Professional Documents
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BSMT Ngec 8 Modules 2023-2024
BSMT Ngec 8 Modules 2023-2024
A Pedestrian
to the New
Normal
(A module for
NGEC 8-
Ethics)
by:
PENELOPE GARCIA-COLISAO, Ph.D
August 2020
About the Cover
Copyright:
Author:
Penelope Garcia-Colisao, Ph.D
August 2020
( (Objectives) ---- This provides the learning outcomes after your four-
year teacher-learning commitments that you as students
should have or possess.
((Pre-lecture) ---- This provides you with the first initial content of
the topic to be explored by the instructor, who may start with
a encouraging question to raise your concerns.
((Lecture Notes) ---- This provides you with the key content of the
subject that may be provided for clarity of intent in pictures,
photos, maps, or figures.
(Transition to the Lecture) ---- This involves the Questions and Agility
Test, which is simply a swift measure for integrating and
organizing all the instilled knowledge and facts.
(Assignment) ---- This means that you have an advance analysis on the
next subject of the Graded Recitation and Sharing-Intellect
chapter.
(Deadlines) ---- This indicates the date by which a given task (written)
is to be sent to the email provided online within the module per
lesson. Until you have completed the tasks you can not progress
to the next level.
Foreword
In the current pandemic scenario, writing a module over two months is not a
joke. This is protected with every effort and dedication, because the material is not
just an approach to copying. The author thus genuinely considers ways of
As an offshoot of CMO 20s 2013, CMO No. 1s. 2015 or 'Integration of GAD
Curriculum in HEIs, CMO No. 1 s. 2019 or "Peace Education Integration and CMO
No. 2 s. 2019 or Indigenous Peoples Integration (IP).
Eight (8) modules with three ( 3) lessons per module make up this instruction.
It has full tasks, assignments and strength assessments with respective original
rubrics including application and assessment.
After every module lesson references have been completed. The contents are
based on the updated NGEC 8-Ethics Syllabus of 2020 that was purposely carried
out to address ETHICs' current pandemic scenario.
The scope of this article revolves around the essence of man, his conduct
based on moral principles and offers examples of the Philippine climate. It is nice to
justified the person by nature, but his acts and behaviour are manifestations of his
"being." Man faces more challenging challenges in the contemporary scenario,
which will render his decisions undesirable and ultimately have consequences for
his men, and the environment he lives without any constraint.
Table of Contents
Module Lessons Time Frame Pages
4
Justice and 1. Indigenous Peoples’ Rights week 9 111
Fairness 2. Act (IPRA) of 1997
Theory
with Special
Topics on IPs 3. United Nations Declaration on
and UNDRIP the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
(UNDRIP)
Course Description
The course also teaches students from the Philippines to make moral
decisions by using leading moral constructs and applying the popular seven-step
moral reasoning model to examine and solve moral dilemmas in this difficult time
in the Philippine setting.
By the end of this coursework with four modules, the students should have:
5. Analyse local environmental issues and problems in the regional and global
context.
Module 1
This first module deals with Kant's ethical propositions stressing the
existence of GOD, life and equality, among other postulates as moral principles
shaping Filipino philosophy based on experiential learning.
The table matric presents the coverage with allocated no of hours per week
as based on the approved OBE syllabus which was accomplished 2020 not that of
the 2017 syllabus submitted to CHED.
Introduction
Objectives
2. Draw a trilogy of the essence of God, immortality and freedom and discuss
each relation with one another;
3. Apply and instil the importance of Kant’s arguments to Filipino morality and
Pre-lecture
exemplify by some recent issues.
The three postulates, namely freedom, God and Immortality, although it can
not be theoretically proved, are incorporated into Kant's already coherent and
meaningful ethical structure to make his ethical theory more practicable, bearing in
mind that man is not a purely rational being, but a creature haunted by inclinations.
The traditional sense of freedom is one's right to act, talk, and or This is what
Kant called The Principle of Freedom. Today it is also more generally regarded as
libertarian liberty.
Kant's Yet Kant
definition saw liberty
of freedom is thedifferently,
right on theand maybe
basis in a to
of reason more subtle
control one
way.
's actions, not desire. All this can be reduced to an Autonomy definition. think justly
the way they want. So in Kant’s view, libertarian freedom isn’t real, but in reality, is
just enslavement of oneself to their desire. The average citizen, believes that on the
basis of individual preference, when confronted with alternative options, will be free
to select one over the other,thus, will have the right to choose one over the other. In
freedom, autonomy translates a person into self-legislator to live by the laws that you
enforce on yourself.
OFFLINE : Please do the above and write on the spaces next page as provided.
Do I need to be
committed to
GOD because he Am I free to
created me? be good or
bad?
How’s my
relationship
with my
teachers ?
If I excel in
class, and be
rich, will I
have many
friends?
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ONLINE :
2. watch the full Video on Kant’s Categorical Imperative.:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOoJ9...
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(Lecture Notes)
Kant's postulated the triangle of God's nature, life, and liberty. Man is
created in the image of God who is truly perfect. Therefore, whoever has faith in
God, his creator (regardless of religion) and believes in his compassion, grace and
blessings, certainly assumes absolute happiness in the highest goodness of "being."
Man with body and soul justifies becoming eternal. Kant argues, that believing it is
morally necessary. Kant's Postulations of Pure Practical Reason.is one of his best
In addition, Kant argued that freedom is a key essence of "being" in the sense
that we have the ability to do otherwise. For example, Lito took something illegally
as a thief; at the time, it must have been within his control and power not to commit
it. It was his choice or decision to steal so he needs to be punished to correct his
morally wrong misdeeds. This scenario is, according to Kant, a pure manifestation
of common sense. Consequently, moral correctness and wrongness only apply to
freeing someone who determines his conduct through his or her influence at the
moment, whether to act correctly or not. So can you define morality by that issue?
You or no? Only clarify your answer l
(Additional Information)
For example, try to think of the complaint that a certain Ben (poor, young
guy ) is simply using you as his sweetheart (sugar mom) who is fifty nine years old
but very rich and famous. When we say this, we are saying that the person is not
taking you into account; that he is treating you as a vehicle for his own ends, He
loves you because he needed you as a material good rather than as deserving respect
and consideration in your own right.
The morally important thing for Kant is not consequences but how choosers
think as they make choices. You have the choice to choose what 's right and what's
wrong, so take action as a result.
This situation views anyone more like a pure means than an end in itself.
According to Kant, it is important to see that humanity's formula does not prohibit
the use of someone as a means to an end, but does so only without treating them as
an end in themselves.
Quiz no.1
Multiple Choice
Instructions: Read the statements carefully and choose from the options the
correct answer by clicking the dot.
1. Which is the main problem with the golden rule, according to Kant?
a t is a version of utilitarianism.
b. It is a version of consequentialism, but it is not utilitarian.
c. It is neutral on the issue of whether consequentialism is true.
d. It is inconsistent with consequentialism.
4. What did Kant believe is the relationship between rationality and morality?
6. Which of the following did Kant believe to be the central moral virtue?
a. Integrity.
b. Benevolence.
c. Compassion.
d. None of the above.
Scoring: Grade
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Assignment
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Ferrarin, A., 2015, The Powers of Pure Reason: Kant and the
Idea of Cosmic Philosophy, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Video clip/s:
Introduction
Objectives
1. Discuss and assess the essence why Ethical Theories are relevant in
understanding human behaviour.
2. Evaluate the 5 ethical theories whether or not influence Filipino perceptions of
what morality defines.
Pre-lecture
ONLINE : 1. Watch the video on how hedonism plays the role in human
conduct or the next video. Produce a summary of the thoughts
presented.
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/wiphi-value-
theory/wiphi-ethics/v/hedonism-and-the-experience-machine
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Please write legibly for easy checking. You’ll be graded using the
rubrics below
Additional Information
(
Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 2
We had some of the first 1015 onions of the 1998 season with our
fajitas about a week ago. I found a relatively strong odor of onion and
a somewhat "spicy" taste when I sampled some of the onions before
sauteing them, both of which are uncharacteristic of the soft, mild
1015 onions which are the pride and joy of the Rio Grande Valley.
