BASIC CONCEPT OF INVESTIGATION

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 CHAPTER I
BASIC CONCEPT OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Who is a CRIMINAL?
This refers to a person convicted of a crime by a final judgment.
In its criminological sense, criminal offender refers to any rational
individual who commits an anti-social act that is detrimental to the society;
In strict legal terms, a criminal offender refers to a person:
a. Who committed an act punishable by existing criminal law; and
b. Was tried and convicted of final judgment by a competent court.

What is INVESTIGATION?
 The term investigation comes from the Latin word “investigare” which
means: to track, trace or probe.
 It is the act or process of investigating or the condition of being
investigated. It also refers to a searching inquiry for ascertaining facts;
detailed or careful examination.

What is CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

 Criminal investigation seeks all facts associated with a crime to
determine the truth: what happened and who is responsible of a criminal
incident.
 It is defined as the collection and analysis of facts/truths about persons,
things, places that are subjects of a crime to identify the guilty party,
locate the whereabouts of the guilty party, and provide admissible
evidence to establish the guilt of parties involved in crime.
 It also refers to the collection of facts to accomplish the threefold aim.

What are the threefold aim of criminal investigation?

 a. to identify the guilty party;
 b. to locate the guilty party; and
 c. to provide evidence of his guilt

What are the KINDS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

1. Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention;

2. Investigation while the suspect is "at large"

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AS AN ART = It deals with the identity and

location of the offender and then proving his guilt through a criminal
proceeding. It is an art because it is not governed by rigid rules but based on
intuition and to a minor extent, by chance.

ACCORDING TO DR. HANS GROSS it is governed by:

95% -Perspiration
3% - Inspiration
2% - Luck

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AS A SCIENCE = A systematic method of inquiry

that apply scientific knowledge, principles, and methodologies in order to
discover, identify, collect, and process facts and evidence to promote justice.

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CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AS A PROCESS = it involves systematic process
of identifying, collecting, preserving, and evaluating data or raw facts to
produce valuable information for the purpose of bringing a criminal offender to
justice. As a process, it is based on systematic plan.

Who is a CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR?

 A public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation of all
criminal cases as provided for and embodied under the Revised Penal
Code/Criminal Laws and Special Laws which are criminal in nature. A
well trained, disciplined and experienced professional in the field of
criminal investigation duties and responsibilities.

 All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of prescribed

investigation course with a rank of at least PO2 (POLICE CPL) (pre-
requisite to assignment).

What are the qualification and qualities of a good criminal investigator?

1. PERSEVERANCE
 It refers to the steadfastness, persistence and resolution to bring the
desired conclusion in spite of obstacles connected with criminal
investigation.

2. ENDURANCE
 this is the ability of the investigator to last physically and mentally
hence; he must have the extraordinary physical and mental energy,
enduring sleepless nights and tiresome days.

3. INCORRUPTIBLE HONESTY AND INTEGRITY

 this refers to the degree of honesty and integrity of the investigator on
several temptations over money that is offered to affect the investigation,
women and drinks where these are present in every corner playing tricks
of temptations.
4. INTELLIGENCE AND WISDOM OF SOLOMON
 this is very important in order that the investigator could easily decipher
falsehood from truth and separate the grain from the chaff.
5. ACTING ACTIVITY
 it refers to the ability of the investigator in stooping down to the level of a
minor, the prostitute or the slum dwellers, professionals or other
members of the elite during the investigation process.

6. ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

 every investigator should have a basic knowledge on both oral and
written communication in probing a certain issue in order that he will
not suffer setbacks in getting the accurate facts especially in the
preparation of reports and or transmittal of information. This include the
use of appropriate words in making a report and writing observations
and descriptions of places, things and events.
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7. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION
 the investigator should be a keen observer and knows how to accurately
describe everything. This is important in crime scene investigation and in
conducting interview and interrogation.
8. COURAGE
 it is the moral fortitude of the investigator to tell the truth irrespective of
who hets hurt.
9. KNOWLEDGE OF LAWS
 the investigator should have basic knowledge on legal matters
concerning investigation.
10. THE POWER TO "READ BETWEEN THE LINES
 this refers to the ability of the investigator to interpret the words or
phrases encountered in the process of investigation into their deeper
meaning in order to arrive with a concrete meaning of a certain
statement.
11. TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
 this refers to the investigator's capability of defense tactics, use of
firearms and the like. In many occasions, he will be alone in confronting,
arresting, bringing to headquarters and interrogating the suspect.

What are the BASIC ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

1. RECOGNITION
 it involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that
may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being
investigated. it is otherwise known as IDENTIFICATION STAGE of
investigation. The earlier the significant facts are identified, the sooner
the case will be solved.
2. COLLECTION - refers to the acts of gathering those identified data or
facts, or physical things that are significant to the case under
investigation. Collection maybe done by scraping the bloodstains found at
the crime scene, interviewing the neighbor who saw the burglary, or
examination of drug dealer's bankbook.
3. PRESERVATION
 is a function that is almost simultaneously performed during the
collection stage. It includes act of keeping the collected evidence in their
true and original form, preventing contamination or destruction of
substantive value.
Preservation does not only involve the process of packaging physical
evidence in order that they can be safely transmitted to the evidence
custodian or to the crime laboratory. It covers the process of maintaining
the objectivity of facts or information that has been gathered from the
testimony of witnesses, victims or other persons involved in the criminal
cases.
4. EVALUATION
 refers to the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.

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 5. PRESENTATION
 is primarily manifested inside the courtroom. The investigator, with the
help of the prosecutor, must be able to present facts and information in a
very simple and convenient manner in order to convince the court and
other parties involved in the criminal case about the validity and
truthfulness of the evidence they are trying to prove or establish.

What are the CARDINAL POINTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

The investigation must seek to establish the six cardinal points of
investigation, namely: WHAT specific offense has been committed; HOW the
offense has been committed; WHEN it was committed; WHERE it was
committed; WHY it was committed, and WHO are the involved persons.

The following are further possible questions using the 5 W's and 1 H:
1. WHO QUESTIONS: these are questions used to inquire on the identity of the
victims or offended party, name of the suspect, accomplices, accessories and
witnesses of the crime such as:
1. Who reported the crime? who discovered the crime?
2. Who saw how the crime was perpetrated?
3. Who is the victim? Who had any misunderstanding with him?
4. Who is the offender/perpetrator/culprit?
5. Who are the companions, associates, or accomplices of the perpetrator?

