Course Outline

Course Description:
The course discusses the use of various energy conversion technologies which are used for
harnessing Electrical energy from various energy resources in worldwide. Issues of
JIGJIGA UNIVERSITY
relevant to energy efficiency and energy storage are also discussed.
COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Course Objective:
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER
To introduce technologies of conventional and non-conventional power plants.
ENGINEERING
To provide an overview of renewable energy resources and technologies.
Energy Conversion & Rural Electrification(EEng-4242) To give an insight into planning and design of small scale and off-grid electrical power
systems.
By Shimekit Kifle
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To introduce techniques and methods of planning and designing for rural electrification.
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Course Outline Course Outline

1. Energy Conversion 3.Solar energy
1.1.Introduction 3.1.Introduction
1.2. Source of energy 3.2.Solar radiation
1.3. Types and forms of energy 3.3.Solar Collectors
1.4. Energy conversion and efficiency 3.4.Photovoltaic Power Systems
2. Hydropower 3.4.1.PV Cell
2.1. Introduction 3.4.2.Module and Array
2.2. Site selection 3.4.3.Equivalent Electrical Circuit
2.3.Types of turbines 3.4.5.I-V and P-V Curves
2.4. Flow rate measurement 3.4.6.Array Design
2.5. Small- scale hydropower design 3.4.7. System Components
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Course Outline Course Outline
4.Wind energy 6.Nuclear power plants
4.1.Basic theory of wind energy 6.1.Nuclear Fuel
4.2.Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 6.2.Nuclear Reactions
4.3.Wind Speed and Energy 6.3.Fission, Fusion methods
4.4.Wind Power Systems Components 6.4.Nuclear power plant
4.5. Wind resource Analysis. 7.Biomass energy
5.Thermal Power Plants 7.1.Introduction
5.1.Laws of Thermodynamics 7.2.Parameters and process optimization
5.2.Operation Thermal Power Plants 7.3.The three steps of biogas production
5.3. Selection of site for thermal power plant 7.4.Biogas Plant Types and Design
5.4.Components of a Thermal Power Plant 7.5.Selection of appropriate design
5.5.Geothermal energy 5 6

Course Outline
6. Rural electrification
Rural electrification policy and Planning
 Feasibility study and design of small-scale off-grid
power systems.
Evaluation Methods
• Assignment & project (30%),
• Mid-semester Examination (20%)
• Final examination (50%)
References
1. Archie W. Culp: Principle of Energy Conversion McGraw-Hill
College: 1990
2. Aldo da Rosa: Fundamentals of Renewable Energy-Processes,
Academic Press: Sep 2005
Chapter One
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Energy Conversion 8
 Introduction
Sources of energy :-
There are two main sources of energy.
•Conventional and
•Non conventional sources of energy.
i) Conventional sources of energy :- are wood,
flowing water and fossil fuels (coal, petroleum,
natural gas).
ii) Non conventional sources of energy :- are solar
energy, wind energy, biomass energy, ocean energy
(tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy),
geothermal energy, nuclear energy etc. 9
Conti...
iii) Burning of fossil fuels release a large amount
of carbon dioxide gas which increases the
temperature of the atmosphere and causes global
warming (green house effect).
11
Conventional sources of energy
a) Fossil fuels :- are fuels formed inside the earth from
the remains of plants and animals after millions of
years.
•The fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Disadvantages of fossil fuels :-
i) Burning of fossil fuels release gases and harmful
particles which causes air pollution.
ii) Burning of fossil fuels release acidic oxides of
Sulphur and nitrogen which causes acid rain which
is harmful for living organisms, affects soil and
water, causes damage to buildings, corrosion of
metals etc. 10
b) Thermal power plants
• In thermal power plants the heat energy produced by
burning fossil fuels like coal, petroleum or natural gas
is used to heat water and change it into steam which
rotates the turbines of generators to produce electricity.
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d) Biomass energy
• The waste materials and dead parts of living things are
called biomass. Eg :- wood, animal dung, vegetable
waste, agricultural waste, sewage etc.
• Biomass is decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms to
produce biogas.
• Biogas is a mixture of gases containing methane, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. The gas is taken
out through the gas outlet and used for heating and lighting
purposes.
c) Hydro power plants
• In hydro power plants water from rivers are stored
by constructing dams. The water from the dam flows
down through pipes and rotates the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
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e) Wind energy
•Wind energy is used in wind turbine which
converts the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical or electrical energy.
•The kinetic energy of wind can be used to do
mechanical work like lifting water from wells or
grinding grains in flour mills.
•It can also be used to rotate the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
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 WIND MILL WIND ENERGY FARM
Non conventional sources of energy
a) Solar energy
• Solar energy is the energy obtained from the
sun in the form of heat and light.
•The heat energy is used in solar heating devices
like solar cooker, solar water heater, solar
furnaces etc.
•The light energy is used in solar cells.

