill: Conceptual
672
392. Discuss the need for, and methods of, relapse-prevention training.

Skill: Conceptual
393. Discuss the similarities in experience and personality between chemically-dependent individuals and those
with a gambling disorder.

Skill: Conceptual
673
REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
EOC Q8.1
Accidental drug overdoses are the __________ cause of accidental death in the United States,
accounting for more than 27,000 deaths annually.
a) leading
b) second leading
c) fourth leading
d) fifth leading
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the major types of substance-related disorders in the DSM-5 and
describe their key features.
Skill Level: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
EOC Q8.2
A recent study of six European countries found that __________ of adolescents spent more than
2 hours daily on social networking sites.
a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 40%
d) 80%
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 8.2 Describe nonchemical forms of addiction or compulsive behavior.
Difficulty: Easy
674
EOC Q8.3
Amanda feels compelled to drink coffee every morning to help her cope with the stresses of daily
life, but she does not require greater amounts of caffeine to feel its effect, and she does not
experience distressing withdrawal symptoms when she does not have coffee. Amanda’s pattern
of caffeine use is best described as a __________.
a) psychological dependence
b) conditioned response
c) physiological dependence
d) tolerance effect
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.3 Explain the difference between physiological dependence and
psychological dependence.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
EOC Q8.4
Eugene, age 13, drinks beer with his buddies on occasion. He has tried marijuana and sampled
his friend’s Ritalin. Eugene is in what stage of Weiss and Mirin’s pathways to addiction?
a) exploratory
b) experimentation
c) routine use
d) consistent use
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 8.4 Identify common stages in the pathway to drug dependence.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
675
EOC Q8.5
Mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy place their children at risk of __________, a
syndrome characterized by widely spaced eyes, mental retardation, and social skills deficits.
a) prenatal alcoholism
b) fetal alcohol syndrome
c) Down syndrome
d) alcohol-induced amnesic disorder
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the effects of depressants and the risks they pose.
Skill Level: Apply
EOC Q8.6
The use of amphetamines can induce __________, a psychotic state characterized by

hallucinations and delusions.
a) amphetamine psychosis
b) amphetamine hysteria
c) delirium tremors
d) OCD
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the effects of stimulants and the risks they pose.
Skill Level: Understand
EOC Q8.7
LSD is a synthetic __________ drug.
a) depressant
b) hallucinogenic
c) opiate
d) stimulant
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 8.7 Describe the effects of hallucinogens and the risks they pose.
Difficulty: Easy
676
EOC Q8.8
With regular use of drugs such as cocaine, alcohol, and heroin, the brain may produce less
________, making the drug necessary to feel sensations of pleasure or satisfaction.
a) noradrenaline
b) serotonin
c) epinephrine
d) dopamine
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 8.8 Describe the biological perspective on substance use disorders and
explain how cocaine affects the brain.
Skill Level: Analyze
EOC Q8.9
Once a person becomes physiologically dependent on a drug, __________ comes into play as the
person seeks to avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms by continuing use.
a) positive reinforcement
b) punishment
c) social reinforcement
d) negative reinforcement
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 8.9 Describe psychological perspectives on substance use disorders.
EOC Q8.10
__________ maintenance programs help blunt cravings for heroin and curb the unpleasant
symptoms that accompany withdrawal.
a) Methadone
b) Amphetamine
c) Disulfiram
d) Prednisone
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.10 Identify biological treatments of substance use disorders.
677
EOC Q8.11
Sophia’s family is aware of her maladaptive behaviour regarding alcohol consumption. When the
family confronts Sophia, they focus on the impact of her behavior on the family as a whole
instead of the interests of Sophia individually. This cultural value associated with traditional
Hispanic cultures is referred to as __________.
a) familism
b) tradition
c) individualism
d) egocentrism
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.11 Identify factors associated with culturally sensitive approaches to
treatment.
Skill Level: Apply
EOC Q8.12
__________, a spin-off of Alcoholics Anonymous, is designed to provide support to children of

parents who have alcoholism.
a) Alateen
b) GA
c) Al-Kids
d) AAWS
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify a nonprofessional support group for people with substance use
disorders.
678
EOC Q8.13
When substance abusers cannot exercise self-control in their environment, cannot tolerate
withdrawal symptoms, or behave self-destructively or dangerously, which treatment approach is
typically recommended?
a) family systems approaches