2. WHAT QUESTIONS: the purpose of these types of questions is to find out

what happened or what took place before, during and immediately after the
commission of the offense. Some questions are:
1. What happened?
2. What specific actions did the suspect/victim/witness do?
3. What is the nature of the crime?
4. What was/were the weapons or tools used by the culprit?
5. What are the evidence discovered at the crime scene?

3. WHERE QUESTIONS: these are questions that localize the place of the
incident - the city oor town, the district or barangay, the street or road, the
number of the house or building. These questions are necessary in pinpointing
the particular location of the crime such as:
1. Where the crime discovered?
2. Where did the offense take place?
3. Where are the victims, witnesses or culprits?
4. Where do the victims/ witnesses/culprits live?
5. Where was the suspect when he was apprehended?
6. Where are the weapons or tools used in committing crime?
7. Where did the investigator secure or obtain the evidence?

4. WHEN QUESTIONS: these are questions needed to determine and fix the
time, day, month and year when the crime was committed. These questions
should be specified and as accurate as possible such as:
1. When was the crime committed?
2. When was it discovered?
3. When was the police notified?
4. When was the victim last seen?

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 5. When was the suspect arrested?

5. WHY QUESTIONS: these are questions that endeavor to ascertain the

motives, causes, antecedents, previous, incidents, related facts, background
occurrences that might help explain the commission of the offense. Why
questions are as follows:
1. Why did the offender do it?
2. Why did he kill his victim?
3. Why didn't he just let the victim go?
4. Why didn't the suspect surrender?

6. HOW QUESTIONS: there are designed to help the investigator determine

how the crime was committed, the means/tools that are employed, how the
crime was discovered, how the culprit enters the building/room. How questions
are very significant in preparing the modus operandi file or report such as:
1. How did the suspect get near to the victim?
2. How did he perform the crime?
3. How did the criminal get all the necessary information?
4. How did the criminal get away from the crime scene?
5. How was the crime scene search conducted?

What is a GOLDEN RULE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

GOLDEN RULE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION:

"Never touch, alter, move or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is
properly marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed."

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TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

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 TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

What are the 3 tool’s or I’s of investigation?

TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

To achieve the goals of criminal investigation, the investigator must know
how to use the available resources or tools. There are indispensable tools that
can be used by the criminal investigators to successfully solve criminal cases.

The so-called three tools in criminal investigation or sometimes called as

the 3 I's of criminal investigation includes: INFORMATION,
INTERVIEW/INTERROGATION and INSTRUMENTATION. The use of these tools
vary based on necessity and actual situation. The following are further insights
about the 3 I's :

I. INFORMATION
 is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired
from persons or documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning
the commission of the crime or criminal activities.

INFORMATION AS A TOOL

 The knowledge acquired by criminal investigators from various sources.

 The key tool
 In fact, the most powerful weapon of investigators, more powerful than
gun or money.

Information that is valuable to investigators consists of data (raw facts) that

were collected and then put together to form a significant idea or something.

CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AS TO SOURCES:

 Regular Sources –
 Cultivated Sources –
 Grapevine Sources –

What are the methods of obtaining information?

1. OVERT = The visible way of obtaining information like conducting interview,

patrol, crime scene search, regular performance of police activities and
custodial interrogation.

2. COVERT = The secret way of obtaining information

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 INFORMANT AND INFORMER
The solution of a crime sometimes depends on the information furnished by the
informants and informers. Informers are general synonymous with each other
for they provide information to the police authorities.

Who is Informant?
 The word informant is a general term that refers to any person who gives
information to the police authorities relative to a crime.
 Strictly speaking, an informant is any person who furnishes the police
information relevant to a criminal case about the activities of criminals or
syndicates without any monetary consideration. The informant may
openly give information or may serve as a witness voluntarily.
 Voluntarily or willingly provides information to the criminal investigators
and offers to be a witness. (requires anonymity)

What are the types of informant?

1. ANONYMOUS INFORMANT - he may be an anonymous phone caller,

letter writer or a text sender.
2. RIVAL ELIMINATION INFORMANT - this kind mostly maintains being
anonymous. His purpose is to eliminate the rival persons or gang due to
competition or other motives such as revenge, etc.
3. FALSE INFORMANT - usually reveals information of no consequence,
value or stuff connected with thin air. His purpose is to appear to be on
the side of the law and for throwing out the suspicion from himself or
from his gang or associates.
4. FRIGHTENED INFORMANT - he is prodded by fear or self interest in
giving information to the police. He maybe one of the lesser gang member
who runs to the police when his gang mates are about to be involved in
dangerous situations or when the gang he belongs is hot on the police
trail.
5. SELF AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT - this kind of informant moves
around the centers of criminals, group or syndicate and delights in
surprising the police about bits of information.
6. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT - is a person who provides the police with
confidential information concerning a previous crime or a projected and
planned crime. under the law, these informants are protected and their
identity could not be revealed by the police even under the order of the
court unless on exceptional case where there is a claim of the defense
that the informant framed up the accused.
7. MERCENARY INFORMANT - the informant has information for sale.
8. DOUBLE-CROSSER INFORMANT - he uses his seeming desire to divulge
information as an excuse to talk to the police in order to get more
information from them more than he gives.
9. WOMEN INFORMANT - she maybe the female associate of the criminals,
who was roughed up, marginalized in the deal or being eased out from

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 the group. Care must be given to this kind of informant because women,
given the skills and expertise, are more dangerous than men. They often
give free romance that will result in blackmailing the investigator or will
result to an extended family for support. Women are said to be most
effective among informants because they could easily penetrate the ranks
of criminals with less suspicion.

OTHER TYPES OF INFORMANTS

 Female informants- Informants under this category is usually a mistress or

common law wife of criminal. She volunteers information because her lover
jilted her. Her motive is often revenge or simply jealousy.
 Legitimate informants- Source of info under this category includes operators
of licensed premises who do not want their place of business to become the
hang out of dangerous criminals.
 Incidental informant- these are also called automatic informants. (victim)
 Confidential informant- identity is kept confidential by the respective police
officers or investigators who are receiving information that they are providing.

Who is Informer?
 Is a person who provides information to the police on a regular basis.
They are either paid regularly or in case-to-case basis, or none at all.
They are cultivated and established by the police on a more or less
permanent character and as long as they are loyal and useful to the
police organizations.
 Generally paid by the investigator and should be registered with the
investigator’s agency. Informers are actually informants by profession
usually recruited or paid assets of investigating agencies.

MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS AND INFORMERS

- CIVIC-MINDEDNESS
- VANITY
- REPENTANCE
- FEAR
- AVOIDANCE OF PUNISHMENT
- SHOWING GRATITUDE FOR GAINING SOMETHING
- COMPETITION OR RIVALRY
- REVENGE
- JEALOUSY
- REMUNERATION

II. What is INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION?

Interview and interrogation are similar with each other, in the sense that, they
are both ways of obtaining information from a certain suspects or persons
that has knowledge on a crime. however, the following provides a clear
distinction between the two.

INTERVIEW
 Is the simple questioning of a person believed to possess information,
which are relevant to the investigation of a crime or criminal activities. in

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 an interview, the interviewee is willing and cooperative with the person
conducting the interview.

What is a Golden Role in Interview?

Golden Role in Interview:

"Never allow the interviewer to conduct nor let anyone to conduct an interview
without prior visit to the crime scene."

GENERAL KIND OF INTERVIEW

1. COGNITIVE INTERVIEW
 is conducted to willing and cooperative witnesses, where they are given
the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without intervention,
interruption and interference from the interviewer. After the subject has
finished his narration, the investigator now subjects him to the style of
direct examination and cross-examination, to clarify the unexplained
portions to arrive at a vivid and complete picture of the testimony.

2. QUESTION AND ANSWER

 this interview as prescribed by some investigators requires the
interviewee to answer the question posed by the investigator. The
interviewee to answer on what he knows about what is being asked. In
the case of subjects of low level of intelligence, the use of leading
questions greatly helps the investigator to obtain the full and desired
information.

What are the TYPES OF INTERVIEW?

1. BACKGROUND INTERVIEW = This is focused only in obtaining data

regarding the personal background of the subject, the simplest type of
interview used in criminal cases.
2. SUBJECTIVE INTERVIEW = An interview wherein the questions are
phrased in a manner such that the subject’s answers are based on his
personal opinions or views. Questions are designed to deal with the subjective
aspect of the case.
3. OBJECTIVE INTERVIEW = The questions are designed to acquire the basic
and specific data or facts regarding a criminal case. It is the type of interview
that complies with the six cardinal points of criminal investigation ( the 5 W’s
and 1 H)

What are reasons WHY WITNESSES REFUSE TO TALK?

1. FEAR OF REPRISAL - witness who lack the courage to face the suspect,
his associates or relatives always entertain the fear of reprisal. The
investigator must remove these fears from the mind of his witnesses
either by offering protection or by the explanation that unless the
suspect in not put behind bars, the fear will not be disappear.
2. GREAT INCONVENIENCE - on the part of those of hands-to-mouth
existence there is this real inconvenience, which will deprive them the

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 time to earn for their living especially during the ordeal of testifying
during the trial.
3. HATRED AGAINST THE POLICE - this hatred maybe due to previous
bad experience with rogue members of the police organization.
4. BECAUSE OF BIAS OF WITNESS - the witness maybe an acquaintance,
friend, helper or benefactor of the suspect. All of these and other
relationship of the witnesses to the suspect must be explored so that an
intelligent approach is properly applied.
5. AVOIDANCE OF PUBLICITY - there are witnesses who are shy and they
shun publicity that will bring discomfort to their ordinary or obscure way
of living.
6. FAMILY RESTRICTION - some famous and respected families preserve
their reputations by instilling to their members the need of the approval
of the elders on matter affecting their families.

What are the rules to be considered in questioning during Interviews?

1. One Question at a time - multiple, complex and legalistic questions
should be avoided.
2. Avoid Implied Answer - the nod of the head or nay other body language
as a response to the questions should be avoided.
3. Simplicity of Question - a short simple question at a time is required.
Avoid legalistic questions such as "Who is the murderer; or "Who are in
conspiracy with the subject".
4. Saving Face -
5. Yes` and No Answer - do not ask questions which could be answered by
yes or no only. It will curtail the complete flow of information and will
lead to inaccuracy.

What are the TYPES OF WITNESSES according to attitude?

1. KNOW-NOTHING TYPE - this is a reluctant type of witnesses. It is found
among the uneducated and of low level of intelligence. The technique to
be applied is be with their level of intelligence and by interrogation.
2. DISINTERESTED TYPE - this refer to an uncooperative and indifferent
subject. To deal with them is to find out their field of interest so that they
will talk.
3. THE DRUNKEN TYPE - the style of questioning by the investigator
should be adapted to the psychology of the subject. When the drunken
subject has sobered, another interview will be conducted, confronting hi
about his disclosures while in the state of drunkenness. The written
statement must be taken during his sobriety.
4. TALKATIVE TYPE - this is a witness who is prone to exaggerate, adding
irrelevant or new matters to their narration.
5. HONEST WITNESS - this is the truthful and cooperative witness where
the investigator could rely upon, with little or no problem in handling
them.
6. DECEITFUL WITNESS - this is a liar type of witness. Let him lie and
order him to repeat several times their narration.
7. TIMID WITNESS - this is a shy witness. The approach must be friendly
and reassuring confidentiality of their information. It should be hidden
from the devouring press by interviews or photo sessions.
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 8. REFUSAL TO TALK WITNESS - this is the most difficult subject to deal
with. Find out the reasons of his personality such as: Trauma, shock,
fear, hatred and others.

What is INTERROGATION?
 Is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect
about his participation in the commission of crime. it is confrontational
in the sense that the investigator places the guilt on the accused. This
processed is also applied to an uncooperative or recalcitrant
suspect/witness.
 It is one of the most difficult but most interesting phases of criminal
investigation and detection. It is a challenging battle of wit between the
investigator and the suspect.

What is the MAIN PURPOSE OF INTERROGATION?

The main intention of interrogation is to obtain CONFESSION or ADMISSION
from the suspect and to learn relevant information from uncooperative witness.

What is Confession?
CONFESSION - is the direct acknowledgement of guilt.

Illustration: the accused was charged with homicide. During trial,

acknowledged that he was the one who killed the victim.

What are the ELEMENTS OF CONFESSION?

1. There is declaration of the person
2. The statement of the accused is he acknowledged his guilt from the
commission of a crime
3. Guilt is admitted.

What are the KINDS OF CONFESSION?

1. EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION - it is a confession that is made by the
suspect during custodial investigation or those confessions that are made
outside of the court.

SEC 3, RULE 133, RULES OF COURT STATED THAT:

"Extra judicial confession is not sufficient ground for conviction: an extra
judicial confession made by an accused, shall not be sufficient ground
for conviction, unless corroborated by evidence of corpus delicti - body of
the crime."

TYPES OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

a. VOLUNTARY EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of his free will and
accord, without any inducement of any kind, with a full and complete
knowledge of the nature and the consequences of the confession
b. INVOLUNTARY EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION
This confession obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress or
anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor

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 NOTE: Confession obtained from the defendant by means of force or
intimidation/violence is null and void and cannot be used against
him/her in the trial and the like.