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SOLAR CELL

BOX TYPE SOLAR COOKER SOLAR WATER HEATER

 Cont’d Photovoltaics (PV)
SOLAR PANELS SOLAR LAMP  Convert directly the solar energy into electricity in a solid
state device made from silicon.
 It is based on the photovoltaic effect.

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Cont’d Solar Thermal Cont’d Solar Tower

Solar energy can be used directly for different purposes such as:
• Space or water heating at relative low temperatures by The solar updraft tower is a proposed type of renewable energy power plant,
absorption in solar collectors. It combines three technologies: the chimney effect, the greenhouse effect, and
• Passive heating in buildings designed to take advantage the wind turbine
of solar energy.
Generation of electricity by concentrating the solar energy in parabolic mirrors
that heat up the water to several thousand °C

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 b. Geothermal Energy Overview
 Geothermal energy results from heat stored in rock by the earth’s natural
heat flow.
Geothermal energy can be directly used in industrial processes, space
heating, domestic and electricity production
c. Wave Energy
 Kinetic energy (movement) exists in the moving waves of the
ocean. That energy can be used to power a turbine
 A simple example in figure below shows that when the wave rises into a
chamber. The rising water forces the air out of the chamber. The moving air
spins a turbine which can turn a generator

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NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear fission uses
uranium to create
energy.
Nuclear energy is a
A nonrenewable resource is a natural nonrenewable
resource that cannot be re-made or resource because once
re-grown at a scale comparable to its the uranium is used, it
consumption. is gone!
 COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS RENEWABLE RESOURCES
• Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered
• Renewable resources are natural
nonrenewable because they can not be replenished
resources that can be replenished in a
in a short period of time. These are called fossil
short period of time.
fuels. ● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
● Water

What is energy
• Energy is the power to change things.
• It is the ability to do work.
Energy • Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles,
Forms and Changes and runs machinery in factories.
• It warms and cools our homes, cooks our food,
plays our music, and gives us pictures on
television.

• Joule - A unit of energy. One joule equals

0.2388 calories
 Nature of Energy Nature of energy
• Energy is all around you!
• You use energy when you:
– hit a softball.
–You can hear energy as sound. – lift your book bag.
‐…………...
–You can see energy as light.
Living organisms need energy for growth and
movement
–And you can feel it as wind.

Nature of energy Energy and Work

• What is energy that it can be involved in so
many different activities?
– Energy can be defined as the ability to do
work.
• Because of the direct connection
between energy and work, energy is
measured in the same unit as work:
joules (J).

– If an object or organism does work (exerts a • In addition to using energy to do work,

force over a distance to move an object) the objects gain energy because work is
object or organism uses energy. being done on them.
 Energy forms
• According to Max Planck, energy is defined as
the ability of a system to cause external action.
• In this respect the following forms of energy
are distinguished:
• Heat
Heat Energy‐ (internal energy)
• Heat Energy (internal) is the vibration and
movement of atoms and molecules within
substance, because moving particles produce
heat.

• Chemical • Heat energy can be produced by friction.

• Electromagnetic • Heat energy causes changes in temperature and
• Nuclear phase of any form of matter.
• Example: geothermal energy
• Mechanical

Chemical Energy Electromagnetic Energy

• Power lines carry electromagnetic energy into
• Chemical Energy is required to bond your home in the form of electricity is
atoms together. Electromagnetic Energy.
• Light is a form of electromagnetic energy.
• And when bonds are broken, energy is • Each color of light represents a different amount
released. of electromagnetic energy.
• Electromagnetic Energy is also carried by X-
• Fuel and food are forms of stored chemical rays, radio waves, and laser light.
energy.
 Mechanical Energy
• When work is done to an object, it acquires
energy.
• The energy it acquires is known as mechanical
energy.
• When you kick a football, you give mechanical
energy to the football to make it move.
• When Generator turbine rotate by wind or
water
Kinetic Energy
• The energy of motion is called kinetic energy.
• The faster an object moves, the more kinetic
energy it has.
• The greater the mass of a moving object, the
more kinetic energy it has.
• Kinetic energy depends on both mass and
velocity.
KE= (mass x veocity2) x 0.5
States of Energy
• The most common energy conversion is the
conversion between potential and kinetic energy.
• All forms of energy can be in either of two
states:
– Potential Energy is stored energy.
– Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.
Potential Energy
• Potential Energy is stored energy.
– Stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus of
atom, and in foods.
– Stored because of the work done on it.
• Stretching a rubber band.
• Winding a watch.
• Pulling back on a bow’s arrow.
• Lifting a brick high in the air.
• Potential energy that is dependent on
height is called gravitational potential
energy.
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Energy Conversion
• Energy can be changed from one form to
another.
• Changes in the form of energy are called
energy conversions.
• All forms of energy can be converted into
other forms.
– The sun’s energy through solar cells can be
converted directly into electricity.
– Green plants convert the sun’s energy
(electromagnetic) into starches and sugars
(chemical energy).
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Energy conversions
– In an automobile engine, fuel is burned to convert
chemical energy into heat energy. The heat energy is
then changed into mechanical energy.
Chemical  Heat Mechanical
– In an electric motor, electromagnetic energy is
converted to mechanical energy.
– In a battery, chemical energy is converted into
electromagnetic energy.
– The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to
electrical energy in a generator.
Energy carrier: Energy sources and conversion processes
• The term energy carrier thus a carrier of the
above defined energy is a substance that
could be used to produce useful energy, either
directly or by one or several conversion
processes.
• According to the degree of conversion, energy
carriers are classified as primary or secondary
energy carriers and as final energy carriers.

