Research Proposal

A Study of HAty-a(HAtj-a) in Ancient Egypt

(2686 BC - 1069 BC)

Applicant's name
Qu Tingxuan
Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations
Northeast Normal University

[在此处键入]
 Research Proposal

A Study of HAty-a (HAtj-a) in Ancient Egypt

(2686 BC - 1069 BC)

Research Background

Titles in ancient Egypt are generally divided into two categories: rank titles and functional titles
and they are inevitable in studies of the ancient Egyptian bureaucratic system and administrative
system, showing the hierarchy and self-presentation in ancient Egypt. Therefore, the study of titles
is always a heat issue in Egyptology. HAty-a (HAtj-a) is one of the key points among thousands of titles
which is quite representative since it can be regarded as both a rank title and a functional title, while
it is widely used. It is a suitable pointcut for the study of the ancient Egyptian titles, bureaucracy,
and even administrative system. Particularly during the Old Kingdom and the early period of the
New Kingdom, when administrative texts are rare, (Leprohon, 1995; Haring, 2013) titles in private
texts, are the main source of historical data. At the same time, from the Old Kingdom to the New
Kingdom, Egypt was progressing then developed to the its peak. Choosing this time period is of great
significance for forming the complete development chain of the title HAty-a (HAtj-a).
At present, the research on HAty-a (HAtj-a) is mainly focused on the local administrative office. The
research on it as a rank title is not sufficient, even there are still some doubts on its translation.
(Strudwick, 2005; Willems, 2013) Some scholars believe that rank titles went through the
devaluation at the end of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period as more and more
officials with low positions can hold this title (Helck, 1958; Grajetzki, 2001), but this devaluation
currently lacks quantitative data and detailed analysis to support, people with this rank title has not
been considered as a specific group with its internal fluid. As for the study of HAty-a (HAtj-a) in local
administration, there are many individual case in different regions, it depends on the regional
difference, but may also results in a lack of clarity and integrity on the research.
Although titles are of great significance to the study of ancient Egyptian administration, there
are still some drawbacks when they’re used as historical evidence, and HAty-a (HAtj-a) is the same.
First of all, when this title lacks relevant administrative texts to clarify, we should be suspicious of
its authenticity since the meaning of some titles may be different from their real functions. Secondly,
in the process of reading titles, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish rank titles from functional
titles, which may lead to difficulties in the translation and interpretation of titles. Therefore, the
analysis of titles becomes trapped in circumstances which force the modern researcher to impose
meanings and functions that may potentially be inapplicable to the historical reality of ancient Egypt.

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(Papazian, 2013)Such hazards, of course, are not limited to the translation of titles, but apply to a
fair number of aspects of the study of ancient Egypt.

Literature Review
The research on HAty-a (HAtj-a) is mainly divided into two categories:
At first, the interpretation and analysis of titles including “HAty-a (HAtj-a)” should be considered.
Weill stated that “The designation stems from the internal administration of Egypt, and it is applied
to Egyptians as early as the Archaic Period to indicate persons in charge of specific areas.” (Weill,
1908; Lorton, 1974) In both “Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs" (Helck, 1958) and
"The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom" (Strudwick, 1985), HAty-a (HAtj-a) appeared as an
important title. The difference is that in Old Kingdom, it’s only a rank title while during the Middle
Kingdom and the New Kingdom, HAty-a (HAtj-a) is also a functional title, almost associated with (a)
noun(s) (usually toponym). Helck also believes that HAty-a (HAtj-a) had become a military title since
the First Intermediate Period, but this view has been refuted by some scholars. For instance, Harco
Willems pointed out that the case that Helck used is special and occasional, sufficient to support his
argument (Willems, 2013: 365). Strudwick indicated that in the Old Kingdom, HAty-a (HAtj-a), like iry
pat, is a rank title that a high-ranking bureaucrat hold, and those who have these two rank titles
tended to be superior in all fields of civil affairs and diplomacy and highly prestigious. In "Texts from
the Pyramid Age", Strudwick believed that because its connotation is not completely clear as a rank
title, HAty-a (HAtj-a), had not been translated in his work.
In “the Titles and bureaux of Egypt 1850-1700 BC”, Stephen Quirke believed that in the late
Middle Kingdom, the usage of HAty-a (HAtj-a) involved rank title and the city governor (the “mayor”),
meanwhile, there will be “deputy mayor” exercising on his authority when the mayor is vacant. He
also compared HAty-a (HAtj-a) with Smsw (followers) then pointed out that although the social status
of the former seems to be higher literally, the actual social status of the two is not clear.
In the second volume of Cambridge Ancient History, Hayes pointed out that HAty-a (HAtj-a) is a
local administrative position, namely “mayor”, he stated specially that the “mayor of Thebes” also
in charge of temple administration, but it is clear that this statement does not take into account the
value of HAty-a (HAtj-a) as a rank title. In "Die höchsten Beamten der ägyptischen Zentralverwaltung
zur Zeit des Mittleren Reiches" Wolfram Grajetzki, systematically sorted out the important titles
during the Middle Kingdom. The thirteenth chapter of the second part refers to titles in the Middle
Kingdom, which involves the usage and value of HAty-a (HAtj-a). Grajetzki did not classify officials