I was expecting him to say something relative to the cold , dry spring
and the impact it could have on the heat of 1015 onions when I
mentioned this fact to a colleague who was familiar with onion
growing conditions in the Valley. He simply said: "It's easy to
explain, the 1015 onions sell a box for $18.50 and the other white
onions.
3. If you were a produce buyer and were aware of this activity, what would
you do?
4. What are the marketing consequences for this type of activity? If you were a
grower and were told of this activity, what would you do?
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Assignment
REFERENCES
A. Books/Articles
B, Video clip/s:
C. Image/s:
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
The approach to rights is predicated on the idea that people are entitled
to choose paths that impact their fate because they are human. In addition,
human beings are justified in their belief that they will honour their rights.
Such rights include the right to facts, the right to privacy, the right not to be
hurt and the right to promise fulfilment.
Ethical dilemmas presume that in order to make the choice ethically difficult,
the chooser must abide by social standards, such as codes of law or religious
instruction. And these ways will help you make the best decision to get rid of ethical
dilemmas:
The precise reasons for the brutality are crucial and will also
differ in some case because they have personal problems. In other
This is the best way and the clearest description of who you are.
It's known to mean you have to embrace yourself and always bear in mind
that we're all different, but the only thing that we have in common is that
none of us is perfect in your own right. So meeting people and
participating in new things will make all the difference for you and others.
To evaluate at least one the 5 identified ethical approaches
in dealing with moral dilemma relative to the 8 ways ways
to crash decision-making dilemma
Task No..3
Source: LyricFind
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Rubrics for Keywords Song Linkage
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Scoring Criteria EXM SWM NMA
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(3) (2) (3)
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1.Key words used were exactly important to the
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meaning of the song.
2. Key words has touched your life experiences.
3. The key words speaks the entire side of your
most unforgettable memories.
Total mean score
Legend :
( EXM) Excellently Manifested ---- A 11 - 15
(SWM) Somewhat Manifested ---- B 6 - 10
(NMA) Not Manifested at All ---- C 1- 5
(Additional Information)
The Filipino culture, virtue ethics is based on two basic principles. The first is
loób, which can easily be misunderstood when literally translated as 'within' into
English but is better translated as 'relational will,' and the second is kapwa, which is
literally translated as 'other person,' but is better understood as 'together with the
individual. These serve as foundations for a special set of virtues (kagandahang-
loób, utang-na-loób, pakikiramdam, hiya, lakas-ng-loób / bahala na) which are not
individualistic virtues in the same manner as most of the Western tradition's cardinal
virtues (i.e. prudence, righteousness, temperance and strength) but are all geared
towards the intention of an individual.
Consequently, the Filipino value
system or Filipino values refers to the
collection of values that have traditionally
held important in their lives by a majority
of the Filipino people. This set of values in
the Philippines contains its own special
assemblage of common philosophies.
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 36
In the midst of the COVID 19
pandemic, PAGASA has begun to
Interestingly, the call for social distance only strengthened the collective
solidarity of the Philippines in providing concrete answers to the current
socioeconomic problem caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is evident, that even
the poor Pinoys tend to be happy even there are those who can’t even eat but
because they believe that there’s hope, everything comes into its end. They learn to
put aside their differences regardless of their social status, to work together for a
single purpose.
Tthe emergence of several voluntary relief operations is proof that the Philippines
are flourishing in crisis times, that people can assist one another.
(Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 3
Knowledge-Based Essay
Instructions: Read the short essay as a story then answer the following
questions as application of topics discussed. A rubric is provided with scale
equivalents:
Should I Call the Cops on My Stepson?
by: Kwame Anthony Appiah
June 23, 2020
2. Of the five ethical theories, which one or two may be applied in Of the
five ethical theories, which one or two may be applied in this
scenario. Explain briefly with legal bearings. (35 pts.)
3. If you are the husband, what decision would you make and
why ? (25pts.)
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(Assignment)
Books/ Articles :
Russell, Bertrand (1946). A History of Western Philosophy. Great Britain: George Allen and
Unwin Ltd. p. 11. Retrieved 31 March2016 – via Internet Archive.
Video clip/s:
Image/s:
Module 2
This second module discusses the four main behavioural branches that are
expected to be in a situation. Ethical divisions and reach are the focus of this
project. Ethics as behavioural science deals with the moral concept or good, to
examine the essence of our behaviour. This explores the essence of the origins of
behaviour, motivations, purposes, voluntary acts, etc. This defines whether or not
individual acts are right or wrong.
Lesson 3. Meta-Ethicsl
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
3. Evaluate one’s existence as an application of the meaning of Normative Ethics.
Rubrics for Grading:
(Lecture Notes )
3. Situational ethics stresses the basic meaning of an act when ethically judging it.
In particular, Christian theories of situational ethics hold that the best action is
the one that produces the most caring result, and that love should always be the
objective of the people.
• Welfarism, arguing that the right policy is the one that increases
economic well-being or health the most.
• John Rawls' contractualism, which states that the true acts are those to
which we would all consent if we were impartial, behind the "veil of
ignorance."
• Natural rights, such as those of John Locke or Robert Nozick, who believe
that human beings have total, natural rights.
Quiz no. 4
Completion Test :
Instructions: Supply the blank with the correct words from the given options
below to complete the statement per number. Just write the letter only on the spaces
provided before each number. You may use a letter several times. The answers are
here in the various words
D. ETHICS
E. PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM,
H. EGOISM I. WELFARISM
J.MONOISM G. UTILITARIANISM
____2. _______hold
____4. that that
________holds human beingsishave
an action rightabsolute, natural rights.
if it maximizes good for
the self.
____5. Intellectualism dictates that the best action is the one that best
fosters and promotes ____________________.
____9. _________which argues that the best action is the one that
most increases economic well-being or welfare.
Scoring: Grade
ONLINE?OFFLINE :
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Assignment
Instructions: Please research in advance about DESCRIPTIVE
ETHICS for graded recitation..
Books/Articles :
Video clip/s:
Introduction
Objectives
2. Explain why concise ethics address the questions simply: What do people
believe is right?
Instructions :
ONLINE ; 1.Watch the video on DESRIPTIVE ETHICS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paAuQANFVI8
Besides having pupils outside the grounds is common practice for many
schools only if they have a parental note granting permission or if they have special
privileges granted them by the school. Schools Food Trust suggests having the
students on the school site as a way to discourage them from purchasing unhealthy
food. This also does not mean that school gates are closed to discourage lunchtime
students from entering, or that pupils are required to eat different foods.
Schools have the moral responsibility for school hours for their pupils. That
means they can get students to remain in school premises. Human rights law says
this is a valid objective. Yet a school should. If they either locked pupils in school
or forced them to eat physically, they undoubtedly violate this legitimate target
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Lecture Notes
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Others have said there are only two issues relating to normative ethics: (1)
What 's good? (2) What's Okay? The virtue-based ethics of Aristotle represents a
moral theory which responds to the first question. Utilitarian and Kantian theories
have contrasting ideas that offer guidelines for decision-making or responses to
question two. Something they both have in common is to approach ethical inquiry
from a normative or prescriptive viewpoint.
(Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 5
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NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 53
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Assignment
Instructions:
Books/Articles :
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
Pre-lecture
Meta-Ethics Principles and their importance
Meta-ethics is the study of the nature, scope and sense of moral
judgment. It is one of the three branches of ethics commonly studied
by philosophers; the others are normative ethics and applied ethics.
Whereas normative ethics addresses issues such as "What
should I do?," evaluating individual actions and moral expectations,
meta-ethics explores issues such as "What is goodness?" and "How
do we tell what's good from what's bad?" seeking to explain the
assumptions that underlie normative theory.The difference often
made is that normative ethics involves first-order or specific
questions; meta-ethics involves second-order or form problems.
