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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 (2013) 1105 – 1109

3rd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance (WCPCG-2012)

Comparison between early maladaptive schema with psychological

resiliency of the criminals murder, drug trafficking, rape
Soltankhah,Shapoura *, Rahmani, Ma, b, Akbari,B ,Darvishi,fc
a
department of pschycolgy, Prisons Organization rasht,guilan,iran
b
department of pschycolgy,islamic azad university, tonekabon ,mazandaran,iran
department of pschycolgy,islamic azad university, rasht.guilan,iran
poisoning centre, Razi hospital, rasht, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, ,iran

Abstract

This study compared the relationship between early maladaptive schemas components with the degree of psychological
resiliency in Rasht Central Prison is a male offenders." The participants consisted of 150 of murder, drug traffickers and
criminals of fornication. In three group that the Young's early maladaptive schema questionnaire (YSQ-SF) and questionnaire
resiliency Connor and Davidson (CD-RISC) was tested. Results showed that the murder the schema of subjugation and self-
sacrifice, in adultery, self-sacrifice, subjugation, dependence / inadequacy in the group of drug dealers, UN relenting standards
as the predictor variables were identified.

© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
© 2013 Published
Selection by Elsevier
and peer-review underLtd. Selection of
responsibility and peer
Prof. Dr.review under
Huseyin the responsibility
Uzunboylu of Dr. Demirok,
& Dr. Mukaddes Melehat Halat
Near East University, Cyprus
Keywords early maladaptive schema, Resiliency;

1. Introduction

Pay attention to psychologists and crime law from the beginning of psychology as an experimental branch
began. vitmer ,pioneer in clinical psychology in the late nineteenth century, before the first clinical psychology in
1896, is based, to provide a course entitled "Criminal behaviour" at the University of Pennsylvania. Hall's 1904
studies published about juvenile offenders. Experimental study of the release process by Monstrbrg courts faced
with a public reception. Resilience is a term used in psychology to describe the capacity of people to cope with
stress and catastrophe. It is also used to indicate a characteristic of resistance to future negative events. Connor and
Davidson believe that resiliency is not only the stability of vulnerable and threatening condition, but it is the active
attendance and performer in the environment. They believe that resiliency is person's life ability in Biological -
mental balance in hard dangerous conditions .A group of researchers in the field agree that the resiliency is a kind
of self-healing with positive consequences of emotional, cognitive (Masten, 2001). Psychologists in the field of
psychology and cognitive psychology have been discussing the fundamental beliefs. How much of that schema, one
normal and abnormal behavior leading to achieving that. The contents of this schema, including all aspects of one's

Corresponding author name: * Soltankhah,sh. Tel.: +00989111482733

E-mail address: saiedsh81@yahoo.com

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Huseyin Uzunboylu & Dr. Mukaddes Demirok, Near East University, Cyprus
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.708
1106 Soltankhah Shapour et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 (2013) 1105 – 1109

life is conscious and unconscious (Freeman and Fasco, 2004). The most profound cognitive structures are schema
(Young, 2006). Young (1990, 1999) hypothesized that some of these schemas especially schemas that develop
primarily as a result of toxic childhood experiences might be at the core of personality disorders, milder
character logical problems, and many chronic Axis I disorders. To explore this idea, he defined a subset of schemas
that he labeled Early Maladaptive Schemas.

2.Method
2.1. Participants
Participants included three different groups .A total of 150patticipents take part in this study in Rasht Central
Prison including 50participent of murder. The second group was 50 participant drug traffickers and the third group
was 50 participants of criminals of fornication and adultery. All them were selected random sampling from each
group. Among people 20 to 55 years and male with higher education and guidance that they have passed one year
of imprisonment for a year. Participant age ranged in fornicate group from 20-50 years old (M=27.68 years;
SD=6.69) Participant age ranged in murder group from 21-55 years (M=34.32 years; SD=9.94) Participant age
ranged in murder drug traffickers group from 25-54 years (M=37.50 years; SD=7.73)

2.2 Assessment Measures

2.2.1 Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF; Young& Brown, 1994)
The Young-Schema Questionnaire-Short Form Revised (YSQ-S3; Young, 2006) is a 75- item self-report measure
that measures early maladaptive schemas. The measure asks participants to rate items in terms of how they feel
about their lives on a 6-point Likert s

2.2.2 Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Connor and Davidson 2003)
The CD-RISC is a 25-item scale that measures the ability to cope with stress and adversity. Respondents rate
-100 and high score lead to
high resilience. in the present study, alpha coefficients were studied in fornicate groups was 0.88, in murder, 0.83,
and the drug trafficker 0.91 and the total coefficient is equal to 0.88 .