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with title HAty-a (HAtj-a) as high central administration officials, showing that from the end of the Old
Kingdom, the value of rank titles is derogatory and of great regional difference. (Grajetzki, 2001:161-
170)
Secondly, it focuses on the research of individuals or groups in specific time periods and regions
as a local administrative position. Most articles are scattered, and the research results in the Middle
Kingdom period are the most typical
In 1986, Elmar Edel's article " Zwei Steingefäße mit Hieroglypheninschriften " published, in this
article, he analyzed two stone bowls that were found in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, one of which
is well preserved with the inscription “HAty-a Ra-wsr”, having been dated to the Old Kingdom. In his
book “Untersuchungen zur ägyptischen Provinzialverwaltung bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches”, Eva
Martin-Pardey focused on several important titles including HAty-a (HAtj-a) in Chapter 4 and claimed
that officials with this title can be called local officials. In his article "Les oasis de Khargeh et Dakhleh
d'après les documents égyptiens de l'époque pharaonique", Luc Limme asserted that a HAty-a of
Thinite in the New Kingdom in charge of the oasis in Khargeh and Dakheh while these regions were
under control of “governors of oasis” in the 6th Dynasty. Also in the 6th Dynasty, a HAty-a from Abydos
also took charge of Nubian affairs. (Fischer, 1962: 65-69) Stracmans believed that although HAtj-a
was only a rank title during the 6th Dynasty, officials with this title are quite important in the Old
Kingdom. Later on, they always hosted the most significant sacred festivals of the royal family.
(Stracmans, 1958: 21-32) During the First Intermediate Period, since the lack of official texts,
biographical texts are essential. Having been dated back to the Herakleopolitan period, a stela was
unearthed in Thinite. The owner was a HAty-a named Nfr-Tb-Aw, which HAty-a was still used as a rank
title. In "Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: a Study and an
Anthology" by Lichtheim, the author selected some representative biographical texts in the First
Intermediate Period, in which HAty-a is still used as a rank title.
In the the Middle Kingdom, the research on HAty-a (HAtj-a) showed more obvious regionality. For
example, Grajetzki declared that after the Old Kingdom, the practice of titles has obviously
geographical differences, and the situation is more complicated. (Grajetzki, 2001: 161-170) The
relevant archaeological sites during this period were mainly concentrated in the Upper Egypt, and
there were relatively few in Lower Egypt. In addition, some evidences found outside Egypt can prove
the power of the centralization and foreign policies of Egypt during this period. The main areas
mentioned above are: Abydos (Wegner, 2001a: 281-308; 2001b: 77-106; 1998: 1-44), Alalakh
(Martin, 1999: 201-207), Bi Byblos (Flammini, 1998: 41-61) Lahun (Luft, 1998: 1-44), Qubbet el-Hawa
(Sánchez-Léon, Juan Carlos) And Alejandro Jiménez Serrano, 2015: 154-166), Dakhla (Baud, Michel,