Some philosophers argue that in order to properly examine
actual moral theories and make rational moral choices, a
philosophical account of morality is required; others reason from
opposite premises and suggest that analyzing moral decisions about
proper behavior will lead us to a true account of the nature of
morality.
1.Moral Realism (or Moral Objectivism)
It is the meta-ethical view that such things as moral facts and moral
principles exist, and that they are factual and independent of our interpretation of
them or of our opinions, emotions or other attitudes towards them.
2.Moral Anti-Realism
Moral Anti-Realism may include either denying that there are moral
properties at all, or agreeing that they do exist, but that their nature is mental-
dependent
There and not objective
are several differentorforms,
independent.
dependingThat holds that
on whether there
ethical are always
statements are
objectivetomoral
believed principles,
be subjective that(Ethical
claims evaluative statementsnot
Subjectivism), aregenuine
empirical assertions
claims at all
that are either validoror mistaken
(Non-Cognitivism) false and objective
that their validity
claims or falsity Nihilism
(Moral is independent
or Moralof
our interpretation
Skepticism) of them or of our views, emotions or other attitudes towards
them.
Instructions:
Ethical leaders are not only telling people to "do the right
thing," they 're sharing stories of people who did the right thing. We
clarify ethical standards of performance which define "the right
thing" and bring it to life in discussions on how to manage
2.Answer briefly?
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(Lecture Notes)
Garner and Rosen claim that the responses to the three basic questions "are
not unrelated, and often the answer to one may strongly indicate, or maybe even
(Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 6
Consequently, both Chinie and Mara received excellent grades for both
subjects. This is scenario was probably the most exciting case of fraudulently
executed cheating in the entire school, without being noticed by the entire
administration. Chinie and Mara went through the discussion without even
thinking about each subject. The plot was very dangerous because if they were
ever detected but never heard they would be excluded from university at any
time.
2 Questions to ponder:
a) If you're asked to give the case a title, what would that be?
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NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by:
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(Assignment)
Instructions:
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Introduction
Objectives
• Changes to care
• Denial of covertotreatment;
fulfill the budget of an agency, or insurance policies;
• Recording an injured fellow Member;
• To accept money from manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or devices;
• Breach of patient confidentiality due to a risk to health.
• •Patients
Romantically
pickinginvolving
cherry; a patient or a member of his family;
• •To
Correcting
recommenda mistake;
placebo;
• Practice protective medicine to prevent litigation involving
malpractice;
• Insurers falling out; and try for alternative opinions
3. Bioethics
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( Lecture Notes )
5. Production
.This corporate ethics area typically deals with the obligations of a corporation
to ensure that the products and manufacturing processes do not cause harm without
need. The ethical course can be difficult to determine, considering that few goods
and services can be produced and consumed with zero risk. For certain case ,
customers may need goods that harm them, such as products made from tobacco.
Construction may have environmental effects including deforestation, habitat
destruction and urban sprawl.
This is likely that the downstream impacts of nuclear power technology,
genetically modified food and cell phones are not well known. Although the
precautionary principle may forbid the implementation of new technologies whose
effects are not fully known, the newest technology implemented after the industrial
revolution should have been excluded from that principle. Protocols to check goods
were criticized for violating human and animal rights. There are websites that
provide information about businesses that are responsible for the environment or
don't research animals.
6.Marketing
In nearly all facets of its branding, for example, TOMS shows its social and
environmental philanthropy. Not only does this allow potential customers to know
what kind of business they work with right away, but it also continually reinforces
the brand values of TOMS on every channel.
Assignment
Instructions:
Books/Articles :
Fritz Jahr (1927). Perspect Biol Med, Sum, 377–80.an S. (2007). American
Reference Books Annual, Volume 38. Libraries Unlimited
Overview :
This module claps morality and situational ethics through the teachings of
Aristotle, St. Thomas, Kant and other philosophers, the philosophy of utilitarianism
with respect to decision-making, and validates fairness and equality in the pursuit of
the common good.
It delves with the importance of virtue as the basis for moral standards in
understanding human behaviours. It discusses the essence of rights in the various
theories insinuated by the proponents.
The matrix below gives the topics for discussion, ow many weeks the
module entails, including the number of hours allocated per week.
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
Overview on Virtue Ethics and the Philosophers Behind it
1. Aristotle
a) Teos
According to Aristotle in his dialogue On Poets, the first person who
wrote Socratic dialogues before the time of Plato Alexamenus of Teos. A person
must have "experience of the actions in life" and have been "brought up in fine
habits" to become good as a creation of the Divine God.
b) Virtue as habit
. Aristotle assumed that virtue as a habit entails an intentional choice when
you begin to act accordingly. This would mean that virtue has not been expressed,
but later, the individual unconsciously becomes used to acting virtuously and after a
while he turns virtuously without exerting force to behave as one. He emphasized
that men manifest moral virtue mainly through habit and practice rather than through
reasoning and instruction because it an offshoot of being good.
c) Happiness as virtue
For Aristotle, happiness is not pleasure, honor, or wealth, but an activity of
the soul in accordance with virtue. Happiness is related to virtue by means
that virtue is something that he/she likes to do like vices; it makes him/her happy.
According to St. Tomas, natural law (or divine law) maintains that these rules
of right and wrong are inborn among humans because they were created by the
divinity ofb)GOD.
natural
. Helaw and cardinal
contends, virtues
that "the light of reason is placed by nature [and thus
by God] in every man to guide him in his acts." Therefore, human beings, alone
among God's Thecreatures,
cardinal use
virtues, as to
reason presented
lead theirbylives
Plato relative to St. Thomas Aquinas definition
of natural law, are the following : courage,
justice wisdom (or prudence) and temperance.
They are to be understood as descriptive of
The key question Aristotle seeks to answer in his various contentions are:1.
What is the ultimate purpose of human existence? and 2. What is that end or goal
for which we should direct all of our activities?
b) Compare and contrast the City of GOD from the Earthly City in two
sentences only.
1._________________________________________________________
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2._________________________________________________________
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The City of God, a work that has flew in the face of the Greek
ethical philosophies of people like Plato and Rome's pagan
philosophers. We 'are going to break it down into his three key points
to condense those huge writings. Next, Augustine wrote The City of
God to refute the Romans who blamed Rome's troubles on Christians.
Second, Augustine wanted people to think that there might be some
NGEC 8-Module
internal A Pedestrian
harmony to theThirdly,
here on Earth. New Normal by:
Augustine wanted people 74
to
understand that hell is real. For others’ interpretation, according to St
Augustine, in this heaven and hell is in this earth. Therefore, when you
( Additional Information)
Quiz no. 7
Informal Recall
Instructions: Supply the blank (by letter) with the answer to complete the
statement before each number.
____2. ______ habits suggest that Pedro will make the right choice
a) virtuous b) good c) correct
____5. ___ assumed that virtue as a habit entails an intentional choice when you
begin to act accordingly.
a) Kant b) Aristotle c) St.Thomas
____7. Cardinal virtue are courage, justice wisdom (or prudence) and temperance,
except,_________.
a) freedom b) values c) hope
____8. ______ prompts man to act in accordance with achieving his goals
a) natural law b) common good c) law of GOD
Scoring: Grade
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________.
2.) Why do you think the Rights theory is important in guiding human behaviour> of is meant by an ethical
theory?
Write here
1.______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________.
2.______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Video clip/s:
St.Thomas Aquinas
https://study.com/academy/lesson/st-augustines-city-of-god.html
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
a) Legal rights ---- (like laws) affect every citizen, whether or not the
existence such rights is publicly known.
b) Moral rights ----- are the things that people can do or have unalienable
access to as defined to the prevailing societal conventions of the time.
