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The instructor-led intervention was a structured daily opportunity for the students to learn about
nutrition and to engage in structured physical activities. If a school produces poor results for 2
consecutive years, improvement plans must be developed for the school. This chapter reviews the
findings of recent research regarding the contribution of engagement in physical activity and the
attainment of a health-enhancing level of physical fitness to cognitive and brain health in children.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34(1):74-82. As noted earlier, lack of equipment and
limited access to facilities are cited as top barriers in the study by Jenkinson and Benson (2010) (see
Tables 5-5 and 5-6 ). Sallis and McKenzie (1991) stress two main goals of physical education: (1)
prepare children and youth for a lifetime of physical activity and (2) engage them in physical activity
during physical education. Table 5-4 lists institutional and teacher-related as well as student-related
barriers identified by various authors. Table 5-4 lists institutional and teacher-related as well as
student-related barriers identified by various authors. These expanded waiver and substitution
policies (discussed in greater detail later in the chapter) increase the possibility that students will opt
out of physical education for nonmedical reasons. This chapter (1) provides a perspective on physical
education in the context of schooling; (2) elaborates on the importance of physical education to child
development; (3) describes the consensus on the characteristics of quality physical education
programs; (4) reviews current national, state, and local education policies that affect the quality of
physical education; and (5) examines barriers to quality physical education and solutions for
overcoming them. A recent report indicates that, in school year 2008-2009, only 23 doctorate-
granting kinesiology departments offered doctoral programs. Physical education, along with other
opportunities for physical activity in the school environment (discussed in Chapter 6 ), is important
for optimal health and development in school-age children. Muscle strength and flexibility showed
no relationship, while an inverse association of BMI with test performance was observed, such that
higher BMI was associated with lower test performance. The full NASPE position statement on
online physical education can be found at (accessed February 1, 2013). In follow-up studies, Kamijo
and colleagues (2012b) investigated whether neural markers of the relationship between adiposity
and cognition may be found through examination of ERP data. Archives of Pediatrics and
Adolescent Medicine 166(1):49-55. Clearly most of the children failed to meet benchmark measures
of performance for this developmental stage. ESO Secciones Mini-Handbol Mini-Handbol Republic
act-no-9653-rent-control-act-2009 Republic act-no-9653-rent-control-act-2009 Ittf hand signals 2005
Ittf hand signals 2005 The philippine olympic sports commission The philippine olympic sports
commission Curriculum development Curriculum development VOLLYBALL AND BASKETBALL
LECTURE VOLLYBALL AND BASKETBALL LECTURE What is leisure What is leisure
Physical fitness 2. The authors determined that aerobic fitness and the number of fitness test scores in
the Healthy Fitness Zone were the best predictors of daily engagement in physical activity relative to
factors of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), motor skills competency, and knowledge. Data are
lacking, however, to support the claim that physical activity offered to further the attainment of skills
and knowledge is of vigorous or moderate intensity and is of sufficient duration for children to reap
health benefits. Additionally, as the catalyst for a healthy school environment, the physical education
specialist can assist in the design and delivery of intramural programs provided before and after
school, as well as serve as a community outreach specialist for onsite activity partnerships. Basic
cognitive functions related to attention and memory facilitate learning, and these functions are
enhanced by physical activity and higher aerobic fitness. These findings indicate that the dorsal
striatum is involved in these aspects of higher-order cognition and that fitness may influence
cognitive control during preadolescent development. From easy middle school physical science
activities physical education in school essay to more advanced, we. This evidence highlights the need
for additional physical activity opportunities within and beyond physical education to enhance
opportunities for students to achieve the standards. American Educational Research Journal
38(4):915-945. Malone is committed to providing an exceptional educational experience grounded in
biblical. Correlational research examining the relationship among academic performance, physical
fitness, and physical activity also is described. Journal of the American Medical Association
275(10):768-776. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 11(3):5-22.