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Frédéric Colin, and Pierre Tallet, 1999: 1-19), Wadi Hammamat (Vernus, 1995: 103-109), Lower
Nubia (Gratien, 1994, 185-197), (Basta) (Van Siclen III, Charles C, 1991: 187-194), Kay Al-Gulbang
( Qaw el-Kebir) (Grajetzki, 1997: 55-62) and so on. Studies have shown that HAty-a (HAtj-a) in the
Middle Kingdom not only worked in civil affairs, but also had considerable influence in the Nubian
region and the West Asia region. This may also reflected to some extent the Egyptian’s
administration in foreign lands during the Middle Kingdom.
During the Second Intermediate Period, due to the the natural environment in the Lower Egypt
and the subsequent conscious intention of the Egyptians to obliterate the traces of the Hyksos, there
was less texts remaining. A scarab seal that unearthed in Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos Dynasty,
was inscribed with the text: HAtj-a Hwt-wart jmnjj-snb. nfr, “the town governor of Avaris, Ameni-
seneb (Czerny, 2001: 13-26). Martin-Pardey believed that the hereditary position of local officials
during the Second Intermediate Period does not mean that the government was weak, but rather s
sign of stability and persistence, to prove it, he set the example of HAty-a Minemhat. Minemhat was
already the local governor before he assumed the position of a temple. Helck argued that HAty-a is
not a senior official in the Second Intermediate (Helck, 1975: 25-27).
During the New Kingdom, research on HAty-a (HAtj-a) is still dominated in some core regions such
as Thebes, Memphis (related studies in the Memphis, see Staring, 2017: 95- 113; 2016: 1631-1632;
2016: 341-374; 2015: 167-190; 2014: 455-518; Greco, 2011, 195-204; Gessler-Löhr, 1997: 31-71;
Devauchelle, 1992: 202- 204; Van Siclen III, Charles C. 1991: 156-160; Dijk, 1989: 47-54; Topozada,
1988: 153-164; Malek, 1987: 117-137; Myśliwiec, 1978: 139-155) and El-Kab (see Tylor, JJ and
Griffith, FL, 1894; Théodoridès, 1958: 33-64; Wente, 1984: 47-54; Marciniak, 1986: 495-498;
Meulenaere, 1988: 207- 212;), while the research in the Thebes region is the most abundant (see
the Pischikova, 2018: 453-474; 2009: 11-30; Gabler, Kathrin and Daniel Soliman, 2018; Hannig,
Rainer, Daniela Rutica, Michael E. Habicht, and Alexandra Küffer, 2016: 177-187; Engelmann-von
Carnap, 2013: 48-59; Schlögl, 2010: 82-85; Alegre García, 2006: 46-55; Bial y, 1999: 161-178; Eaton-
Krauss, 1999: 113-129; Gascou, 1999: 201-215; Anonymous 1997; Peden, 1994; Vernus, 1993; Van
Siclen III, Charles C., 1991: 156-160 ;1986:79-82; Seipel, 1989; Manuelian, 1987; Anonymous (ed.),
1986; Peterson, 1978: 6-13; Caminos, 1963: 29-37; Davies, 1963; Kees, 1962: 60-66 ; 1953). It is
worth noting that “mayor of Thebes” had been included in the group of senior officials, and it
indicated a quite important position, Sennefer, Amenhotep II's minion, is one of the most
representative one. It is largely due to his close relationship with the royal family and the relatively
well preservation of his tombs that the materials about him are abundant. Studies have shown that
HAty-a (HAtj-a), as a functional title in the New Kingdom, is more connotative, and other positions of