2. JUDICIAL CONFESSION
 This confession is made by the accused is open court. The plea of guilt
maybe made during arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where
the accused changes his plea of not guilty to guilty.
 This is conclusive upon the court and may be considered to be a
mitigating circumstance to criminal liability.
 A plea of guilty when formally entered on arraignment is sufficient to
sustain conviction of any offense, even a capital one, without further pro

What is Admission?

ADMISSION - is indirect acknowledgment of guilt.

Illustration: The accused was charged with homicide. During the trial,
acknowledged that he owned the murder weapon but did not acknowledge that
he is the one who committed the crime. To acknowledge ownership of the
murder weapon is an indirect acknowledgment of guilt because an owner of the
weapons used in committing the crime is presumed to be the perpetrator.
(Gacayan, 2005)

What are the ELEMENTS OF ADMISSION?

1. There is a statement of the person (accused);
2. The person only acknowledged facts or circumstances of the crime;
3. There is no acceptance of guilt

NOTE: When the accused confessed to the commission of a crime, he accepts

the facts constituting the offense but he interposes self-defense or other
exculpatory grounds, then his acknowledgment is not a confession but
admission.

What are the TECHNIQUES OF INTERROGATION?

1. EMOTIONAL APPEAL - this is a technique where the investigator,
combining the skills of an actor and a psychologist, addresses the
suspect with an emotional appeal to confess. This is applicable to first
time offenders or those who are of the emotional type of characteristics
displayed nervousness or emotional disturbances.

2. SYMPATHETIC APPROACH - the investigator, in his preliminary or

probing questions must dig deep into the past troubles, plight and
unfortunate events in the life of the suspect. An offer of help, kindness,
friendliness may win his cooperation.

3. TRICK AND BLUFF TECHNIQUES:

a. Pretense of Solid Evidence - the investigator bluffs the suspect that
even if he will not confess, there is enough evidence to send him to
jail. If he will confess, the investigator will see to it that his prison
term will be within the range of probation.

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b. Weakest Link - among the suspects, there must be a careful selection
of who among them is the weakest link where the interrogation will
begin. By tricks and bluffs, this weakest link will be told that his
companions had already confessed. That this weakest link had dealt
the fatal blow or that he received the lion share of the loot in order to
intrigue him.

c. Drama - the weakest link maybe used to fake pain and agony by
ordering him to shout, accompanied by banging a chair on the wall to
make it appear that a commotion is going on. The other suspects in
separate rooms must hear the drama before telling them that their
partner had confessed.

d. Feigning Contact with Family Members - the suspect could be

tricked that the investigator had gone to the residence and the family
members had supplied facts against the suspect. The suspect's family
will be charged into the investigation if the suspect will not confess.

e. Line Up - the complainant, witness or victim is requested to point

positively to the suspect in the police line-up. The witnesses' victims
or complainant are previously coached about the identity of the
suspect.

f. Reverse Line-Up - The suspect is placed among other persons in a

line up and he is identified by several complainants and witnesses
who will associate the suspect in other several crimes. This will cause
the suspect to become desperate and confess only to the case under
investigation to avoid from being charged on false accusations.

g. Stern Approach - the investigator displays a stern (demands

immediate response) personality towards the suspect by using the
following methods
1. Jolting - in the questioning process, the investigator selects the
right moment to shout as pertinent question in an apparent
righteous outrage. The suspect's nerves will break to a
confession.
2. Opportunity to Lie - the suspect is given all the opportunities
to lie. The suspect is questioned about his personal life, family,
friends and his knowledge about the complainant and
witnesses. Then the suspect is questioned about his activity
prior, during and after the commission of the crime. this
repeated many times, to include the investigator focusing his
questions about the knowledge of the suspect of the crime. the
suspect will be enmeshed in contradictions, which is now
capitalized by the investigator to get the truth from the suspect.
If possible, the interrogation must be taped recorded for

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 purposes of emphasis during the confrontation of the
contradictions.
h. Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method - the first set of
investigators must appear to be rough, mean and dangerous. When
they had finished the interrogation, the second investigator intervenes
by stopping the first set of investigators. By being sympathetic and
understanding, he begins his interrogation. If the suspect still refuses
to cooperate, then the process is repeated until there is a confession.

INTERROGATOR - the person who performs skillful questioning of hostile

witness and suspects for purposes of obtaining confession or admission.

INTERROGEE - this points to the subject of interrogation whether a suspect or

a victim.

SUSPECT - denotes any person associated to the commission of a crime. a

suspect may also refers to any person whose guilt is considered on reasonable
on reasonable ground to be a practical possibility.

WITNESSES - is a person other than the suspect, who is requested to give

information concerning an incident. He may be a victim, complainant, an
accuser, a source of information, and an observer of the occurrence, a scientific
specialist who has examined physical evidence or a custodian of official
documents

III. What is INSTRUMENTATION?

INSTRUMENTATION
 It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in
criminal investigation and detection. In the process of instrumentation,
the following equipment are being used, namely:

1. The first used was Anthropometry found by Alphonse Bertillon. He is a

Frenchman who founded criminal identification by body measurement. It was
accepted and adopted by police departments in Europe and the United States
for more than twenty (20) years. But due to the West case, Anthropometry
disappeared, which up to the time of his death in 1914, Bertillon never
accepted its uselessness.

2. Dactyloscopy replaced Anthropometry. It was popularized by Sir Edward

Richard Henry in Europe and through Juan Vucetich who founded the
fingerprint classification, it was found to be accurate. Its usefulness in criminal
investigation cannot be questioned because its infallibility because no two
persons have the same fingerprints not even the ten neighboring fingers of the
same persons.

3. Forensic Serology was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 the

agglutination of human blood. This discovery demonstrated that blood
possesses certain characteristics, which allowed the designation A, B, AB and
0.

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4. Forensic Ballistics developed by Dr. Calvin H. Goddard, a U.S. Army
Physician with a rank of Lieutenant Colonel. It is used for determining whether
or not the evidence bullet and test bullet came from a single gun through the
use of bullet comparison microscope.

5. Poroscopy founded by Edmond Locard, one of the foremost criminalists in

the world. Poroscopy deals with the identification of sweat pores, he proved
that pores vary in number, size and position in each individual.

6. Polygraph (lie detector) was develop by John Larson although it was

founded by Keller. It is effective in limiting the suspects in number as in the
hand of an expert and dependable machine its result is excellent.

7. In 1984, Alex Jeffrey’s, a British biologist and genetics expert, discovered the
concept of DNA genetic fingerprinting.

