Precast double T

Advantages:
1.High Load Capacity: Double T girders have a high load-carrying capacity,
making them suitable for use in bridges, parking structures, and other
heavy-duty applications.
2.Long Spans: Double T girders can span long distances between supports,
reducing the need for intermediate columns or supports and allowing for
larger open spaces.
3.Rapid Installation: Prefabricated double T girders can be quickly installed
on-site, reducing construction time and minimizing disruption to traffic or
other activities.
4.Cost-Effectiveness: Double T girders offer a cost-effective solution for
projects requiring long spans or high load capacities, as they require less
material and labor compared to other structural systems.
5.Durability: Double T girders are typically made of reinforced concrete,
providing durability and resistance to corrosion, weathering, and other
environmental factors.
Disadvantages:
1.Transportation Constraints: Double T girders are large and heavy,
requiring specialized transportation equipment and careful coordination
for delivery to the construction site.
2.Limited Customization: Double T girders are prefabricated off-site,
limiting customization options compared to in-situ construction
methods.
3.Connection Details: Proper connection details between double T
girders and other structural elements are critical and require careful
design and construction to ensure stability and safety.
4.Handling Challenges: Double T girders are heavy and require careful
handling during transportation, lifting, and installation to prevent
damage and ensure safety.
5.Design Complexity: Designing double T girders requires expertise in
structural engineering to ensure that they meet project requirements
and performance criteria, such as load capacity, deflection limits, and
serviceability.

Nasheman-e-iqbal phase 2
Engineers town sector A block D2 In-Situ Slab
Advantages:
1.Customization: Tailored to specific project needs in terms of
shape, size, and structural requirements.
2.Structural Integrity: Offers excellent strength and durability as
the concrete is fully bonded to the structure without joints.
3.Adaptability: Easily accommodates irregular shapes,
openings, and penetrations, making it suitable for complex
designs.
4.Seamless Integration: Integrates seamlessly with other
structural elements for uniformity in the building's structure.
5.Quality Control: Allows for better control over concrete mix,
placement, and curing, ensuring higher quality.

Disadvantages:
1.Construction Time: Typically requires more time for
construction compared to precast alternatives.
2.Labor Intensive: Involves skilled labor for formwork
assembly, concrete pouring, and finishing operations.
3.Weather Dependency: Construction can be delayed by
adverse weather conditions like rain or extreme temperatures.
4.Formwork Costs: Cost of formwork materials and labor can
be significant, especially for complex designs.
5.Quality Control Challenges: Ensuring proper compaction,
consolidation, and curing can be challenging, leading to
potential issues. proof
 Waffle slab
• Waffle slabs are generally suitable for flat areas.
• Volume of concrete used is very less compared
to others.
• The reinforcement in the waffle slab is provided
in the form of mesh or individual bars.
• Separate excavation for beams is not required
in case of waffle slab.
• The bottom surface of slab is looks like waffle
which is obtained by using cardboard panels or
pods etc.
Proof
Benefits of Waffle Slab Construction
•Waffle slabs are used for larger span slabs or
floors and used when there is limited
requirement for number of columns.
•The load carrying capacity of waffle slab is
greater than the other types of slabs.
•They provide good structural stability along
with aesthetic appearance. Hence, it is
constructed for airports, hospitals, temples,
churches etc.
•The waffle slab can be made of concrete or
wood or steel among those concrete waffle
slab is preferred for commercial buildings and
other two are preferred for garages,
decorative halls etc.
•It has good vibration control capacity
because of two directional reinforcement. So,
it is useful for public buildings to control
vibrations created by movements of crowd.
Drawbacks of Waffle Slab:
• Formwork tools required are very costly because of
large quantity requirement of pods and some special
tools.
• The floor height should be more hence number of
floors are reduced.
• The services provided in the waffle arrangement
without proper maintenance may causes damages to
the slab.
• Skilled workers are required during its construction.
• They are not suitable for sloped areas. If there is
slope area, the area must be leveled with filling or by
excavating. For soil filling, good soil should be used.
• They are not suitable against high winds or cyclonic
areas because of their light weight.
• Advanatges:
1. Speed of Construction: Precast girder slabs are
Pre-cast Girder
manufactured off-site, allowing for faster installation
compared to in-situ construction methods.
2. Quality Control: Precast elements are manufactured under
controlled conditions, ensuring consistent quality and
reducing the risk of defects.
3. Reduced Site Labor: Installation of precast elements
requires less on-site labor compared to in-situ construction,
leading to potential cost savings.
4. Minimal Formwork Requirements: Precast girder slabs
typically require minimal formwork at the construction site,
simplifying the construction process.
5. Early Work on Site: Precast elements can be manufactured
concurrently with site preparation and foundation work,
reducing overall project duration.
• Disadvantages:
1. Transportation Challenges: Transportation of precast
elements to the construction site can be complex and may
require specialized equipment.
2. Handling and Rigging: Precast elements are heavy and
require careful handling and rigging during transportation
and installation, increasing the risk of accidents.
3. Limited Customization: Precast elements may have
limitations in terms of customization, making them less
suitable for projects with unique design requirements.
4. Connection Details: Proper connection details between
precast elements and other structural components are
critical and require careful coordination during design and
construction.
5. Site Constraints: Precast elements may pose challenges in
terms of site access and storage space, especially on
congested or restricted construction sites.