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•Primary energy carriers are substances which

have not yet undergone any technical conversion.
•

• From primary Energy or primary energy carriers

secondary energy can be produced directly or by one
or several conversion steps.
• Fossil fuels ( coal, oil, natural gas);
• Geothermal, biomass fuels
• Different forms of solar energy (e.g. radiant energy, hydropower,
wind, waves and Tidal energy). Are examples of primary energy.
• Secondary energy carriers are energy carriers
that are produced from primary or other secondary
energy carriers by technical conversion.
•This processing of primary energy is subject to
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conversion and distribution losses. 52
•Secondary energy carriers and secondary energies
are available to be converted into other secondary
or final energy carriers or energies by the
consumers.
•Final energy carrier and final energy respectively
are energy streams directly consumed by the final
user.
•They result from secondary and possibly from
primary energy carriers minus conversion and
distribution losses, self consumption of the
conversion system.
•They are available for the conversion into useful
energy.
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Cont’d Non-renewable Energy Resources
World Electricity Poduction
55
Conti...
•Useful energy refers to the energy available
to the consumer after the last conversion step
to satisfy the respective requirements or
energy demands.
•It is produced from final energy carrier or
final energy, reduced by losses of this last
conversion.
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World Electricity Production Outlook
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Cont’d Energy Sector of Ethiopia

World Electricity Poduction,2008  Ethiopia‘s energy consumption is predominately based on biomass energy sources (94%).
 Traditional Energy Sources are Fuel wood, Charcoal
 Modern Energy is mainly products of petroleum and Electricity
 Petroleum product is a major source for modern energy, mainly used for transport sector
 Per capita electricity consumption is ~ 100 kWh (EEPCo, 2012)
 The major source of electricity is hydropower plants
 Total installed capacity in 2012 is 2267.9 MW ICS and 20.01 MW SCS)
 Ethiopia has potential of more than 45,000 MW from hydropower
 Geothermal resource potential is estimated to 5,000 MW
Wind resource potential is estimated to 10,000 MW
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 Coal reserve is 13.7 Million Tones and Natural gas of 75 Billion m3

Ethiopian power system

Generation trend
Generation potential
Type of energy source Potential • Generation trend is increasing
Hydropower Above 4,000MW
Wind Above 1,350,000MW
Geothermal Above 5000MW

Supply system
•ICS supplied from hydro power plants
•SCS mini hydro plants and diesel
generators
 Voltage Level Installed
No. Substation Name Region
Electrification status 1 AdamaI Wind Power Plant
[KV]
132 Central
Capacity (MW)
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2 Awash II Power Plant 132 Central 32
• According to EEPCO report 48.3% 3 Awash III Power Plant 132 Central 32
4 Koka Power Plant 132 Central 43.2

5 Ashegoda Wind Power Plant 230 North 120

6 Tekeze Power Plant 230 North 300

7 Beles Power Plant 400 North West 460

8 Tis Abay I Power Plant 132 North West 11.4

9 Tis Abay II Power Plant 132 North West 72

10 MelkaWakena Power Plant 230 South 153

11 Gilgel Gibe II Power Plant 400 South West 420

12 Gilgel Gibe I Power Plant 230 South West 184

13 AmertiNeshe Power Plant 230 West 97

14 Fincha Power Plant 230 West 132

15 Adama II wind Power Plant 230 Central 153

16 Aluto Langano-I geo thermal Power Plant 132 South 7.3

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Total 2267.9

Installed capacity
Installed capacity
Percentage contributions
• Largest portion is supplied from hydro 89.8%
Transmission system

4% • Total length 11,796.32Km with 5 voltage levels

6%
0%

hydro
diesel
geothermal
wind
•There are 143 substations with 127
supplying distribution systems
90%

Distribution system Energy sales

• Distribution system consists of 148745.5km and 18,888 transformers • Total number of customers by tariff group is as shown below
Historic energy sales Total energy soled