Chapter 1

Assist. Prof. Dr.
Gülçin Dinç Yalçın
ENM407 System Introduction to System

Analysis
Analysis
What is a system?
https://www.goalsontrack.com/blog/2017/11/17/how-to-create-a-system-that-will-help-you-with-any-goal/
What is a system? (cont.)
❖ A system is a set of interacting or interdependent
components forming an integrated whole.
❖ A system has a structure, it contains parts (or
components) that are directly or indirectly related to
each other.
❖ A system is anything with a purpose.
❖ A system must do something.
https://www.cardinalsolutions.com/blog/2012/12/
scrum_in_an_interdep
❖ A system is a set of two or more elements that satis es the
following conditions: (Ackoff’s de nition)
❖ The behavior of each element has an effect on the
behavior of the whole.
❖ The behavior of the elements and their effect on the
whole are interdependent.
❖ However subgroups of elements are formed, each has an
effect on the behavior of the whole and none has an
independent effect on it.
fi
fi
❖ The human body: made up of many smaller systems

❖ Education system: university, departments, classes,
student
❖ Stellar system: galaxies, solar system
https://phys.org/news/2018-03-
❖ Geological systems: rivers, mountain ranges stellar-super-earths.html
❖ Molecular systems: complex organizations of atoms

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
281743026_Fault_diagnosis_for_the_complex_manufacturing_system/ gures?lo=1
❖ Manufacturing systems: factories, assembly lines

❖ Social systems: organizations of laws, doctrines,
customs
❖ communication system: telephone, computer
fi
❖ However, a cluster consisting of
all elements is not a system.
❖ Random standing items on the

table
❖ Are they purposive?
❖ Is there a functional https://mrnanyang.com/products/solid-wood-study-table-desk-with-shelf
relationship?
Information Systems
Information Systems
❖ There is a difference between data and information
https://www.healthresearch.org/about-hri/
information-systems/
Information Systems (cont.)
❖ There is a difference between data and information
❖ 42,12,45,13,19 and 34: Data (no meaning)
❖ Turn them something in useful: Information
Nine Characteristics of a System
https://leadstaracademy.com/lesson/g-11-ict-lesson-3/
1. Purpose
Nine Characteristics of a System (cont.)
❖ Purpose: The overall

goal or function of a
system.
❖ What is the purpose of

❖ a manufacturing system,
❖ education system?
❖ What is the purpose of

❖ a manufacturing system, (e.g. to produce goods)
❖ education system? (to educate people)
2. Component
❖ Component: An
https://leverageedu.com/blog/components-of-computer/
irreducible part or
aggregation of parts that
makes up a system; also
called a subsystem
https://workforce.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Information_Technology/
Information_Systems/Information_Systems_for_Business/
01%3A_What_Is_an_Information_System/
01%3A_What_Is_an_Information_System/
1.02%3A_Identifying_the_Components_of_Information_Systems
❖ What are the components of a manufacturing system?

❖ What are the components of a manufacturing system?

❖ Machines,
❖ workers,
❖ methods and procedures,
❖ quality control,
❖ logistic etc.
❖ What are the components of a education system?

❖ What are the components of a education system?

❖ Teacher,
❖ technology,
❖ student,
❖ content ,
❖ context.
3. Interrelationship
❖ Interrelationship:Dependence
of one part of the system on
one or more other system
part
❖ Which part of a manufacturing system is related to which

part(s)?(an example)
quality
machines workers logistic
control
❖ Which part of a manufacturing system is related to which

quality
machines workers logistic
control
❖ Which part of a education system is related to which

❖ Teacher, student, technology, content, context
❖ Which part of a
education system is
related to which
303723387_Multitasking_Trends_and_Impact_on_Education_A_Literature_Review
4. Constraint
❖ Constraints: A limit to
what a system can
accomplish.
283853877_Considering_Context_in_the_Design_of_Intelligent_Systems_Curren
t_Practices_and_Suggestions_for_Improvement/ gures?lo=1
❖ What are the constraints of

fi
❖ What are the constraints of

❖ a manufacturing system, (e.g. limited materials,
limited working time)
❖ education system? (e.g. limited number of course,
limited budget)
5. Output
❖ Output: Those elements
that exists in the system
due to the processing of the
inputs is known as output.
The output of a system
maybe in the form of cash,
information, knowledge,
reports, documents etc.
❖ What are the outputs of

❖ What are the outputs of

❖ a manufacturing system, (e.g. good quality product,
pro t, market share)
❖ education system?(e.g. students achievement)
fi
6. Input
❖ Input: Input involves
capturing and assembling
elements that enter the
system to be processed.
The inputs are said to be
fed to the system in order
to get the output.
❖ What are the inputs of

❖ What are the inputs of

❖ a manufacturing system, (e.g. raw materials, demands)
❖ education system? (e.g. information, books, articles)
7. Environment
❖ Environment:
Everything external to a
system that interacts
with the system.
❖ What is the environment of