17
INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES

18
 CHAPTER IV
INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES

What is CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION?

 It is the conduct of processes, more particularly, the recognition,
handling, preservation and documentation of physical evidence to
include the identification and interview of witnesses and the arrest of
suspect/s at the crime scene

What should then be the primary job of an Investigator before applying

the golden rule?
The Investigator upon his arrival at the scene of the crime should consider the
following two important steps before he touches or moves any object.
 If the victim is still alive, the Investigator should try to gather or acquire
information from the victim himself with regard to the surrounding
circumstances of the crime, while calling for assistance for an ambulance
from the nearest hospital. Then measure, sketch and photograph the
crime scene immediately after the victim is removed and brought to the
hospital for medical attendance.
 If the victim is dead, the body should be removed only after the crime
scene is measured, sketched and photographed.
Note: First Responders (FRs) are first Police Officers to arrive at the crime
scene who were dispatched by the local police station/unit concerned after
receipt of incident/flash/alarm report.

What is the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIME SCENE AND CORPUS

DELICTI?

Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has

been committed.

Corpus delicti - (latin word for the “body of the crime”) - used to describe the
physical or material evidence that a crime has been committed. ex. corpse of a
murder victim.

What are the PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION?

Protocol 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the Territorial Unit Concerned

The Police Station, which has territorial jurisdiction of the area where the crime
incident was committed, shall immediately undertake the necessary
investigation and processing of the crime scene, unless otherwise directed by
higher authorities for a certain case to be investigated by other units/agency.

Protocol 2: Official Police Blotter

a. A Police Blotter is an 18” x 12” logbook with hard-bound cover that contains
the daily register of all crime incident reports, official summary of arrests, and
other significant events reported in a police station.

b. As a general rule, all crime incidents must be recorded in the official police
blotter.

19
c. A separate Police Blotter, however,
shall be maintained for offenses
requiring confidentiality like violence
against women and children and those
cases involving a child in conflict with
the law to protect their privacy pursuant
to R.A. 9262 (Anti-Violence Against
Women and Children Act of 2004) and
R.A. 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare
Act of 2006).

Protocol 3: Investigation Team:

Organization
All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of prescribed
investigation course with a rank of at least PO2 (pre-requisite to assignment).
Composition:
1. Team Leader;
2. Investigator/recorder;
3. Photographer;
4. Evidence custodian; and
5. Composite Illustrator/Artist

Preparation of Case Investigation Plan (CIPLAN)

The conduct of police operation involving sensational cases, high profile and
heinous crimes must be covered by Case Investigation Plan.

Uniform of the Investigator

Prescribed uniform should be worn by investigators when conducting
investigation so as to identify them as PNP personnel.
SOCO Assistance
a. In cases where the crime scene needs special processing due to its
significance or because of its sensational nature, the Scene of the Crime
Operation (SOCO) specialists of the Crime Laboratory shall be requested.
b. If the situation involves a clandestine drug laboratory, biological weapons,
radiological or chemical threats, the appropriate agency should be contacted
prior to entering the scene.
CRIME SCENE SKETCHES
Sketches are useful in questioning of suspects and witnesses as well as in the
writing of investigative reports.
• A sketch is prepared indicating the actual measurement of things with
scale and proportion observed and oriented to the North Pole. All
necessary information are placed in the sketch.
• Sketches are excellent companions to photograph. Where photograph
provide exact details, sketches offer accurate information about the
placement of objects and they show relationship and distances between
things.

20
ELEMENTS OF SKETCH
1. Measurements
2. Compass Direction
3. Essential elements
4. Scale and Proportion
5. Legend
6. Title
What are the SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES?

1. SKETCH OF LOCALITY =This gives picture of the scene, the crime

and its environs, including such items such as neighboring buildings,
roads leading to the location or house.

2. SKETCH OF GROUNDS = The sketch of grounds pictures the scene of

the crime with its nearest physical surroundings (e.g. house with a
garden).

3. SKETCH OF DETAILS = The sketch of details describes immediate

scene only. For instance, the room in which the crime was committed
and the details thereof. Cross projection method are details of the
room wherein walls and ceiling are pictures as if they are on the same
place as the floor. This gives a clear impression of the scene in cases
where bloodstains or bullet holes are found in the walls or on the
ceiling.

ROUGH SKETCH -Made by the prober at the crime scene. Scale and
proportion are ignored and everything is approximated. It is to be used as basis
of the finish sketch
FINISH SKETCH -Made primarily for court room presentation. All elements of
sketching must be present.
CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY
The main objective is to create a visual record of the crime scene before
any item is moved as possible physical evidence.
Take photograph of the crime scene with or without markers.

21
22
What are Methods of Crime Scene Search?
1. STRIP SEARCH METHOD = In this method, the area is blocked out in the
form of a rectangle. The three (3) searchers, A, B, and C proceed slowly at the
same pace along, paths parallel to one side of the rectangle.
ENT
RAN
CE
EX
IT

2. THE DOUBLE STRIP OR GRID METHOD OF SEARCH = a modification of

the strip search method. Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to the
base then parallel to the side.

23
3. SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD = In this method, the three searcher follow each
other along the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling toward
the center.

4. ZONE SEARCH METHOD = In this method, one searcher is assigned to

each subdivision of a quadrant, then each quadrant is cut into another set of
quadrants.

2nd Zone
1st Zone/grid

search
4th Zone
3rd Zone

5.WHEEL SEARCH METHOD = In this method of search, the area is

considered to be approximately circular. The searcher, gathers at the center
and proceed outward along radii or spokes. The procedure should be repeated
several times depending on the size of the circle and the number of searchers.
One shortcoming of this method is the great increase in the area to be observed
as the searchers depart from the center.

24
6. Point to point- searcher will stand in a straight line and move forward
together.
What is meant by reconstruction of the crime?
After completion of the search, an effort must be made to determine from the
appearance of the place and its objects what actually occurred and what the
circumstances of a crime were. This is known as reconstructing the crime.