3. Results
3.1 Preliminary analysis Initial statistical analyses of the current study indicated that EMSs scores highlight in
murder group obtained were unrelenting standard (M=19.74SD=5.893), Self-sacrifice (M=18.86,SD=6.37)
entitlement /grandiosity (M=17.86,SD=5.99). Schema high light in rape group were Self-sacrifice
(M=20.42,SD=5.21), unrelenting standard, (M=19.90,SD=5.69) Abandonment/instability (M=18.72,SD=6,77) and
in drug trafficker group highest score schema was in Self-sacrifice (M=21.42,SD=5.402), unrelenting standard
(M=20.82,SD=5.69), emotional deprivation (M=18.16,SD=5.56)

3.2 Bivariate Correlation.

3.2.1 Pierson correlation in murder group indicated just in 3 schemas were negative significantly correlated with
resiliency and 12 other schema no significant relationship with resiliency. Schema subjugation and
defectiveness/shame with0.99 (p < .001) and, insufficient self -control with 95%(p < .005) had negative
significantly relation ship with resiliency. Based on hierarchical regression analyses in murder group the first step
of the regression subjugation accounted for 17% of the variance when self -sacrifice were added on the second step,
the amount of variance increased to 26% overall regression model F (2.47) = 9.75, p < .001]. Analysis are
presented in Table 1

3.2.2. Pierson correlation in drug trafficker group indicated just in 2schemas were negative significantly
correlated with resiliency and 13 other schema no significant relationship with resiliency. Schema unrelenting
standard with0.99 (p < .001) and entitlement /grandiosity with 95%(p < .005) had negative significantly relation
ship with resiliency Based on hierarchical regression analyses in drug traffickers group the first step of the
regression unrelenting standard model included, Results of the regression analysis are presented in Table 2 For
 Soltankhah Shapour et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 (2013) 1105 – 1109 1107

resiliency unrelenting standard accounted for 13% of the variance overall regression model F (1.49) = 8.27, p <
.001]

3.2.3 Pierson correlations in rape group indicated in 7 schemas were negative significantly correlated with
resiliency and the other schema there is no significant relationship with resiliency. Schema defectiveness/shame,
Failure, dependence/incompetence, subjugation, insufficient self-control, with0.99 (p < .001) and social
isolation/alienation, Emotional inhibition with 95%(p < .005) had negative significantly relation ship with
resiliency. For resiliency dependence/incompetence accounted for 23% of the variance when self -sacrifice were
added on the second step, the amount of variance increased to 29% When subjugation was added on the third step,
the amount of variance increased to 34% [overall regression model F (3.46) = 9.22, p < .001] analysis are presented
in Table 3.

3.3 Post hoc analysis on z fishers indicates significant difference for comparison relationships between of three
groups in seven equations, Based on accounting comparison different relation ship between early maladaptive
schema with resiliency in three group are presented in table 4. Indicated there is significance difference in
Defectiveness/shame between murder and drug trafficker group and also in drug trafficker and rape group. In
relation Failure schema with resiliency there is significance difference between drug trafficker and rape group. In
relation Dependence/incompetence schema with resiliency there is significance difference between murder and
rape group. In relation /Undeveloped- self schema with resiliency there is significance difference
between drug trafficker and rape group.