Fitness assessment is required in 15 states (29 percent), and other curricular assessments are required
in 4 states (0.07 percent). Twenty-six states (53 percent) require physical education grades to be
included in a student’s grade point average. Time spent engaged in physical activity is related not
only to a healthier body but also to enriched cognitive development and lifelong brain health. The
strongest relationships have been found between aerobic fitness and performance in mathematics,
reading, and English. Different types of games may influence energy expenditure differentially, and
some may serve solely as motivation. Dissertation on language teaching or learning The historical
antecedents of contemporary language teaching methods are premised upon notions about human
learning. For example, when a state mandates a maximum class size of 20 students per teacher in all
core subjects, with noncompliance resulting in some form of penalty, an elementary school with an
average of 25 students per teacher is forced to hire additional teachers in these subjects to meet the
state mandate. The physical education policy of one online school, the Florida Virtual School, is
presented in Box 5-3. American Journal of Public Health 102(8):1594-1599. It is suggested that
through this proposed comprehensive framework, fitness education be incorporated into the existing
physical education curriculum and embedded in the content taught in all instructional units. Below
are three PhD thesis acknowledgment samples from which you can draw inspiration. Districts that
also reduced instructional time in other subjects reported total reductions of 32 percent, on average.
In 2004 the U.S. government issued a mandate, under the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization
Act of 2004, requiring school districts that receive funds under this act to establish local school
wellness policies. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 11(3):5-22. The relationship of
physical activity and physical fitness to cognitive and brain health and to academic performance is
the subject of this chapter. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 68:280-291. Each physical
activity session was followed by 5 minutes of rest and the completion of 36 math problems. The
authors found a potential threshold effect whereby only the 50-minute condition improved
mathematical performance, with no differences by gender. They found greater and more sustained
energy expenditure over time and noted that players’ various intrinsic motivations to play also
influenced their level of energy expenditure. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 62(2):124-
137. Enjoy! We get up every reasons why students should have less homework day at 6 AM to get
ready for school. With. Physical education should be mandatory, it is an essential part of growing
and learning. Local education agencies or school districts have latitude to make local decisions that
go beyond these federal or state mandates. Activities in the curriculum are designed for health
benefits, and the ultimate goal for the student is to develop a commitment to regular exercise and
physical. Doctoral thesis college thesis thesis template thesis proposal example example thesis how to
write thesis furthermore in the matter of writing an essay for university or college a student would
need to advance his or her perspectives bolstered by pertinent actualities in a useful yet fascinating
way. No evidence currently exists showing that students receive any portion of the recommended 60
minutes or more of vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity through substituted activities
sanctioned by their schools. The authors conclude that regular use of the games aids in promoting
health through physical activity. During the past 15 years, physical education has once again evolved
to connect body movement to its consequences (e.g., physical activity and health), teaching children
the science of healthful living and skills needed for an active lifestyle (NASPE, 2004). Early
Childhood Education Research Papers - Infants and Toddlers with Learning Disabilities research
papers talk about the different types of research that has developed to help assess learning disabilities
in young children. Students in fifth grade apply movement principles and concepts to enhance their
movement performance. Schools are allowed to implement all or selected components. The short-
and long-term cognitive benefits of both a single session of and regular participation in physical
activity are summarized. Within this paper we reveal that we are able to do without ground tree
transducers to be able to get to decidability proofs which are phrased in direct tree automata
construction.