Kinds of reconstruction
• Physical Reconstruction— The physical appearance of the crime scene
is reconstructed from the description of witnesses and the indication of
the physical evidence.
• Mental Reconstruction—From the physical reconstruction, some
conclusions can be made concerning the consistency of the accounts of
various witnesses. No assumption should be made concerning actions
which are not supported by evidence. The final theory developed by the
investigator should provide a line of investigative action.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING -It forms a general conclusion prior to having a
complete explanation based on the facts
INDUCTIVE REASONING- It forms a general conclusion after gathering
evidence and after further investigation

25
 Packaging = Physical evidence should be packed in order to prevent loss,
tampering, breakage or deterioration.
EVIDENCE/ITEM DESIRED CONTAINER
1. Paper Envelope
3. Firearm Box or board of exact size
4. Hair Wrap it first with filter paper before placing
it in an envelope
5. Dirt = same=
6. Cloth Box – Do not fold the area where there is
stain. Encircle the location of the stain
using a chalk for easy identification.
7. Seminal stain If moist, drop distilled water using a
dropper
and use the same to collect it, then place it
in a test tube

8. Blood Use a sterilized eye dropper to collect the

blood and place it in a test tube and add
saline solution.

Use saline solution to prevent coagulation

What are the TYPES OF EVIDENCE?

1. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE = The most common form of evidence, and it is

obtained through interview and interrogation – events which witness see, smell,
taste, and touch are described to the investigator through oral and written
testimony.

2. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE = This includes writings, including official

records. One which is supplied by written instruments, or derived from
symbols which ideas are represented on material substances, like letters, wills,
deed or contract.

3. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE = Evidence addressed to the senses of the court, as

when objects are exhibited for the personal observation of the judge. It is also
called real evidence – any kind of object associated with the investigation, but it
must be a tangible item.

26
NOTABLE ACCOUNTS IN
INVESTIGATION

27
 CHAPTER V
NOTABLE ACCOUNTS AND HISTORY OF INVESTIGATION (Additional
Information)

I. Who are the pioneers in criminal investigation and what their

significant contributions in the development of crime detection and
investigation?

1. KING HAMMURABI
 King of Babylon created one of the first bodies of written law
 The code was then implemented to detect those who refused to obey the
law. It imposes the LEX TALIONES (Law of Retribution)
 LEX TALIONES – It is a principle where punishment of an offender is
equal to what he did or known as (“An eye for an eye and a tooth for a
tooth principle”)

2. ALFRED THE GREAT

 He established the system of “Mutual Pledge” (Social Control), which is
organized for the security of the country into several levels such as the
following;

A. TEN TITHING – Grouping a 100 persons into one under the charge of
the High Constable. The constable is the first form of English Police deals
with serious breaches of the law.
B. TITHING – Grouping a ten persons together to protect one another
and to assume responsibility for the acts of the group’s members.

3. JONATHAN WILD (England)

• He was the most famous thief catch er
• “Employing a thief to catch a thief.”
• He became the London's most effective criminal investigator.
• His methods made popular the logic of “employing a thief to catch a thief
• He conceived the idea of charging a fee for locating and returning stolen
property to its rightful owners.
4. JOHN FIELDING (The Blind Beak)
 A younger half-brother of Henry Fielding, appointed as Henry’s personal
assistant.
 He also introduced the practice of developing informants, printing
wanted notices, employing criminal raids and bearing firearms and
handcuffs.
 Being able to recognize 3000 criminals by the sounds of their voices.

5. EUGENE “FRANCOIS” VIDOCQ

• Established a squad of ex-convicts to aid Paris police in investigation.
• He worked under the theory of “Employing a thief to catch a thief.”
• Founder of LA SURETE, France's national detective organization.
• *FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY IN FRANCE.

6. SIR ROBERT PEEL (BOBBIES OR PEELERS)

 “FATHER OF MODERN POLICING SYSTEM”

28
  Established the London Metropolitan Police which became the world’s
first modern organized police force.
 He introduced the techniques in detecting crimes such as detectives
concealing themselves, and secretly photographing and recording
conversations.
 His memorable principle was “The Police are the Public and the Public are
the Police”

7. ALLAN PINKERTON
 America’s foremost private detective. He became the first detective of the
Chicago Police Department in 1849. He then opened his private
detective agency in the early 1850’s in partnership with Chicago
attorney, EDWARD RUCKER. Their business immediately became
successful and formed the North-Western Police Agency. (PINKERTON'S
AGENCY)

8. KATE WAYNE
 First women detective in history criminal investigation that was hired by
Pinkerton Agency.

9. DR. HANS GROSS

 He is believed to be the creator of the field of Criminalistic and is to this
day seen as the father of Criminal Investigation

10. THOMAS BYRNES

 Chief of the detectives in New York City, was one of the famous
investigators of the nineteenth century.
 He trained his detectives in recognizing individual criminal techniques.
This method was later to be known as “modus operandi” or method of
operation and is considered an essential tool of investigation to this day.

11. PAUL LELAND KIRK

• A forensic chemist and scientist who pioneered the blood splatter
analysis “blood stain pattern analysis”

12. DR. ALEC JOHN JEFFREYS

• Invented the used of DNA fingerprinting or profiling.
He used this to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of 2 young girls in
England.

13. ALPHONSE BERTILLON (France)

 He introduced the first systematic system based on the Anthropological
measurement.
 He was considered the “founder of Criminal Investigation”.
 He was also considered the ‘father of Personal Identification “

14. FLAVIANO GUERRERO

• the only Filipino member of United States Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)

Other significant developments in the field of criminal investigation

include, but are not limited to, the following events:

29
15. 1248, China:
 A Chinese book SHI DUAN YU (the washing away of Wrongs) was written
containing a description on how to distinguish drowning from
strangulation. This was the first recorded application of medical
knowledge to the solution of crime.

16. 1833, ENGLAND:

 The Scotland Yard employed the first undercover officer while in

17. 1835, USA:

 TEXAS RANGERS was organized as the first law enforcement agency
with state investigative authority, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation.

18.1851. Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

 Multi-suspect IDENTIFICATION LINE-UP was employed for the first time.

19. 1852, USA: CHARLES DICKENS

 Through his story entitled BLEAK HOUSE, he introduced the term
DETECTIVE to the English language

20.1859, USA.
 USA Appellate courts recognized/accepted photograph as admissible
evidence when they are relevant and properly verified.

21. 1915, USA.

 International Association for Criminal Identification (later named as
International Association of Identification-IAI) was organized in Oakland,
California.
22. 1935, USA.
 The Bureau of Investigation under the Justice Department became the
Federal Bureau of Investigation having J. EDGAR HOOVER as the first
chief serving for 48 years.
23.1965, USA.
 The office of Law Enforcement Assistance (forerunner of the Law
Enforcement Assistance Administration-LEEA) was established to fund
and coordinate administration, research and training in criminal justice.
24.1977, USA.
 The FBI introduced the beginnings of the Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (AFIS) with the first computerized scan of
fingerprints.

NEW YORK vs. CASTRO was the first case in which the admissibility of
DNA was seriously challenged. It set in a motion a string of events that
culminated in a call for certification, accreditation, standardization, and quality
control guidelines for both DNA laboratories and the general forensic
community.