Kant’s analysis of the common moral concepts of “duty” and “good will” led
him to believe that we are free and autonomous as long as morality, itself, is not an
illusion. Yet in the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant also tried to show that every event
has a cause. Kant recognized that there seems to be a deep tension between these
two claims: If causal determinism is true then, it seems, we cannot have the kind of
freedom that morality presupposes, which is “a kind of causality” that “can be
active, independently of alien causes determining it” (G 4:446).
Kant thought that the only way to resolve this apparent conflict is to
distinguish between phenomena, which is what we know through experience,
and noumena, which we can consistently think but not know through experience.
Our knowledge and understanding of the empirical world, Kant argued, can only
arise within the limits of our perceptual and cognitive powers. We should not
assume, however, that we know all that may be true about “things in themselves,”
although we lack the “intellectual intuition” that would be needed to learn about
such things.
These distinctions, according to Kant, allow us to resolve the “antinomy”
about free will by interpreting the “thesis” that free will is possible as about
noumena and the “antithesis” that every event has a cause as about phenomena.
Morality thus presupposes that agents, in an incomprehensible “intelligible world,”
are able to make things happen by their own free choices in a “sensible world” in
which causal determinism is true.
2. GoodTheWill,good
Moral
willWorth
openlyand Duty
elects to fulfil its moral duty. Only because of
necessity is this obligation, in effect.
Kant’s analysis of The Good Will is therefore the free will of a
person who is solely purpose motivated.
commonsense ideas begins with the Because there are no exceptions to the laws
ofthought
law, moral
thatobligation
the onlyis absolute.
thing good
without qualification is a “good will”.
While the phrases “he’s good
hearted”, “she’s good natured” and
“she means well” are common, “the
good will” as Kant thinks of it is not
the same as any of these ordinary
notions. The idea of a good will is
closer to the idea of a “good person”,
or, more archaically, a “person of
good will”. This use of the term “will”
early on in analyzing ordinary moral
thought prefigures later and more
technical discussions concerning the
nature of rational agency.
(Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 8
Matching Type
Instructions: Match the given answers provided in the cans below to the
statement. Write your desired answers on the spaces provided before each number.
You may use the word several times if needed.
____2. ______ habits suggest that Pedro will make the right choice
____3 . ____ suggests that men should act that would benefit the greatest amount of
happiness.
____4. ______ is an offshoot of good will.
____6. ____ when we can consistently think but not know through experience.
____7. ______ cannot be defined because what is good to Juan may not be good to
Peter.
____8. ____ his natural law is a proof that there is a divine GOD.
____9. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant also tried to show that every event has a
________.
____10 The ______ of our actions does not depend upon their outcome.
Scoring: Grade
Write here (
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________.
Assignment
Write here
1.______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________.
2.______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Video clip/s:
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
Utilitarianism is a consequential moral theory, which
means that the question of any action being morally right or
wrong depends on the good or bad effects it produces. Thus,
utilitarianism works on a single moral principle- increasing the
amount of good things and decreasing the amount of bad
things for the maximum number of human beings. In other
words, utilitarianism stands for maximizing utility and
thus ensuring greatest good for the greatest number.
Out of many moral theories presented in the past, utilitarianism is one of the
most widely accepted ones of all. Although it’s not deprived of the many gaps and
has critics, many in today’s world backed it up.
Although hedonism is often rejected on the basis that not all good things like health,
knowledge or honesty produce pleasure directly (this remains an existing debate in
Philosophy), Utilitarians still believe, that things are good and valuable because
they produce pleasure and well-being.
However, if the situation requires a judgment that affects not only the
individual in question but people beyond the individual too (public policy, socio
political and economic groups), the best for all must be considered equally. Benefits
received and losses faced by each individual must weigh equally into
the decision, with no special priority or significance given to one’s own personal
interests from an impartial perspective– the move ensuring the well-being of the
maximum entities in the issue in question is the way to go- greatest good for greatest
number!
This may seem unrealistic to do, especially given the support the theory
of ethical egoism (morality requires people to promote their own interest) has
received. However, in utilitarianism, a partial or weighed perspective is simply
rejected as a falsely moral or immoral. What must be understood here is that
although a utilitarian method might reflect that it is rational for people to maximize
individualistic benefits, utilitarian morality would reject this as a determinant of
moral correctness.
c) Differing Forms
UTILITARIANISM
There is dissent among the
supporters of this theory as well, for
a lot of its variants have been
presented in the past. Primarily and
The theory that the utility must be maximized to ensure the greatest good
possible for the greatest number has its pros and cons
Additional Information
PROS
1. It ensures the greatest good that can be possibly done in a situation for the
maximum people in the larger picture, implying that the right course of
action is the one that leads to the most happiness and least harm, which is in
keeping with how a just society should work.
2. It is difficult to evaluate the value of an act in terms of pleasure for one can’t
measure such a subjective and differing phenomenon. Pleasure is
objectively immeasurable, making the process of evaluation itself subjective,
depending upon the weight one places on a particular option leading to a
particular pleasure.
3. Expecting people to not weigh in their own interests more that others’ can
be an unrealistic expectation. Making sure that the perspective taken by an
authority is firstly impartial and secondly can be maintained further is almost
impossible, given the natural impulse of individuals towards self-
preservation.
This means, that in order to identify a problem the you must know where it
is intended to be and have a clear thought of where it is in relation to the
supposed problem.
(Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 9
Multiple Choice
Instructions: Read the statements carefully and choose from the options the
correct answer by clicking the dot of each number.,A rubric will measure your
skills:
Scoring: Grade
( Assignment)
2.) List down some proponents for this ethical principle. And discuss their works
.
REFERENCES
Video clip/s:
What is Utilitarianism
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/wiphi-value-theory/
wiphi-ethics/v/utilitarianism-part-1
Introduction
Objectives
2. Discuss Kant’s utilitarianism and his rights theories and assess their
implications to Filipinos difficult pandemic setting.
Pre-lecture
1. Kinds of Justice
a) . Egalitarian
The Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all
humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status. Egalitarianism is the
doctrine that all citizens of a state should be accorded exactly equal rights.
More than 10 million workers in the country will lose their jobs this year
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There were layoff/retrenchment, and “endo”
during the Luzon-wide lockdown arising from the coronavirus (COVID-19)
pandemic. In a labour survey conducted between March 19 and 22 with verified
complaining workers, SUPER gathered 318 reports of unjust employer practices
of 160 companies.
Therefore, justice is a central aspect of ethics and should be properly taken into
account of our moral life. We need to ask whether our acts treat every person equally
in making any moral decisions. There was an mistake. Yet justice is not the only
concept to take ethical decisions into consideration.
Additional Information
When some of society's members come to feel that they are subject to
unequal treatment, the foundations have been laid for social unrest, disturbances,
and strife. The members of a community, Rawls holds, depend on each other, and
they will retain their social unity only to the extent that their institutions are just.
Moreover, as the philosopher Immanuel Kant and others have pointed out, human
But justice is not the only principle to consider in making ethical decisions.
Sometimes principles of justice may need to be overridden in favor of other kinds of
moral claims such as rights or society's welfare. Nevertheless, justice is an
expression of our mutual recognition of each other's basic dignity, and an
acknowledgement that if we are to live together in an interdependent community we
must treat each other as equals.
(Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 10
.Instructions :
A distinction between socialism and capitalism is illustrated below. Answer
the following question using your critical analysis and judgment.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Write here (
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
___________________.
Assignment
1.) Elaborate the saying “Doing it right “ and “Doing the thing right” as a
decision
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Video clip/s:
Overview :
The module is anchored on the mandated CMO No. 02 s. 2019 which requires
that the study of IPs be incorporated in the curriculum.
. This provides examples about how justice works and fairness is manifested
and reflected in understanding Indigenous Peoples whose right and culture must be
preserved and recognized. It comprehensively introduces the students on their
human activities and their cries and plight in accordance with the moral of justice
and fairness.
The module also elaborates the role of United Nations Declaration on the
Right Indigenous Peoples’(UNDRIP) in pursuant to the provisions reflected in the
charter of the international organizations. Justice and fairness has been discussed in
the previous modules but how it works in the recognition of IPs is well emphasized.