Fitness assessment is required in 15 states (29 percent), and other curricular assessments are required
in 4 states (0.07 percent). Twenty-six states (53 percent) require physical education grades to be
included in a student’s grade point average. American Journal of Public Health 101(8):1433-1436. A
recent meta-analysis (Lonsdale et al., 2013) suggests that physical education curricula that include
fitness activities can significantly increase the amount of time spent in vigorous- or moderate-
intensity physical activity. Siedentop and colleagues (2011) recommend 20 lessons per unit, so that
all important curricular components of the model can be implemented. On the other hand, online
courses may not be a successful mode of instruction for students with poor time management or
technology skills. Unfortunately, 44 percent of school administrators reported that these increases in
instructional time for reading and mathematics were achieved at the expense of time devoted to
physical education, recess, art, music, and other subjects (Center on Education Policy, 2007, 2008)
(see Table 5-2 ). Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. The
report includes guidance on fitness assessments in the school setting. Mellecker and McManus
(2008) determined that energy expenditure and heart rate were greater during times of active play
than in seated play. In gymnastics perhaps the teacher's approach was more formal and you were
expected to do exactly as that teacher instructed. Given the reduced time for physical activity in
school through recess, and absent the implementation of stronger policies, schools have not only the
opportunity but also the responsibility to nurture in youth the skills, knowledge, and confidence to
develop and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Systematic observation by trained observers may yield
important insight regarding the effects of short physical activity breaks on these behaviors. Work
with states to identify areas of greatest need. A list of the best dissertation topics related to
education. Although school districts are required to include goals for physical activity in their local
school wellness policies, they are not required to address physical education specifically. Such
models provide the only opportunity for all school-age children to access health-enhancing physical
activities. Among them, approximately 70 percent involved at least 25 percent of the male student
population participating and 58 percent involved at least 25 percent of the female student population
participating. To ensure the greatest benefits from fitness assessment, NASPE (2010) developed a
position statement on “Appropriate Uses of Fitness Measurement.” Table 5-1 outlines appropriate
and inappropriate practices related to fitness testing in schools and other educational settings. The
goal of CATCH is to impact children’s health behaviors positively, improve the school health
environment, and influence and change school health policies and practices in order to reduce and
eliminate health risk factors and risk-related behaviors of students (Perry et al., 1990). CATCH
significantly increases the physical activity levels of students during physical education class and
provides a wide range of learning experiences for students of all abilities. A key to the program’s
success is helping educators facilitate a quality fitness assessment experience. The full NASPE
position statement on online physical education can be found at (accessed February 1, 2013).
American Educational Research Journal 32(4):845-864. Through a variety of delivery methods,
professional development activities may include credit or noncredit courses, classroom or online
venues, workshops, seminars, teleconferences, and webinars, with the ultimate goal of improving the
delivery of instruction to enhance student achievement. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
68:280-291. All rights reserved, dissertation on language teaching or learning. In Research linking
teacher preparation and student performance: Teacher education yearbook, Vol. Siedentop and
colleagues (2011) recommend 20 lessons per unit, so that all important curricular components of the
model can be implemented. In a recent literature review, Bassett and colleagues (2013) found that
physical education contributes to children achieving an average of 23 minutes of vigorous- or
moderate-intensity physical activity daily. Indeed, systematic observations of student behavior have
been used as an alternative means of measuring academic performance (Mahar et al., 2006; Grieco et
al., 2009). To help children grow holistically, however, physical education needs to achieve other
learning goals when children are active.
The curriculum is designed so that the children are engaged in physical activities that demonstrate
relevant scientific knowledge. In a landmark document on learning goals, Moving into the Future:
National Standards for Physical Education, NASPE (2004) proposes six student learning standards
specifying both conceptual and behavioral characteristics that a physically educated person must pos-
. Time spent engaged in physical activity is related not only to a healthier body but also to enriched
cognitive development and lifelong brain health. Fully 59 percent of states allow required physical
education credits to be earned through online courses. To ensure the greatest benefits from fitness
assessment, NASPE (2010) developed a position statement on “Appropriate Uses of Fitness
Measurement.” Table 5-1 outlines appropriate and inappropriate practices related to fitness testing in
schools and other educational settings. Different types of games may influence energy expenditure
differentially, and some may serve solely as motivation. The curriculum is designed so that the
children are engaged in physical activities that demonstrate relevant scientific knowledge. Sincere