4.Discussion
Approved schema defectiveness/ shame subjugation and social isolation / alienation in negative significantly
correlated with the resiliency, of the group murder has two results shows that each individual schemes in these
three areas higher in the resiliency of this group is lower than the exact low resiliency can predispose to anti-social
behaviour and the crime and its consequences are threatening incompatibility condition (Waller, 2001) so that this
mental strength, in the criminals and murder is low .that causes anti social behaviours like killing , murder or
injure to other . The other finding obtained in this research indicated that rape group in the seven schema have a
negative relation with resiliency- that shows the schema effects in this group more than other groups. According to
this finding conducive to increasing maladaptive social behaviours and lack of respect for others' rights, anti-social
behaviour. In the other hand the schema for predicting this dependence / incompetence, obedience, sacrifice can
make up about 38% of predicted resiliency that despite the high score in this group of disorders that may predispose
to the prevention and treatment of individual The act also stated that according to Dutch researcher Fred Pollack
resilience people are generally effective in fostering resiliency skills such as self-awareness, empathy, identification
and emotional control, positive self-concept and purposeful in their lives. So in this study was individuals who had
committed adultery with Jaime schema are negatively correlated with the skills mentioned in resiliency Inability.

Tables
Table1.resiliency scale as a Function of schema in murder group

Independent Variable Standardized Coefficients ( SE T P

Step1
Subjugation -.433 .363 -3.326 .002
R2=. 19
Step2
Subjugation -.487 .347 -3.919 .000
Self-sacrifice .330 .277 2.655 .011
R2=. 29
2
=. 26
1108 Soltankhah Shapour et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 (2013) 1105 – 1109

Table2.resiliency scale as a Function of schema in drug trafficker

Independent Variable SE T P
Step1
Subjugation .383 .430 2.876 .006
R2=. 15

Table3.resiliency scale as a Function of schema in rape group

Independent Variable Standardized Coefficients ( SE T P

Step1
Dependence/incompetenc
-.492 .374 -3.912 <. 001
e
R2=. 24
Step2
Dependence/incompetenc
-.559 .370 -4.502 <. 001
e
Self-sacrifice .282 .429 2.268 =. 028
R2=. 32
2
=. 29
Step3
Dependence/incompetenc
-.341 .474 -2.144 =. 037
e
Self-sacrifice .313 .418 2.586 =. 013
Subjugation -.333 .465 -2.089 =. 042
R2=. 38
2
=. 34

Table4.comparison relation ship between two groups

Schema murder and rape Rape and drug Murder and drug

Z = 1.48 Z = 0.76 Z = 0.72

P >0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05
Z = 0.49 Z = 1.24 Z = 1.73
P >0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05
Z = 0.63 Z = 1.09 Z = 1.72
P >0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05
Z = 0.79 Z = 1.74 Z = 0.95

P >0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05

Z = 0.29 Z = 2.27 * Z = 1.98*

P >0.05 P < 0.05 P < 0.05
Z = 1.65 Z = 2.62* Z = 0.98
P >0.05 P < 0.05 P >0.05

Z = 2.41* Z = 1.74 Z = 0.67

P < 0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05
 Soltankhah Shapour et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 (2013) 1105 – 1109 1109

Z = 0.42 Z = 0.41 Z = 0.01

P >0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05
Z = 1.76 Z = 2.27* Z = 0.51
P >0.05 P < 0.05 P >0.05
Z = 0.33 Z = 1.73 Z = 1.40
P >0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05
Z = 0.52 Z = 0.49 Z = 0.03

P >0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05

Z = 0.68 Z = 2.12* Z = 1.44

P >0.05 P < 0.05 P >0.05
Z = 0.41 Z = 1.75 Z = 1.34
P >0.05 P >0.05 P >0.05
Z = 1.28 Z = 2.29* Z = 1.01
P >0.05 P < 0.05 P >0.05
Z = 0.88 Z = 2.47* Z = 1.59
P >0.05 P < 0.05 P >0.05

Note: ed=emotional deprivation, ab= Abandonment/instability ma=Mistrust/Abuse, si=social isolation, ds=

Defectiveness/shame, fa= Failure, di= Dependence/incompetence, vh= Vulnerability to harm or illness ,em=
Enmeshment/Undeveloped self ,sb=subjugation ,ss= Self-sacrifice, ei= Emotional inhibition, us= Unrelenting standard, et=
Entitlement/grandiosity, is= insufficient self-control/self-discipline

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