Similarly, the matrix below will guide the students of the topics for
discussion and sharing of inputs with the allocated hours per week.
Topics Weeks Allocated no of
Hours
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
3. Acknowledge the IPs as Filipino people and respect their right
IPS in the Philippines : A Historical Antecedents
especially in this difficult time.
The Philippines consists of various upland and lowland
ethnolinguistic indigenous groups living in the region, with the vast
majority of Austronesians, while complete or partial Australo-
Melanesians are scattered throughout the archipelago. For
thousands of years, the highland Austronesians and Australo-
Melanesians co-existed in the Philippine archipelago with their
lowland Austronesian kin and neighboring tribes.
( Additional Information)
According to the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, there are 135 recognized local indigenous
Austronesian languages in the Philippines,
Atta, Bagobo, Banwaon, of which
B'laan,oneBukidnon, is vehicular and
(Tagalog) Dibabawon, each of the
Higaonon,
remaining 134
Mamanwa, is vernacular.
Mandaya, There are
Manguwangan, 134 ethnic
Manobo, groupsSubanon,
Mansaka, in the Philippines,
Tagakaolo, the
majority of which are indigenous, though much of the overall Philippine population is
Tasaday, Tboli, Teduray and Ubo are 18 Lumad ethnolinguistic classes.. LUMAD
constituted by only 8-10 lowland ethnic groups.
is a Bisayan term which means "indigenous" or "native" It is adopted at their
Cotabato Congress in June 1986 by a group of 15 from more than 18 Mindanao
ethnic groups to differentiate it from the other Mindanaons, Moro or Catholic.
During the Cory administration when R.A. approved its use. 6734, in Art the term
Lumad was used. XIII sec. 8(2) distinguishing between these ethnic groups and the
Bangsa Moro.
There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos,
starting with the "Waves of Migration" hypothesis of H. Otley Beyer in 1948, which
claimed that Filipinos were "Indonesians" and "Malays" who migrated to the
islands. This is completely rejected by modern anthropologists and is not supported
by any evidence, but the hypothesis is still widely taught in Filipino elementary and
public schools resulting in the widespread misconception by Filipinos that they are
"Malays"
The law also emphasizes that these rights are also to be afforded to
indigenous women and children. The provisions should not result in "the diminution
of rights and privileges already recognized and afforded to these groups under
existing laws of general application."[5] The government through NCIP must provide
support to organizations which are geared towards empowering women and the
In accordance
youth to involve themselvesto in the customary lawsbuilding.
community/nation of each tribe, the government must
provide mechanisms that facilitate deeper understanding of indigenous culture for
women and youth while their human dignity. The law ensures the full realization of
women's and youth rights but requires all mechanisms and programs to be culturally
sensitive and relevant to the ICCs/IPs needs.
Assignment
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1314076/we-will-not-be-ascribed-
as-a-sandal-ip-leaders-rage-at-use-of-ethnic-groups-names-as-
footwear-brands#ixzz6TwKdrW9N
Introduction
Objectives
( Additional Information)
Assignment
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Overview :
This also leads to the discussion of how Filipinos behave amid the pandemic
and the good points of manifesting the same bayanihan spirits even when negativity
of critiques abound. Finally, it illustrates the of those Filipino values implications to
the new lifestyles resembling the concept of “culture shock ,”being unaware of the untimely
attack of covid 19, worldwide.
As evident, the matrix shoes there are three topics to be discussed within the
three weeks with allocated number of hours per week.
Introduction
Objectives
The Filipinos as a people who have been constantly under the rule of
numerous powerful countries has over time, developed a sense of resourcefulness
or the ability to survive with whatever they have. And in what situations they may
be. They have the extraordinary ability to make something out of almost nothing. If
a Filipino was given just a screwdriver, plastic bags, and some tape, he would still
be able to build a bird tree, especially for the sake of survival, and provided that he
be allowed to hunt for some needed surrounding material.[9]
Filipino values are, for the most part, centered at maintaining social
harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group. Some of
the strengths known to Filipino values as adopted from the utilitarian principles are
the following:
: 1. Pakikipagkapwa tao
Filipino are open to others and feel one with others. Regard others with
dignity and respect. Filipino deal with them as fellow human being. This is Filipino’s
basic sense of justice and fairness, and their ability to relate to with others. It is
established in the Filipino’s ability to empathize with others, in helpfulness and
generosity in times of need (pakikiramay) which were manifested in today’s
pandemic setting.
In fact, there were times that in the spirit of bayanihan or mutual assistance
and in the famous Filipino hospitality,
Pakikipagkapwa-tao evenessence
marks in the the poor
of ones were able
camaraderie andtoa show their
feeling of
concern
closenessin to
thisone
regard.
another. It is the groundwork for unity as well as of the sense of
social justice.
Quiz no.
.Instructions :
Cultural traits are exemplified below. Choose your desired answers and
click the button:
3.. Today, Pinoys long for: 4. The sick are treated by:
a) Bayanihan Act
b) Philippine Health Care System
c) The Real Role of Frontlines
d) Survival of the Fittest and the Elimination of the Unfit
e) The Elitism ,Middleclass and Working Class
f) Realism on Peace and Harmony
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Video clip/s:
Introduction
Objectives
1. Illustrate the actual scenario of the challenging times were Filipinos by all
means unite.
2. Elaborate on the Philippine scenario and its challenges amidst the pandemic
3. Assess on how the Philippine government enforce laws and how Filipinos abide
Pre-lecture
Consequently, there are many people who feel even more difficulty in
readjusting to their own culture after returning from abroad than they did adjusting
to the foreign culture or cultures they have lived in, therefore a feeling of depression
and sadness is evident for those considered hyper-irritability, may include
inappropriate anger and hostility which may cause insomnia and eating disturbances
(too little or too much).Such person or group of people may also experience
excessive critical reactions to host culture/stereotyping, specifically in today’s
difficult time of pandemic. is strictly manifested.
We Heal As One
Centers refers to temporary health
facilities or emergency patient care
“We heal as on
The very first We Heal as One
Center was the facility at the Ninoy
Aquino Stadium, an indoor arena within
the Rizal Memorial Sports
Complex in Manila which was
refurbished as a health facility on April
6 and admitted its first patient on April
14.[2] At least seven other facilities
became operational at a later date. The
government is planning to open more
facilities in Cebu.
The topic of health has become more and more more significant over the
past few decades in the Philippine history as to respond to both natural and man-
made calamities. The country has employed several remarkable reforms to
strengthen its health system. In fact, Philippines adopted a regionalized health
governance in 1991, introduced a social health insurance programme –
PhilHealth – in 1995, and has actively pursued universal health coverage since
2010.
CULTURE
MUSIC
The corona virus never stopped, even what kind of quarantine is implemented
there was no flattening of the curve and the Philippines has the highest in number of
covid cases. Even the IATF has issue health protocol guidelines, yet, just to survive,
the poorest of the poor need to go out for a living. The situation today proves that
Charles Darwin’s theory and Karl Marx “survival of the fittest and the elimination
of the unfit remains to be true.
e) The Elitism ,Middleclass and Working Class (The Right Theory approach)
We can’t erase the fact that the rich become richer while the poorest of the
poor tend to fight for their lives and do illegal acts just to survive the pandemic. The
elite who got wealth and power cannot feel this pandemic but the poorest of the poor
who got nothing to eat and no house to stay safe.
Within the UN Culture of Peace framework, peace embraces far more than an
absence of conflict. It includes tolerance, disarmament, sustainable economic and
social development, democratic participation, gender equality, freedom of
expression and respect for human rights. The transition from a culture of war to a
culture of peace entails the conversion of individual behaviour as well as
institutional practices.
Learning to live in peace and harmony is a long-term process, and starts with
the development of innermost peace, and fostering attitudes that stimulate the
(Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 12
Instructions :
Interpret the song's message WE HEAL AS ONE. Discuss and justify the
another better titleWe
mustHeal
be develop.