b) intensive community-based behavioral approaches
c) residential approaches
d) imprisonment
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify two major types of residential treatment facilities for people
with substance use disorders.
EOC Q8.14
According to the psychodynamic perspective, alcohol and drug abuse can best be explained by
__________.
a) conflicts rooted in childhood experiences

b) a lack of self-efficacy
c) an imbalance of neurotransmitters
d) social pressures
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.14 Describe the psychodynamic treatment of substances abusers.
Difficulty: Easy
679
EOC Q8.15
Dakota is working to break the stimulus-response pattern of his alcohol abuse by removing
drinking paraphernalia from his life, restricting his time in drinking environments, and
frequenting alcohol-free environments. He is attempting to control the __________ of the ABCs
of self-control training.
a) consequences
b) behaviors
c) discriminative stimuli
d) antecedent cues
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 8.15 Identify behavioral approaches to substance use disorders.
Skill Level: Apply
EOC Q8.16
Antonio is in recovery from cocaine abuse. He has been working with a therapist to identify
high-risk situations in his life and learn effective coping skills for handling these situations
without turning to alcohol or drugs. Which of the following treatments is Antonio’s therapist
using?
a) environmental-behavioral therapy
b) negative emotion redirection therapy
c) self-control training
d) relapse-prevention training
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe relapse-prevention training.
Skill Level: Apply
680
EOC Q8.17
Gambling disorder, especially in more severe cases, often co-occurs with __________.
a) bipolar disorder
b) schizophrenia
c) anxiety disorder
d) phobias
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.17 Describe the key features of gambling disorder.
EOC Q8.18
Which of the following categories of drugs has shown some success in the treatment of
compulsive gambling?
a) antidepressants and mood stabilizers

b) antidepressants and antipsychotics
c) antidepressants and antianxiety agents
d) antidepressants and barbiturates
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.18 Describe ways of treating gambling disorder.
EOM Q8.1.1
As a result of drinking for many years, Suzanne has reached a state of physical habituation, or
__________, so that she needs more and more alcohol to reach a level of intoxication.
a) tolerance
b) customization
c) withdrawal
d) alcohol sensitization
Answer: a
Skill Level: Apply
681
EOM Q8.1.2
The DSM-5 classifies substance-related disorders into two main categories: substance use
disorders and __________ disorders.
a) substance-induced
b) substance abuse
c) intoxication
d) substance dependence
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
EOM Q8.1.3
Although not an officially recognized diagnosis, researchers have identified several potential
signs of maladaptive use of the Internet. The statement “When I’m feeling down or anxious, I go
online to try to snap out of it” is an example of which of the following signs of maladaptive
internet use?
a) mood regulation
b) salience
c) negative outcomes
d) social comfort
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 8.2 Describe nonchemical forms of addiction or compulsive behavior.
682
EOM Q8.1.4
__________ occurs when a person’s body has changed because of regular drug use such that the
person has developed tolerance to the drug or withdrawal syndrome when cutting back or
eliminating the drug.
a) Reversible addiction
b) Psychological dependence
c) Irreversible addiction
d) Physiological dependence
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 8.3 Explain the difference between physiological dependence and
psychological dependence.
EOM Q8.1.5
The first step in the common pathway to substance dependence described in your text is
__________.
a) denial
b) experimentation
c) addiction
d) routine use
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 8.4 Identify common stages in the pathway to drug dependence.
Difficulty: Easy
683
EOM Q8.2.1
Based on statistics associated with risk factors, which of the following people is at the greatest
risk for developing alcoholism?
a) Charles, a 22-year-old college student with antisocial personality disorder and a