25.1999, USA.
 The FBI upgraded its computerized fingerprint database and
implemented the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System

30
 (IAFIS), allowing paperless submission, storage and search capabilities
directly to the national database maintained at the FBI.

Take note: the evolution of criminal investigation is closely similar with the
historical developments in Criminalistics. To enrich your knowledge in criminal
investigation and Criminalistics, research more on their historical background.

II. What were the significant developments of Investigation in PHILIPPINE

SETTING?

1. 1901, ACT. NO. 70

 This act is otherwise known as the CHAPTER OF MANILA creating the
police force for the city of Manila.

2. JANUARY 9, 1901
 The Manila Police Department was organized with Col. Matthew Harmon
as the first chief of police.

3. 1913
 The genesis of Criminal Investigation in the Manila Police Department,
presently known as the Western Police District took place.

4. 1966 MIRANDA RIGHTS

 It originated from the American jurisprudence. Mr. Ernesto Miranda, a
Latino accused of kidnapping and rape in the State of Arizona. The
Arizona Police leading to his confession interrogated him exhaustedly.
Based on his confession, he was charged, tried and convicted. Appeal of
his conviction was made before the Arizona Supreme Court but his
conviction was affirmed. The appeal was then elevated to the US
Supreme Court where there was a reversal of the decision and he was
acquitted on Constitutional grounds.

5. 1985 – PEOPLE vs. GALIT (GR No. 51770; March 20,1985)

 The right to a counsel maybe waived but the waiver, to be valid, must be
made with assistance of a counsel.

31
32
POLICE INTELLIGENCE

33
 CHAPTER VI
POLICE INTELLEGENCE

History of Intelligence

1. Holy Bible- where you can find the just recorded intelligence operations in
history.
Moses-One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with
format, can also be found in the Holy Bible Numbers 13:17
The scripture also named the 12 intelligence agents when the Lord
directed Moses to send into the Land of Canaan and records that “all those
men were heads of the children of Israel”.

a. Rahab- “The Harlot of Jericho” (Joshua 2: 1-21) who sheltered and

concealed the agents of Israel, made a covenant with the agent sand
duped their pursuers. She was not only an impromptu confederate of
immense value to the Jewish leaders of that far-distant day, but also
established a plot- pattern which is still of periodic relief to motion-
picture producers.

b. Delilah- She was an impromptu intelligence agent of the Philistines.

She allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges 16:9) and
used her feminity to gain intelligence from a powerful enemy. A
biblical personality who was able to gain information by using her
beauty and charm. She was responsible for the fall of Samson a
known Israelite leader who terrorized the Philistines

2. Sun Tzu- a Chinese- “Father of Intelligence” philosopher, in his book

“PING FA” (Art/Principles of War) - the earliest known textbook on the art of
general warfare- once said; “If you know your enemy and know yourself,
you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but
not your enemy, for every victory, you will suffer defeat. If you know
neither yourself nor your enemy, you are fool who will meet defeat in
every battle.”
Its lessons were applied by Mao- Tse-Tung during the long march and by
the Japanese prior to Pearl Harbor.
Sun Tzu believed that to wage war economically while defending the state
against other, it was necessary to employ a permanent espionage service
spying on neighbors and enemies.
Captured agents should be treated with benevolence, tempted with
bribes, led away and comfortably housed. He realized that if such mean could
be turned, they would be in position to report on their previous master
strengths and weaknesses.
Condemned spies were less fortunate; Unknown to them they were fed
completely false information by Sun Tzu’s agents, sent into enemy territory and
if necessary compromised. When they were captured and tortured, the
information that they were able to divulge was wholly incorrect, leading the
enemy to miscalculate his response. When the enemy learned of his mistake
the spy was put to death, but by then it was often too late.

3. Alexander “The Great”- a “Renowned Greek Conqueror” Under the

tutelage of Aristotle, Alexander the Great King of Macedonia, became the first
ruler to utilize intelligence as a weapon of government. He divided a simple but
highly effective system of covert ciphers.

34
 He introduced a primitive form of “Cabinet Noir” (Internal Monitoring)
when he instigated postal censorship into the army and investigated letters
and malcontents.

4. Sir Francis Walsingham of England- He was credited with creating the

first viable secret service in England. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from
countless assassins. “Regarded as the “First Great Spymaster.”

5. Mata Hari (1876-1917) - Ironically, Mata Hari is one of the best known
spies in history, yet she was one of the worst.
When World War I broke out, Mata Hari was in Berlin, where she had
recently befriended the Chief of police, who subsequently enlisted her into the
ranks of the German Secret Service. She carried on her life as before dancing
naked on the stage and dispensing her services liberally to those who could
afford her.

6. Frederick “the Great”

The “Father of Organized Military Espionage”.
 He divided his agents into for classes:
1. Common Spies- recruited among poor folk, glad to earn small sum or
to accommodate a military officer;
2. Double Spies- the low informers and unreliable renegades of value
chiefly in spreading false information to the enemy;
3. Spies of Consequence- courtiers and nobleman, staff officers and
kindred conspirators, invariably requiring a substantial bribe or bait;
4. Persons who are forced to undertake espionage against their will.

7.Hannibal- Known as one of the “Greatest Military Strategist. Hannibal’s

invasion of Italy, the most brilliant raid in history, gained him victories and
nearly bleed Rome to death, but the mere slaughter of Romans and a great
city’s despair would not have sustained him for fifteen years if he had not also
made powerful allies and developed an excellent intelligence system. He
usually roams around the city often disguise himself as a beggar to gather
firsthand information.

8. Karl Schulmeister, “Napoleon’s Eyes”- He was credited for establishing

counter intelligence conducted against spies. He was the master of deceit
who used black mail to obtain vital information pertaining to the personality of
the enemies of Napoleon during the 18th Century

10. Alfred Redl- One of the most brilliant intelligence agents, though he was a
homosexual. He rose to become chief of the Austro- Hungarian Secret Service,
or in other terms, director of their military intelligence system. For more than
half of his time as director of intelligence, Redl was acting as an intelligence
agent of Russia. “Homosexual Double Spy”

11. William “Wild Bill’’ Denovan- headed the Office of Strategic Service
(OSS), the immediate forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
A lawyer and millionaire Republican, Donovan enjoyed Roosevelt’s trust,
friendship and most crucial of all- direct access to the inner sanctums of the
White House

12. Edward I - An English monarch who started utilizing state informants

specially to determine seditious writing against the crown and identify

35
 of his enemies. Rewards are given to wards for every useful
information gathered.