As One
Lyrics by Sanderlei Silveira
Together we are being called
Sa wari mo’y nag-iisa To make a future world
Lahat kanya-kanya The test we face is for us to
Ngunit di man nagsasama prove
Kaya pang magkaisa That we can heal as one
sa sa pag-iingat Is when we heal as one
Isa sa ‘ting dasal We heal as one, with
Laging nagpapatunay kindness
Na tayo’y makatao pa We heal as one
Together we are being called We serve, we share, we
To make a future world show compassion
The test we face is for us to We heal as one
prove Sa wari mo’y nag-iisa
That we can heal as one But when we heal, we heal
We heal as one, with We heal as one
kindness We heal as one with
We heal as one kindness
We serve, we share, we We heal as one
show compassion We serve, we share, we
We heal as one show compassion
Sa wari mo’y nag-iisa We heal as one
But when we heal, we heal Sa wari mo’y nag-iisa
We heal as one
Write here
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_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
________:
_________________________________________________
NGEC_________________________________________________
8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 126
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Transition to the lecture
Question & Agility Test : Having understood why culture is
the origin of Filipino moral practices, illustrate a
scenario by creating a logo that manually
communicates your ideas about how the
pandemic has negatively and positively shocked
our attitudes and behaviours.
Assignment
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Video clip/s:
1. https://www.princeton.edu/oip/practical-matters/Cultural-Adjustment.pdf
2. ^ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.461.5459&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Introduction
Objectives
Cultures based on universalism try to treat all cases the same, even if they
involve friends or loved ones. The focus is more on the rules than the relationship.
Universalist cultures include Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia.
Individualistic cultures believe that your outcomes in life are the result of
your choices. In these cultures, decision makers make decisions and they don’t need
to consult to do so. Thus, decision makers can make decisions at speed. It is your
responsibility to look after your happiness and fulfillment. Individualistic cultures
include Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia.
In a neutral culture, people tend not to share their emotions. Emotions are of
course felt by the individual, but they are kept in check and controlled. Observing
these people you would consider them cool and rational. Neutral cultures include
Germany, Netherlands, and the U.K.In an affective culture, people tend to share
their emotions, even in the workplace. In an affective culture, it considered normal
that people share their emotions. Examples of affective cultures include Italy, Spain,
and Latin America.
In an ascription culture, you are given status based on who you are. This
could be because of your social status, your education, or your age. You earn respect
in these cultures because of your commitment to the organization, not your abilities.
A decision will only be challenged by someone with higher authority. Examples of
ascription cultures include Japan, Italy, and
Q6.Do things get done one at a time or do many things get done at once?\
In In a synchronous
a sequential time culture,
time culture, time ispeople see the past,
very important. present,
People and future
like projects as
to be
interwoven.
completed Because
in stages. Timeofis this people
money, and sodoit is
several things
important that ateach
once,
stageasis finished
time is
interchangeable. This results in plans and deadlines being flexible. It also
on time. It is rude to be late for meetings in these cultures. Examples of sequential timeexplains
why punctuality
cultures include the is lessthe
U.S., important.
U.K., andExamples
Germany.of synchronous time cultures include
Japan, India, and Mexico.
In an external direction culture, people believe that they must work with their
environment to achieve their goals. In these cultures winning isn’t as important as
maintaining a strong relationship. They focus on environmental factors e.g.
relationships to achieve their goals. Examples of external direction cultures include
China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. People assume that they should track their world in
an inner culture of direction to achieve their goals. The emphasis is on egoism (one's
self, family, and organization). Winning is important in these societies and therefore
violent attitudes are prevalent. Global advice societies include the USA, the United
Kingdom and Australia.
( Additional Information)
Guides on the Application of the Seven Dimensions of Cultures (for working wit
the various cultural bearings
Universalist cultures Particularist cultures
1.Hold on with your promises. 1.Invest in developing partnerships so you can
consider other people's individual needs.
2.Stand clear. 2.Respect those needs in the decision-making as
much as possible.
3.Explain the reasoning behind why you took a 3.To point out important basic laws that must be
specific decision. followed.
Individualistic cultures Communitarian cultures
1. Award and offer praise based on individual 1. Honour the party for performing
success of a person. exceptionally.
2. Encourage people to take their own initiative. 2. Publicly praise the community, but privately
3. Align the need of the client with that of the thank individuals for their feedback.
organization. 3. Publicly praise the community, but privately
thank individuals for their feedback.
Neutral cultures Affective cultures
1 . Keep your feelings in check, both what you are 1. Using emotions to express what you want and
thinking and what your face is thinking. what you want to achieve.
2. Know people have less chance of voicing their 2. Share how you feel about improving
true emotions. So try reading between the lines relationships within the workplace.
of what people are doing.
3. Keep up on subject in meetings after initial chit- 3. Study some ways to mitigate circumstances
chat. where feelings are str
Specific cultures Diffusive cultures
1.Organize the meeting agendas. 1.Build your partnership before setting goals.
2.Expect invites from colleagues to more social
2.Accord as best you can to your agenda. occasions. Commit to assisting.
3.Expect to explore on-the-job business in
3.Focus on reaching people first. Your friendship later comes
socialup.
and personal circums
Achievement cultures Ascription cultures
1 . Give gratitude in front of one 's peers. 1.Use the headings to refer to peers. When you
2.Does not use names want to contest a superior 's judgment, treat
3.Give individual success bonuses this with delicacy.
2.Pay special care in showing your supervisors
respect.
3. Using the Merit Program
Sequential time cultures Synchronous time cultures
1. Adhere to deadlines and responsibilities. 1.Provide some flexibility to citizens within the
timeframe.
2.Try not to remove yourself from the set 2.Allow people time to arrive at meetings late.
schedule. 3. Be clear, point out any deadlines that are not
flexible and need to be met.
3. Wake yourself up on time.
Internal direction External cultures:
1. Offer feedback instead of setting targets so that
people can change their course on the way.
1. Allowing individuals to set their own
professional growth plans (within reason). 2.Allow people time to arrive at meetings late.
Assignment
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Module 6
Overview :
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
3. Illustrate your positions in the pandemic conditions of today.
When someone screamed loudly: you made the wrong decision! what did you feel?
It’s a popular notion, that culture is the attitudes, beliefs, practices, and
patterns of actions that define a social community – the ways in which a specific
group of people lives, including common culture, values, traditions, and physical
artefacts. Therefore, ethical culture looks (anthropologically) at how an institution
expresses and teaches to what degree it considers its beliefs. In particular, an
organization's ethical culture: tells workers that doing the right thing matters; does
what is considered to be right
If your recruiting agency insists that you can see your clients in person no
matter what, you have the right to express the ethical principles, in particular the
questioning of unequal policies and practices, which state that social workers ought
to bring to the attention of their bosses, lawmakers, policymakers and the public
circumstances in which policies and practices are involved In doing so, social
workers will not be penalized. In these cases, front liners or social workers need to
be aware of conditions that could jeopardize their own health and safety and they
need to make wise decisions.
(Application/Evaluation)
Instructions: Finish the declaration before each number by giving the correct
answer to the blank. Just write the letter only and do critical analyses ,not guessing.
____1. It is important that when interacting with people we understand that the
fundamental __________of each individual are different.
ii. standard b) values c) norms
____7. Cardinal virtue are courage, justice wisdom (or prudence) and temperance,
except,________.
a) freedom b) values c) hope
____10. ________ is limiting our freedom of action or enforcing a duty to act in the
pursuit of the continued existence of life and order.
b) Influenza b) Covid 19 c) SARS
Scoring: Grade
Books/Articles :
[4] Richardson, M., Strange, B., & Dolan, R. (2004). Encoding of emotional
memories depends on amygdala and hippocampus and their
interactions. Nature Neuroscience, 7(3), 278-285. doi: 10.1038/nn1190
Introduction
Objectives
Moral reasoning
appeared more thoroughly in a
straightforward approach. Places
it in relation to both the first-
order accounts of what morality
demands of us and the
metaphysical accounts of
morality metaphysics, and
describes the theme 's
importance. Part II then answers
a series of metaphysical
questions, so known and so
placed, on moral reasoning.