father who suffers from alcoholism
b) Marcus, a 45-year-old with a high-school education and a minimum wage job
c) Samantha, a 21-year-old African American college student with an anxiety
disorder
d) Maria, a 58-year-old Native American with a master’s degree
Answer: a
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q8.2.2
__________ can be used medically to decrease anxiety and tension, dull pain, and to treat
epilepsy and high blood pressure, but usage can quickly lead to psychological and physiological
dependence.
a) Narcotics
b) Barbiturates
c) Opioids
d) Stimulants
Answer: b
684
EOM Q8.2.3
__________ involves taking cocaine in powder form and heating it with ether, thus freeing the
psychoactive chemical base of the drug. The drug is then smoked.
a) Rolling
b) Huffing
c) Freebasing
d) Snorting
Answer: c
EOM Q8.2.4
Amphetamines, drugs that activate the central nervous system and produce heightened states of
arousal and a state of euphoria, are classified as __________.
a) hallucinogens
b) depressants
c) stimulants
d) downers
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
EOM Q8.2.5
Marijuana, a naturally occurring hallucinogen, is derived from the __________ plant.
a) poppy
b) cannabis sativa
c) calluna vulgaris
d) cocoa
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 8.7 Describe the effects of hallucinogens and the risks they pose.
685
EOM Q8.3.1
Studies investigating the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in cases of
substance dependence among young people found that __________ can reduce the influence of
heightened genetic risk.
a) intelligence levels
b) highly supportive parenting
c) a healthy BMI
d) money
Answer: b
EOM Q8.3.2
Environmental factors and peer pressure play a more important role in explaining the initiation of
drug use in early adolescence, whereas __________ play an increasing role in explaining
continuation of drug use through adulthood.
a) education levels
b) birth order theories
c) genetic factors
d) economic factors
Answer: c
686
EOM Q8.3.3
According to traditional psychodynamic theory, alcohol addiction reflects a(n) __________

personality.
a) oral-dependent
b) anal-dependent
c) phallic-dependent
d) latent-dependent
Answer: a
EOM Q8.3.4
Every time Stephan walks by a liquor store or smells the aroma of whiskey, he feels an intense
craving for drinking. This is consistent with the __________ model in understanding drug
cravings.
a) psychodynamic
b) observational
c) conditioning
d) cognitive
Answer: c
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q8.3.5
The treatment for alcoholism that involves providing a person with drinking-related cues and
then preventing him from imbibing in an attempt to weaken the stimulus pairing is called
__________.
a) operant conditioning
b) cue exposure training
c) observational training
d) stimulus training
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
687
EOM Q8.4.1
Jared has been hospitalized for treatment of his addiction to alcohol. During __________,
medical personnel will monitor and treat alcohol withdrawal symptoms, such as convulsions.
Antianxiety drugs such as benzodiazepines may be used to ease the withdrawal symptoms.
a) withdrawal coaching
b) a methadone program
c) therapeutic isolation
d) detoxification
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 8.10 Identify biological treatments of substance use disorders.
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q8.4.2
The use of a substance abuse counselor from the client’s own ethnic group is an example of a(n)
__________.
a) empirically supported treatment

b) nonprofessional support technique
c) culturally sensitive treatment approach
d) residential treatment approach
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 8.11 Identify factors associated with culturally sensitive approaches to
treatment.
688
EOM Q8.4.3
The most widely used nonprofessional program is Alcoholics Anonymous, and its approach is
part spiritual, part group support, and part __________.
a) psychoanalytic
b) genetic
c) humanistic
d) cognitive
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify a nonprofessional support group for people with substance use
disorders.
EOM Q8.4.4
A program that provides reinforcements or rewards that are contingent on performing behaviors
leading to the control over problematic drug behavior is called a(n) ____________ program.
a) aversive conditioning
b) contingency management
c) abstinence-based
d) conditioning
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 8.15 Identify behavioral approaches to substance use disorders.
EOM Q8.4.5
Investigators who studied a group of 1,000 individuals from Canada with alcohol abuse or
dependence disorders found that about __________ had received some kind of treatment for
their disorder.
a) 15%
b) 33%
c) 60%
d) 85%
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe relapse-prevention training.
689
EOM Q8.5.1
Josh is a compulsive gambler who consistently makes the cognitive error referred to as the
illusion of control bias. Josh believes that he has __________ than is actually the case.
a) greater control over gambling outcomes