gratitude is extended to his generous participation in guiding, constructive feedback, kind support,
and advice during my PhD. The program promotes fitness testing as one component of a
comprehensive physical education curriculum that emphasizes regular physical activity. International
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 5. The education community subsequently
adopted Wood’s inclusive approach to physical education whereby fundamental movements and
physical skills for games and sports were incorporated as the major instructional content. In contrast
with the movement education and sport education models, the underlying premise is that physical
activity is essential to a healthy lifestyle and that students’ understanding of fitness and behavior
change result from engagement in a fitness education program. This evidence highlights the need for
additional physical activity opportunities within and beyond physical education to enhance
opportunities for students to achieve the standards. For example, the development of the Presidential
Youth Fitness Program with the use of a criterion-referenced platform provides students with the
educational benefits of fitness assessment knowledge (see Box 5-2 ). Teachers provided the number
of minutes of recess as well as a ranking of classroom behavior (ranging from “misbehaves
frequently” to “behaves exceptionally well”). For example, White and colleagues (2009) examined
the effects. This paper suggests there is evidence that kids participat. Table 5-3 shows the specific
amounts of time cut from various subjects in districts that reported decreases. Figure 5-1, which
aligns with the research on effective professional development (Kennedy, 1998; Loucks-Horsley and
Matsumoto, 1999; Cohen and Hill, 2000; Garet et al., 2001; Fishman et al., 2003; Guskey and
Sparks, 2004), illustrates how (1) professional development enhances teacher knowledge and skills,
(2) better knowledge and skills improve classroom teaching, and (3) improved teaching raises student
achievement. However, the number of days and time required vary greatly by state and local school
district, as does the amount of physical education required for high school graduation. Data are
lacking, however, to support the claim that physical activity offered to further the attainment of skills
and knowledge is of vigorous or moderate intensity and is of sufficient duration for children to reap
health benefits. Each school division’s school board is responsible for incorporating the Virginia
Standards of Learning. You can talk about your passion for the sport, where it came from and why
you want to learn it. Results indicated that after teachers completed professional development the
resources they gained enabled them to improve their instruction by teaching more content,
maximizing student learning opportunities, teaching diverse learners, teaching to development, and
increasing classroom safety. Table 5-4 lists institutional and teacher-related as well as student-related
barriers identified by various authors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37(11):1967. This
study also found that exergaming lessons provided less physical activity for children than regular
conventional physical education. Children who participated in Energizers took more steps during the
school day than those who did not; they also increased their on-task behaviors by more than 20
percent over baseline measures. Regular participation in physical activity also is a national learning
standard for physical education, a standard intended to facilitate the establishment of habitual and
meaningful engagement in physical activity (NASPE, 2004). Use of the Fitnessgram represents a
transition from the current test, which focuses on performance rather than health and is based on
normative rather than criterion-referenced data, to a criterion-referenced, health-related fitness
assessment instrument.
As the largest institution where children spend more than half of their waking hours on school days,
schools can play a pivotal role in increasing students’ physical activity levels by providing access for
all to quality physical education, along with physical activities throughout the school environment,
the subject of Chapter 7. I experienced so much during this process, not only from the academic
aspect Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledgemy indebtedness and rendermy
warmestthanks to my supervisor, Professor Arto Salomaa, who made this work possible. The amount
of time dedicated to each subject is often mandated by federal or state statutes. Parents recently
surveyed expressed favorable views of physical education. Accordingly, fitness education in school
physical education programs is being enhanced through the incorporation of active video games, also
known as exergaming. Here is a list of ideas for topics on physical education for your argumentative
essay. The only study on in-class physical activity using the model showed that it contributed to only
36.6 percent activity at the vigorous- or moderate-intensity levels (Parker and Curtner-Smith, 2005).
Their expertise in age-appropriate physical activity helps ensure that students are participating in
activities that are fun and engaging. They observed larger bilateral hippocampal volume in higher-fit
children using MRI, as well as better performance on a task of relational memory. In the 1960s, the
intent of movement education was to apply four movement concepts to the three domains of
learning (i.e., cognitive, psychomotor, and affective). These findings suggest an increase in cognitive
preparation processes in support of a more effective working memory network resulting from
prolonged participation in physical activity. NOTE: Sample is taken from a teacher schedule in a
traditional elementary school. All rights reserved, dissertation on language teaching or learning.
Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 19(3):249-277. Specifically, they examined the individual
contributions of aerobic capacity, muscle strength, muscle flexibility, and body composition to
performance in mathematics and reading on the Illinois Standardized Achievement Test among a
sample of 259 children. During the same period, 61 positions were open, only 39 of which were
filled (64 percent), with an applicant pool of 38 candidates with earned degrees and 13 who
completed the doctoral course-work but did not complete the dissertation research (Boyce and
Rikard, 2011b). A majority of states allow for waivers or substitutions for physical education (see
the discussion below). The treatment group received a 6-month aerobic exercise (i.e., walking)
intervention, while the control group received a stretching and toning intervention that did not
include aerobic exercise. These programs include water sports, involving sailing, kayaking,
swimming, canoeing, and paddle boarding; adventure activities such as Project Adventure; winter
sports, such as. The conceptual framework for the model is designed around the health-related
components of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility. Archives
of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 153(7):695-704. Reductions in the amount of tissue loss in
these regions were observed as a function of fitness. Malone is committed to providing an
exceptional educational experience grounded in biblical. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let
you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. Identifying the
need to reform physical education guided by evidence-based findings, the report concludes that (1)
curriculum matters, (2) class size matters, (3) qualified teachers matter, (4) professional development
matters, and (5) physical environment matters. The report Active Education: Physical Education,
Physical Activity and Academic Performance by Active Living Research (Trost, 2009) cites
evidence that “children who are physically active and fit tend to perform better in the classroom and
that daily physical education does not adversely affect academic performance. The dynamic and
evolving field of active gaming is a promising area for future research as more opportunities arise to
become physically active throughout the school environment. In developing master schedules, school
site administrators have been forced to make difficult decisions regarding the allotment of time for
“nonessential” subjects. Students are organized into sport organizations (teams) and play multiple
roles as team managers, coaches, captains, players, referees, statisticians, public relations staff, and
others to mimic a professional sports organization. In developing master schedules, school site
administrators have been forced to make difficult decisions regarding the allotment of time for
“nonessential” subjects.
One such initiative is Nike’s (2012) Designed to Move: A Physical Activity Action Agenda, a
framework for improving access to physical activity for all American children in schools. It is defined
in Chapter 1 as “a planned sequential K-12 standards-based program of curricula and instruction
designed to develop motor skills, knowledge, and behaviors of healthy active living, physical fitness,
sportsmanship, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence.” As a school subject, physical education is
focused on teaching school-aged children the science and methods of physically active, healthful
living (NASPE, 2012). San Diego, CA: Active Living Research, San Diego State University. Only 31
states (60 percent) support physical education teachers going through the national board certification
process, and only New York requires each school district to have a licensed physical education
specialist serving as a physical education coordinator (NASPE, 2012). Within this paper we reveal
that we are able to do without ground tree transducers to be able to get to decidability proofs which
are phrased in direct tree automata construction. The exclusive focus on health, however, was
criticized by educator Thomas Wood (1913; Wood and Cassidy, 1930) as too narrow and
detrimental to the development of the whole child. For example, more than half (53 percent) of these
districts cut instructional time by at least 75 minutes per week in social studies, and the same
percentage (53 percent) cut time by at least 75 minutes per week in science (Center on Education
Policy, 2007). Cooperative and competitive small-group games are appropriate. A lack of activity
increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Exploring Early Childhood: readings in
theory and practice. Teachers who incorporate fitness education as a thread throughout all curricula
will make the greatest impact in engaging and motivating. CATALLYST Practical Research 1:
Qualitative Research and Its Importance in Daily Life.pptx Practical Research 1: Qualitative
Research and Its Importance in Daily Life.pptx Katherine Villaluna Dr. NN Chavan Keynote address
on ADNEXAL MASS- APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT in the. Fully 59 percent of states allow
required physical education credits to be earned through online courses. Journal of the American
Dietetic Association 96(9):906. Key concepts include analysis of performance, application of. As a
result, it becomes difficult to implement a quality program, and physical education teachers perceive
their programs as being undervalued. Issues and Answers Report, REL 2007, No. 033. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education
Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest. (accessed April 1,
2013). These goals represent the lifelong benefits of health-enhancing physical education that enable
children and adolescents to become active adults throughout their lives. Teachers provided the
number of minutes of recess as well as a ranking of classroom behavior (ranging from “misbehaves
frequently” to “behaves exceptionally well”). The child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular
health. The treatment group received a 6-month aerobic exercise (i.e., walking) intervention, while
the control group received a stretching and toning intervention that did not include aerobic exercise.
Only just over half of these states require that the online courses be taught by state-certified physical
education teachers. Although it would seem reasonable that some substitution programs such as
JROTC or cheerleading might accrue physical activity comparable to that from physical education,
these programs do not necessarily offer students opportunities to learn the knowledge and skills
needed for lifelong participation in health-enhancing physical activities. Schools can provide
outstanding learning environments while improving children’s health through physical education.”