Within moral philosophy, the subject of moral reasoning lies between two
most frequently discussed subjects. In the one side, there's the first-order question of
what, if any, moral truths are there. There are, for example, few real universal moral
values, and if so, what are they? Utilitarianism competes with Kantianism at this
point , for example, and both contend with the anti-theorists of various colors, who
accept only specific morality truths (Clarke & Simpson 1989). At the other hand, a
very different kind of problem emerges from the effort to provide a philosophical
justification for moral truths or the argument that there is none. Suppose that there
are other universal truths, then
Additional Information
Assignment
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Gregorio X, CNN Philippines. Six Metro Manila cities enact COVID-19 curfew
[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available
from: https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/15/Makati-Navotas-Metro-
Manila-curfew-COVID-19.html.
Module 7
Overview:
The module also includes critical checkpoints in using moral courage for
ethical decision-making to check and counter-check our acts in accordance to the
general welfare and workfare of the societies. Defining “COURAGE” in the context
of morality has been emphasized in this module.
In addition, the matrix is a gist of the topics for class discussion or modular
approach which provides the allocated number of hours per week to guide the
students in advance.
3 hours
Lesson 2. Defining “COURAGE” in Week 16
the context of Morality
Introduction
(Objectives)
2. Apply and evaluate the concept of moral courage and see how it takes to
have it.
Pre-lecture
Additional Information
3. Extremely
However,highas degree of fear,
a defence but the trustthe
mechanism, is also excessively
individual will high. "The
display
third possibility
excessive levelswould arise if someone
of confidence as a wayhad a traumatic
to reassure incident
them. And for that
induced tremendous anxiety for most of their life. So the
their anxiety these illusions may be used as a means of coping.fear that they
would feel will always be unreasonable and unnecessary.
4. Excessively low level of fear and low level of trust. "Essentially, it
can be seen as hopelessness. Putman says this is equivalent to" a
person on a sinking ship." "This example is a person with low
confidence and probably low self-esteem who completely loses all
fear.
The following tips come from those aged 12-15 who took part in the study.
Take heed of their advice and you may avoid being a statistic of youth abuse.:
1. Please be mindful of your environs. Finding the way out if need arises.
Comprehend where you are and who's around you.
2. Stop secluded places. When no one is present, if need be, no one will come to
your aid.
3. Check at the section below. And if you don't know where to go, walk
confidently with your head held high to give the impression you are doing.
5.4.Make sureon
Depend you have
your your cellWhen
intuition. phoneescaping
with you, it's paid
a risky and you
situation get instincts
your enough credit
and
tosenses
top itare
up.the
Know how to ask for support. Make sure you have emergency
main line of defence. If something doesn't feel right, then get
contact
out of itand valuable
before numbers like your parents and maybe a taxi service
it escalates.
programmed into your phone. This could be your only chance to get out of a
deteriorating situation, or a way to get help.
6. See the business that you keep. Try not to be on your own with people you either
don't like or don't know. Hang in with your mates.
7.. Don't put both of your music device's earplugs in your ears, particularly when
you are walking or exercising alone. Leaving one ear free will let you remain
more aware of your surroundings.
ONLINE:
Task No. 9 1. indly watch the video on : Plato’s Allegory of
the Cave and prepare a graded recitation.
: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RWOpQXTltA
HistoryJournal.org
Plato’s “Laches” – is courage choosingfaith over fear?
Posted in Greek by Alex L. on April 3, 2009
Plato’s Laches is a dialogue about the nature of courage (literally translated,
“manliness”). Socrates and his friends proceed in a manner typical of Plato’s dialogues:
Socrates’ companions propose various definitions of courage, and a communal inquiry led by
Socrates finds each one of the proposals inadequate. Courage is defined in turn as endurance
(189d-192c), wise endurance (192c-194b), knowledge of the fearful and hopeful (194c-199c),
and knowledge of good and evil (199c-199e).
While all of those definitions fail to describe the nature of courage, I think the best one
was the third one, knowledge
HistoryJournal.org of the fearful and hopeful (or, at least, it sparked some thought in
( continuation…)
my mind). Socrates describes
Plato’s “Laches”fear as the expectation
– is courageofchoosingfaith
future evils. Hope over
or faithfear?
(there is a
slight difference in the meaning of the two terms, but I will henceforth refer to “faith” since it
Posted in Greek
more closely bySocrates’
parallels Alex L.definition
on April of3,fear),
2009then, is the expectation of future goods. Fear
is the opposite of faith and faith is the opposite of fear, according to Socrates.
Both describe a present relationship with future events, though from opposing perspectives.
Socrates’ view differs from how we usually think about courage, cowardice, fear, and faith.
“Courage in the face of death” is the usual way people talk about that virtue (as in, soldiers
fighting enemies or patients battling cancer). “I have no faith in him” suggests that the opposite
of faith is mistrust, not fear (no one would substitute “I fear him” for that expression). Socrates
challenges us to examine these things further.
The last two definitions of courage in the dialogue fail because Socrates and his
companions Laches and Nicias can not define what type of knowledge constitutes courage. But
is not courage more than just knowledge? In a moment of conflict within the individual, isn’t
there a sort of choice involved which determines whether his action turns out to be courageous
or cowardly? Should we not say, then, that courage is choosing and acting in accordance with
faith (that is, the expectation of future goods) over fear (the expectation of future evils)?
__________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
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NGEC ________________________________________________
8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 152
________________________________________________
Transition to the lecture
Question & Agility Test : How does it take to have moral
courage? Please answer the question
comprehensively and give your own opinion by
sharing the most memorable experience where
you have used the concept.
_________________________________________________________
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____________________________.
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____________________________.
(Assignment)
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
3. Justify whether or not you believe that courage id inherent
among humans.
Pieces of Thoughts on Moral Courage
It takes moral strength, the bravery of one's convictions to spend time and
self in the quest for the most ethical answer, rather than the easiest correct answer.
That is unlike physical courage. The danger of not rising to the workplace task of
being morally brave is never about our physical health. It concerns our ethical well-
being and the ethical well-being of those we are leading. True, certain jobs call for
physical courage. Some kind of work is physically dangerous. My military
experience, even in peacetime, included the need to perform some tasks that could
A Pedestrian todone
the New Normal 156
NGEC
cause8-Module
serious injury, or worse, if incorrectly. Risks of by:
physical harm are often
present in the workplace. Yet we all face ethical threats even in physically secure
circumstances. And we have to understand that it takes courage to face those risks,
Additional Information
Consequently, the bravery to “do the right thing" was one of the themes
initiative by most government agencies fighting for the pandemic. The employee
was advised by his / her immediate supervisor that they were all supposed to have
the confidence to do the right thing, to ask questions when they were unsure and to
report problems they faced. Each boss was coached on the underlying dilemma
they all faced-until we have the confidence to tell each other the truth there will be
no trust-and u9ntil there is trust we won't ever tell each other the truth. 157
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by:
Transition to the lecture
Question & Agility Test : With the comprehensive
discussion of moral courage inherent in humans,
get four key words in the image. Write them as
sentences producing a one page short story based
on your experience in today’s pandemic
situations.
Write here :
_____________________
( Title )
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________.
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_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Videoclips :
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave -
: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RWOpQXTltA
Module 8
Overview :
. Harmony of Prayer for the Least, Last and Lost is very interesting in the
inculcation of peace education.
Finally, the matrix below demonstrates the topics for sharing with
allocated number of hours per week.