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its owners are more complex and diverse, which may be related to the overlap of duties within the
administrative system in the New Kingdom(Shirley, 2013: 524-526).
However, the study of HAty-a (HAtj-a) in ancient Egypt is almost blank in China. There are only some
Chinese translations that refer to this title. For instance, Li Xiaodong translated HAty-a (HAtj-a) and
iry pat as “seigneurs” (Li Xiaodong, 2007), Guo Dantong asserted that during the Old Kingdom and
the Middle Kingdom, HAty-a (HAtj-a) is an alternative name of nomarch but in the New Kingdom it
should be translated as mayor since the local force was totally under control of state (Guo Dantong
2009, 2015).
In summary, the research on HAty-a (HAtj-a) mainly focuses on case studies in specific regions
during different periods. These studies are mainly aimed at officials with administrative functions,
but these studies need to be summarized. The studies on HAty-a (HAtj-a) as a rank title still focus on
conceptual level, lacking detailed texts’s analysis and comparison, and people with this rank title
have not been considered as a specific social group. Investigate, some differences in usage have not
attracted enough attention. For example, HAty-a mAa (true HAty-a) appeared in some
(auto)biographical texts in the late Old Kingdom, which is probably to be a manifestation of the
expansion of this HAty-a (HAtj-a)’s group. Based on the above considerations, this thesis plans to
systematically review the relevant texts with statistics, comparison and other methods to explore
the usage of HAty-a (HAtj-a) as a rank title from this specific group, the hierarchical concepts and
values of the ancient Egyptians, meanwhile, to observe changes in the bureaucracy and
administrative system through analysis of relevant functional titles

Research objective
The main objects of this investigation are those who held the title, and this title should not be
studied in isolation. There should be a comprehensive review of other titles and personal details of
the owner of the title, to classify then analyze all materials on this basis, instead of drawing isolated
conclusions that result from scattered research results.
Therefore, the overall aim of this proposed work is to build an information network for the title
owners in accordance with the timeline, to examine the evolution of this title. At the same time,
this article will also contain some information about HAty-a (HAtj-a) before the Old Kingdom.
The specific objectives of the research work will be as follows:
1. Collect all texts including the title HAty-a (HAtj-a), including royal texts and a large number of private
texts, especially biographical texts.
2. Categorize the literature that contains the title HAty-a (HAtj-a) {a rank title or (and) functional title}
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according to the translation and interpretation of the texts.

3. Analyze the social status of the title’s owners and the specific functions when they are regarded
as functional titles according to the classification of the title HAty-a (HAtj-a).
4. Examine how did members in this group have changed through the above work, and talk about
the development of this title with the background and social development of different periods.

Methodology
This study involves long time span, a large group of people - hence requires a large number of
texts, some of which are scattered or selected from the whole texts. Therefore, it is necessary to
read extensively and carefully to reduce errors and omissions but it doesn’t mean I aim at
providing a comprehensive source. Meanwhile, the texts from the Early Dynasty Period will also
be considered as the back ground information, in order to determine the changes taking place in
regards to the bureaucratic system. With the help of the library database, all the materials will
come from published sources.
Since this study is mainly based on texts, the most essential method is textual research. The
research includes not only the collection of related primary sources, but also the collection of
different versions translations and annotations. Based on this, the original texts will be interpreted
selectively, and the pivotal parts will be put as examples. In the process of textual research, the
inductive method and deductive method are mainly used.
The next step is to analyze the texts that have been collected and sorted out. This is mainly the
historical comparison method and the statistical method. Since this thesis involves multiple
historical stages of ancient Egypt, vertical comparisons are the most important. In addition, this
study involves many people, so it is necessary to use simple data for statistical analysis and
comparison. Through the study of each case, some rules of HAty-a (HAtj-a) should be summarized.
At the same time, some existing research conclusions are deduced to verify its rationality.

Research Schedule

Phase Period Description

(i) Sep 2020-Dec 2020 Relevant papyri, artifacts and academic references

collection through Universität Heidelberg library

and Ägyptologisches Institut Library.

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Establishment of the research database

(ii) Jan 2021-April 2021
and collected data analysis.

(iii) May 2021-Aug 2021 Continue to analyze data and begin to write PhD

thesis.

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Supervisor Signature:

Date:
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