b) a superior understanding of statistics
c) greater self-control
d) greater control over other people
Answer: a
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q8.5.2
Estimates are that from __________ of the general population will develop a gambling disorder
at some point in their life.
a) about 0.1%
b) 0.4% to 1.0%
c) 5.0% to 10.0%
d) 11.5% to 13.0%
Answer: b
EOM Q8.5.3
Compulsive gamblers and alcohol-dependent patients share similar deficits on

neuropsychological tests, suggestive of brain dysfunctions in the __________.
a) limbic system
b) prefrontal cortex
c) amygdala
d) hippocampus
Answer: b
690
EOM Q8.5.4
Gamblers Anonymous, a treatment program emphasizing personal responsibility for one’s

behavior and sharing of experiences, is modeled after __________.
a) Alcoholics Anonymous
b) residential therapeutic communities
c) aversive conditioning strategies
d) contingency management programs
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
EOM Q8.5.5
__________ treatment programs focus on correcting biases that gamblers hold, such as the belief
that after a series of particular betting outcomes, the alternative outcomes become more likely.
a) Cognitive-behavioral
b) Operant conditioning
c) Psychodynamic
d) Humanistic
Answer: a
691

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Total Assessment Guide

Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

2.In the United States, about 1 in _________ adults smoke cigarettes.

3.The DSM-5 classifies substance-related disorders into ______ major categories.

8.Abstinence syndrome is another name for ______.

18. Which of the following is known to produce a withdrawal syndrome?

36. Which of the following is true?

45. Depressants generally act by curbing the activity of the ______.

46. The most widely abused substance in the world is ______.

48. Alcohol, in large quantities, usually kills by ______.

49. Alcohol is classified as a(n) ______.

50. Alcohol has biochemical effects similar to those of a class of ______.

53. The personal and social costs of alcoholism ______.

54. Alcohol is implicated in about one in ______ reported suicides.

58. ______ is the drug of choice among young people today.

59. The most popular drug on college campuses is ______.

62. Which of the following is true regarding alcohol's effects on women?

63. Which of the following disorders is a predictor of alcoholism?

64. The BEST predictor of alcoholism or problem drinking in adulthood is ______.

65. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor in alcoholism?

70. Which of the following groups is at lowest risk of developing alcoholism?

78. A degenerative, potentially fatal liver disease is ______.

88. Alcohol is most similar in its biochemical effects to ______.

89. Alcohol affects us by ______.

90. Alcohol appears to heighten the activity of the neurotransmitter ______.

91. Which of the following is true of alcohol's effects?

93. Increasing amounts of alcohol use can ______ sexual performance.

94. Chronic alcohol abuse is connected with which of the following?

96. Cirrhosis of the liver is linked to ______.

98. Korsakoff’s syndrome is linked to ______.

100. Habitual drinkers tend to be ______.

106. Moderate alcohol use is defined as about ______ for women.

107. Moderate alcohol use is defined as about ______ for men.

108. Amobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital, and pentobarbital are ______.

109. Barbiturates are ______.

110. Barbiturates are ______.

112. High doses of barbiturates produce effects similar to those of ______.

114. Barbiturate use results in the development of ______.

115. Which of the following is true of barbiturates?

116. Barbiturates have synergistic effects when combined with ______.

120. Which of the following is an opioid?

121. Opioids are classified as ______.

122. The major medical application for opioids is ______.

124. Endorphins function chiefly to ______.

126. Initial withdrawal symptoms associated with opioids include ________.

132. The most widely used opiate is ______.

133. Heroin is usually ______.

134. The positive effects of heroin ______.

135. Heroin is a ______.

136. Heroin produces a powerful rush that lasts from ______.

138. Which of the following is an amphetamine?

139. Amphetamines are used in high doses for their ______.

140. An amphetamine which is smoked in a rather pure form is known as ______.

141. The most potent form of amphetamine is ______.

142. Which of the following is true of amphetamines?

143. Amphetamine psychosis most closely resembles ______.

147. Ecstasy can produce which of the following psychological effects?

149. Which of the following statements is true?

150. Cocaine is a(n) ______.

152. Crack contains about ______ percent pure cocaine.

153. The most habit-forming street drug available is ______.

156. Which of the following is a complication of cocaine use?

159. Habitual smoking of nicotine creates a addiction to a drug.

278. Compulsive or problem gambling is, due in part to the____.