Introduction
Objectives
Pre-lecture
1.The Pluralism and Pluralist Interpretations of Religion
Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari
Ibn al-Nafis
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al- He wrote many books on
Razi
His Theologus variety of fields, the most
Autodidactus is said prominent of which are
A to
philosopher
be the firstwhose his 15-volume
theory
theological of the
novel soul, Interpretation and
explained
in which he in The Criticism
Metaphysics,
attempted was of Rumi's Masnavi, and
derived
to provefromthatIslam in his unfinished, 27-volume
which
the humanhe explained
mind is how Translation and
2. Fundamentalism and Fundamentalists’
the
ablesoul findsConceptions
to deduce itsthe
way to of Faith
Interpretation of the Nahj
salvation
truths of theandworld
freedom. al-Balagha.
through reasoning
Religion is everlasting but no one definition of religion is definitive, the last
religion is here but the last understanding of religion has not come. The knowledge
of religion is in continuous flux.
(Lecture Notes )
Despite the challenges that globalization has created, it still has a promising
effect on states which should evaluate their economic and political strategies taking
into account what they have observed and experienced. A new stage in the creation
of strategies for international economic and political affairs will be set up that will
form the future growth of globalization.
Instructions:
a) Summarize the message of the video in the first paragraph and your role
if in case you are one of the main speaker in radio or tv scene.
Quiz no. 14
Matching Type
Instructions: Match the given answers provided in the cans below to the
statement. Write your desired answers on the spaces provided before each number.
You may use the word several times if needed.
h. Ibn al-Nafis
caus d. Islam
e f. morality
g. growth h. power
e. Religion
c. pluralism a. Technology
b. Globalization
j. Philosophy
i. freelikewise
____1. ______ marketmade the transmission and channeling of financial
assets quicker and simpler.
____2. A new stage in the creation of strategies for international economic and
political affairs will be set up that will form the future ________of
globalization.
____5 ______ is a phenomenon that influences the lives of individuals, and the
economies of nations.
____6. ____ His Theologus Autodidactus is said to be the first theological novel in history.
____7. ______ cannot be defined because what is good to Juan may not be good to
Peter.
____8. ____ is everlasting but no one definition of religion is definitive, the last
religion is here but the last understanding of religion has not come.
Scoring: Grade
Write here:
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__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Rubrics for Concept Mapping Accumulated
(Criteria) points
1.Th idea represents similar concept of 35
lessons instilled.
2. The conceptualization uses creativity and 30
critical thinking. .
3 The examples were relative to actual life- 20
experiences..
4. Grammar is simple and consistent with 15
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian
the examples. to the New Normal by: 167
15
Total No. of points 100
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Video/clip
Introduction
As a result, anyone can also sing praise songs, read the Bible
or the Quran, or anything that takes the creator near. And if the day is
no achievement, the abrupt and unimaginable power and grace to
continue will come. Finally, you will receive a prayer reaction or a
peace to wait longer. Sure, when you look back on this time ... that is
prayer magic, you can see it as one of the most spiritually rich
moments of your life.
Objectives
2. Apply and evaluate the essence of peace in prayer and check their
relationship
So God's peace protects your heart and mind from all worries, frustrations and fights
for your battles miraculously without you noticing it. It o, which transcends all
comprehension. And your heart, to which one body was indeed called, will be the peace of
Christ. Now the God of righteousness can give you justice at any time. Peace, inner peace
and peace of mind, in the face of the daily stresses, worries, disturbances, chaos, is a state
of mental, emotional and spiritual peace. It actively keeps our mind calm, regardless of
external circumstances, including what people do, think or say about us. Keep cool and be
happy that you are blessed and pray for the people who hurt you.
When the pain of loss is overtaking our hearts, we must look towards the cross and
be filled with peace knowing that Christ has walked this path and now walks it with us and
all the brothers and sisters we have. When the pains of loss overwhelmed us. When evil
seems to have taken power.
(Lecture Notes )
Prayer brings us closer together with God and is the means with
which we praise Him. James 1:5 says, "If any of you lacks wisdom, may
he ask of God who generously gives to everyone without reproach, and it
will be given to him." First Peter 5:6-7 says, "Humble yourself therefore,
that he will exalt you in good time, under the mighty hand of God, to
throw upon him all your trouble: for he cares for you."
In fact, for some people some of the mysteriest features of the Christian
experience are praying. They inquire if God really hears our prayers, how our
prayers affect our lives, what can be acknowledged as a prayer, whether and how we
should be praying. How do we do that, then? There are a variety of explanations and
I believe it depends on our intentions talking to our creator.
1 God is special. Prayer is prepared and lighted with a candle for veneration.
2. Dwell in the Heart of Jesus. Why don't we see more answers to our
question, we humbly request.
3. Pray with perseverance of strong in Faith pray the divine holy rosary
4. Obey and outlook on God's Word and do act accordingly.
5. Flow in God's Love, mercy and blessings
6. Pray in the Spirit with a soul to receive HIM heartily.
7. Endure in prayer and make it a habit.
8. Use various types of prayer in different situations
ONLINE
9 Pray for forgiveness : 1.Watch
and healing the fullonVideo
as to move on
with hope
Task No. 11 Peace through Prayer by Rex D. Pinegar
https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-
conference/1993/04/peace-through-prayer?
lang=eng
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 171
OFFLINE :2. Read the Article about a portion of
Peace through Prayer
Instructions:
a) Summarize the message of the video in just one paragraph and share in
class
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
.
Peace Peace through Prayer by Rex D.
Pinegar
On behalf of the Presidency of the In the summer of my thirteenth year, on a July
Seventy, we welcome with joy Brother night, I eagerly joined some neighborhood
Todd Christofferson and Brother Neil friends to light fireworks. Five of us took
Andersen to the ranks of the Seventy. turns igniting the colorful assortment of
Roman candles and rockets and firecrackers.
We look forward to serving with you.
Each was a new surprise with its burst of
sights and sounds througzzzzzh the evening
There have been many inspiring
sky.
messages given from this Tabernacle
pulpit about prayer. Today I add my Not all of our fireworks worked as they
testimony of the blessing of peace that should have. Most, in fact, were what we
comes through the miraculous power of called duds. They sputtered momentarily, and
prayer. into the cardboard box? We then died. We set the duds aside until we had
could toss in a match and have one tried to light all of the fireworks. We had so
gigantic blast! many defective ones remaining, we wondered
what to do. We couldn’t just throw them
Alexandre Dumas, in his classic away. What if we emptied the powder from
tale The Count of Monte Cristo, wrote, all of them into the cardboard box? We could
toss in a match and have one gigantic blast!
“For the happy man prayer is only a
jumble of words, Fortunately for us, our idea failed—at first.
The match was tossed; we quickly ran away
until the day when sorrow comes to and waited. Nothing happened. Pressing our
explain to him the sublime language by luck, we tried a second time, using a
means of which he speaks to God.” makeshift fuse of rolled-up newspaper. Again
(Trans. Lowell Bair, New York: we anxiously waited at a distance. Again, to
Bantam b)Books, 1981, p. 34.) It was a our good, nothing
Relate the article to your experiential happened.
learning That is
as you whenfelt
have we the
happy, carefree time in my young
power of prayer life until should have quit. Foolishly, we gave it one
on such a day, sorrow and tragedy brought more try; this time my friend Mark and I
me closer to God in humble, sincere prayer. huddled around the box to keep the flame
The Day I Prayed : A Reflection
from being extinguished by the evening
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NGEC 8-Module___________________________________________
A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 172
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Additional Information
APHATIA or Ataraxia, is
Yes, we see great evil. But even
the tranquillity of the soul.
devastating evil cannot completely wipe out the
'freedom from worry', is
goodness and beauty of love. Look for the familiar to us from
heroes--look for God in the wreckage and you
later Pyrrhonism; this is
said by the
later Pyrrhonists to be the
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 173
result of the suspension
of GUILT.
will find Him glimmering through the stories
of many souls that rose up to protect and aide
those around them even at their own risk and
self-sacrifice.
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NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 174
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Video clips