❖ What is the environment of

❖ a manufacturing system, (e.g. suppliers, customers)
❖ education system? (e.g. employers, alumni)
8. Interface
❖ Interface: Point of
contact where a system
meets its environment
or where subsystems
meet each other.
❖ What is the interface of

❖ What is the interface of

❖ a manufacturing system, (e.g. meting room,
telecommunication systems, e-mail system, stores)
❖ education system? (e.g. conference hall, e-mail system,
classroom, student information system)
9. Boundary
❖ Boundary: The line that

marks the inside and
outside of a system and
that sets off the system
from its environment.
❖ What is the boundary of

❖ What is the boundary of

❖ a manufacturing system, (e.g. manufacturing
area)
❖ education system? (e.g. school area)
Components of a System
Components of a System
❖ Element
❖ Attribute
❖ Event
Components of a System (cont.)
System Element Attribute Event
Vehicle Speed
Transportation Sign Colour Transport
The way Lenght
Transportation Vehicle Speed Transportation

Sign Color
The way Length
Hospital
College or
university
Transportation Vehicle Speed Transportation

Sign Color
The way Length
Hospital Doctor Specialty Healthy individuals

Patients Disease
Medical supplies Quantity
College or High School graduates GPA Educated individuals

university Books Content
Teachers Specialty
What is system analysis?
http://braincs.com/systems-analysis.html
What is system analysis? (cont.)
❖ Find out what is good and what is bad of the current

system.
❖ Design a new system that keeps the good thing and gets
rid of the bad things.
What is system analysis? (cont.)
❖ The user understands the current system but the analyst

does not.
❖ The analysts understands the new system but the user
does not.
❖ There is a gap.
❖ Effective communication is vital.
System methodology
System methodology
https://www.liquidplanner.com/blog/scale-methodology-project/
❖ A methodology is a strategy for overcoming the

problems faced by the system analysis.
❖ One type of methodology is called structured.
System methodology (cont.)
❖ If the analyst follows the steps of the methodology, then

eventually quality information systems design should
be the outcome.
❖ The analyst will break down complex systems into
smaller, well-de ned and well-documented chunks.
fi
SSADM-Structured System
Analysis and Design Method
SSADM-Structured System Analysis and Design Method
❖ Basic principles:
❖ 1) Break down complex system into chunks

❖ 2) Analyze the current system

❖ Physical: How things are
currently done, who does
them.
❖ Logical: What is currently
done.
❖ Design the new system
❖ Logical: What will be done.
❖ Physical: How things will be
done, who will them.
❖ 3) Users get involves from the start.

❖ 4) Make effective use of diagrams.
❖ 5) The analyst see the system from different views:
cross-checking.
The structure of SSADM
The entire project
is worth pursuing?
what problems
that have, what
they want from
the new system
A range of
options, with
different costs
and bene ts, are
considered.
fi
-This involves
specifying the
required system.
-An overview of
the underlying
data structures
for the required
system is
created.
-what the new
system will be
expected to do.
-consider
technical
options.
-specifying the
new system
-what will be
the new system
do?
-what might it
look like from a
user
-concentrates on
the environment
within which
the new system
will be running.
-storage
requirements
and
performance
issues.
SSADM and the system
development life cycle
system development
life cycle

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Assist. Prof. Dr.

Gülçin Dinç Yalçın

ENM407 System Introduction to System

❖ The human body: made up of many smaller systems

❖ Molecular systems: complex organizations of atoms

❖ Manufacturing systems: factories, assembly lines

❖ Random standing items on the

❖ There is a difference between data and information

❖ Purpose: The overall

❖ What is the purpose of

❖ What is the purpose of

❖ What are the components of a manufacturing system?

❖ What are the components of a manufacturing system?

❖ What are the components of a education system?

❖ What are the components of a education system?

❖ Which part of a manufacturing system is related to which

❖ Which part of a manufacturing system is related to which

❖ Which part of a education system is related to which

❖ What are the constraints of

❖ What are the constraints of

❖ What are the outputs of

❖ What are the outputs of

❖ What are the inputs of

❖ What are the inputs of

❖ What is the environment of

❖ What is the environment of

❖ What is the interface of

❖ What is the interface of

❖ Boundary: The line that

❖ What is the boundary of

❖ What is the boundary of

System Element Attribute Event

System Element Attribute Event

Transportation Vehicle Speed Transportation

System Element Attribute Event

Transportation Vehicle Speed Transportation

Hospital Doctor Specialty Healthy individuals

College or High School graduates GPA Educated individuals

❖ Find out what is good and what is bad of the current

❖ The user understands the current system but the analyst

❖ A methodology is a strategy for overcoming the

❖ If the analyst follows the steps of the methodology, then

❖ 1) Break down complex system into chunks

❖ 2) Analyze the current system

❖ 3) Users get involves from the start.

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