The findings reported include the following (p. 6). According to Daum and Buschner (2012), online
learning is changing the education landscape despite the limited empirical research and conflicting
results on its effectiveness in producing student learning. Fully 59 percent of states allow required
physical education credits to be earned through online courses. Therefore, it may be helpful in
reducing the amount of sedentary behavior, but it should not be used as a replacement for more
conventional modes of physical activity. The plan is intended to create a national culture that
supports physically active lifestyles so that its vision that “one day, all Americans will be physically
active and they will live, work, and play in environments that facilitate regular physical activity” can
be realized. During typical development, experience shapes the pruning process through the
strengthening of neural networks that support relevant thoughts and actions and the elimination of
unnecessary or redundant connections. The results suggest that the physical activity enhanced
cognitive performance for the attention task but not for the task requiring working memory.
An in-depth exploration of the President's Physical Fitness Challenge would be an interesting and
valuable paper, too. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 153(7):695-704. Although the
time to be devoted to physical education (e.g., 150 minutes per week for elementary schools and 225
minutes per week for secondary schools) is commonly included in most state mandates, actual time
allocation in school schedules is uncertain and often left to the discretion of local education officials.
Positive results from public school children in the northeastern United States. In Research linking
teacher preparation and student performance: Teacher education yearbook, Vol. Online physical
education can be tailored to each student’s needs, and it helps students learn how to exercise
independently. They develop fitness knowledge and can relate regular. These courses often have as a
foundation new information and communication technologies. These data, while several years old,
show that most learning assessments in physical education fail to target relevant learning objectives
such as knowledge, skills, and physical activity behavior. In high school, relying on students to elect
physical education after meeting the minimum required credit hours (one credit in all states but one)
appears to be unfruitful. Research Monograph No. 13. Madison: National Institute for Science
Education, University of Wisconsin. Specifically, higher-fit children allocate greater resources to a
given task and demonstrate less reliance on environmental cues or teacher prompting. In comparison
with data collected prior to the intervention, the children reported greater frequency of vigorous- or
moderate-intensity physical activity, lower perceived community barriers to physical activity, and
stronger self-efficacy for physical activity. In one study, researchers found that “the children were
positive about this specific curriculum. In support of the inclusion of physical education as a core
subject, Senator Tom Udall (D-NM) reintroduced the Promoting Health for Youth Skills in
Classrooms and Life (PHYSICAL) Act on February 27, 2013, to support and encourage the health
and well-being of elementary and secondary school students. You can utilize books, journals,
previous research papers, online libraries, questionnaires, surveys, etc. A recent meta-analysis
(Lonsdale et al., 2013) suggests that physical education curricula that include fitness activities can
significantly increase the amount of time spent in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity.
They conclude that playing these games for short time periods is comparable to light- to moderate-
intensity conventional modes of exercise, including walking, skipping, and jogging. American
Journal of Preventive Medicine 34(1):74-82. It is an avenue for engaging in developmentally
appropriate physical activities designed for children to develop their fitness, gross motor skills, and
health (Sallis et al., 2003; Robinson and Goodway, 2009; Robinson, 2011). International Journal of
Computer Science in Sport 11(3):5-22. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about
new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. To help children grow holistically,
however, physical education needs to achieve other learning goals when children are active.
Exemplary works and curriculum descriptions include those by Laban himself (Laban, 1980) and
others (e.g., Logsdon et al. They should be prepared through proper training and included in
stakeholder conversations. Table 5-4 lists institutional and teacher-related as well as student-related
barriers identified by various authors. Explaining the relationship between sports participation and
achievement. In Lifespan cognition: Mechanisms of change, edited by E. Accordingly, two of the
Healthy People 2020 (Healthy People 2020, 2010) objectives for physical activity in youth relate to
physical education: “PA-4: Increase the proportion of the Nation’s public and private schools that
require daily physical education for all students ” and “PA-5: Increase the proportion of adolescents
who participate in daily school physical education.” 1. Sun (2012) found that active gaming can
increase student motivation to engage in physical activity, but the motivation may decrease as a
result of prolonged exposure to the same games.