What are the sample of Intelligence Units?

1. Federal Bureau of Investigation

First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the U.S. Department
of Justice and became what is known as the F.B.I. under its first director John
Edgar Hoover in 1924. On September 6, 1939 by a presidential directive, it
came to its responsibility the task of a domestic intelligence.

2. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency

Military intelligence agency of United States of America and engaged in
many undercover activities throughout the world. A predecessor of the Office of
Strategic Services (OSS), which was formed in 1942 and renamed CIA in 1947.
It was the Central Intelligence group established during the time of President
Truman.

3. KGB- Komitet Gusodarstevenoy Bezopasnosti-

Intelligence Agency of Russia. Literally means The Committee for State
Security established in 1917 and became known as KGB in 1954.

4. MOSSAD- (Mossad Merkazi Le- Modiin U- Letafridim M-eyudim)-“Central

Institute for Intelligence and Security”- Israel

5. SIS- Secret Intelligence Service- Great Britains intelligence agency and

also known by its wartime designation, “MI6”, equivalent to US’s CIA, in
charge with gathering information overseas and with other strategic services
ranging from foreign espionage to covert political intervention.

6. SDECE- (Secret de Documentation Exterieure et Contre- Espionage)-

France

7. SAD- (Social Affairs Department)- China

Note:
The counterpart of these intelligence organizations in the Philippines is the
National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) which is under the Office
of the National Security Adviser

Col. Rudolph Abel - (Russian) - was probably the highest ranking and most
successful spy whoever infiltrated the United States.

Mathew Cevetic- a famous undercover assignment of FBI infiltrated the

communist party.

What is Intelligence?

Definition of Intelligence:

Intelligence. A product created through the process of planning, directing,

collecting, collating, and analyzing data, for dissemination as usable
information that typically assesses events, locations of adversaries, to allow the
appropriate deployment of resources to reach a desired outcome.

36
In the Military parlance, it is the product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation of all available information
which concerns one or more aspect of foreign nations or are areas of operations
and which is immediately or potentially significant to planning.

In the Police parlance, it is the end-product resulting from the collection,

evaluation, analysis, integration, collation and interpretation of all available
information which concerns one or more aspects of criminal activity significant
to police planning operation.

What are the Principles of Intelligence?

a. The Principle of Objectivity/Objectiveness

Intelligence must be based on the decision-makers own plans and
intentions as much as on consideration of the intelligence targets. In
intelligence, only well guided will succeed.
b. The Principle of Interdependence (Mutually dependent)
Operation and intelligence planners work hand and hand to attain a
greater degree of success in their common effort. This goes also to logistics,
personnel, plans/programs, training and budget.
c. Principles of Continuity
It simply means that information, events, and reports must be
continuous and intelligence activities follow a simple continuous intelligence
cycle. Intelligence coverage must be continuing so that the shape of what
happened today could be studied in the light of what happened before, which
in turn would enable to predict the shape of things to come.
d. Principle of Communication
Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated to all the
decisions makers in a manner that they will understand and inform that will
permit its most effective use. Intelligence is useless if it remains in the minds,
or in the files of its collectors or its producers.
e. Principle of Selection
Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at hand.
f. Principle of Timeliness
Intelligence must be communicated or must be available on time to the
decision maker to permit its most effective use.
g. Principle of Usefulness (Use)
Intelligence must be adequate for the purpose for which it will be
utilized.

h. Principle of Flexibility
Intelligence must have the ability to change or be changed according to
circumstances. Hench, alternatives must be drawn.

i. Principle of Security
Security is achieved by measures which the intelligence takes to protect
and preserve the integrity of its organization personnel, method, sources,
information and results of its activities.
j. Principle of imagination and foresight
The operator and the agent must be given the leeway to use his
resourcefulness to obtain more than what is normally required.

37
What are the Concept and Classification of Intelligence?

1. Intelligence as a process- is an activity which treats, processed information

as a basis for departmental policy and decision- making.
2. Intelligence as an organization- It is an institution composed of persons
who pursue a social kind of knowledge for the purpose of planning the
collection of information, processing and dissemination of intelligence relating
to the area of interests.
3. Intelligence Community- is the conglomeration of all intelligence units and
agencies in a country composed of civilian, military and quasi-military
organization.

Who is an INTELLIGENCE PERSONNEL?

Agent- an undercover operative that detect, observe, infiltrate and gathered

information regarding a particular target.

Intelligence teams which is composed of specialized agents, translator teams

and photo interpreter team usually engaged in the following activities:

a. Interrogation of criminals and interview of civilians.

b. Translation of documents.
c. Interpretation of footage and photographs.

PHILPPINE INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS:

 Bureau of immigration and Deportation (intelligence Unit)

 Department of National Defense (intel. Division)
 Intelligence Security Group
 Intelligence Service of the Armed Formed (ISAF)
 J-2 Coordinating Staff
 Military Intelligence
 National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
 National Intelligence Coordinating Council (NICC)
 Philippine National Police (Intelligence Unit)

What are the Types of Police Intelligence?

1. Strategic Intelligence- Intelligence information which is primarily long-
range in nature with little or no immediate practical value.
2. Counter Intelligence- It deals with defending of the organization against it
criminal enemies (Defensive Effort)
3. Line Intelligence(combat)- The type of intelligence which is of an
immediate nature and necessary for more effective planning and operations.
(Offensive Effort)
4. Undercover work - It is an investigative process in which disguises and
pretext, cover and deception is utilized

What are the Forms of Police Intelligence?

1. Overt- When the information or documents are procured openly without
regard as to whether the subject of investigation becomes knowledgeable of
the purpose or purposes for which it is being gathered.

38
2. Covert- When the information is obtained without the knowledge of the
person against whom the information or documents may be used.
3. Semi Overt/ Covert- When the information is obtained from open sources
but the person against whom the said information will be used do not have
any knowledge about it.

What is Military Intelligence? (Additional information only)

Military Intelligence- It is an evaluated and interpreted information

concerning an actual or possible enemy or treat operations including Weather
and Terrain, together with the conclusions withdrawn there from.
What are the Types of Military Intelligence?
1. Strategic Intelligence- is a type of intelligence which pertains to the
capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable course of action of foreign nations.

What are the Components of Strategic Intelligence?

a. Political Intelligence- deals with the domestic and foreign relationships
of government operation.
b. Economic Intelligence- deals with the extent and utilization of natural
and human resources to the industrial potential nation.
c. Transportation and Communication Intelligence- concerned with
operation and facilities not only the military but also the civilians.
d. Sociological Intelligence- deals with the demographic and
psychological aspect of groups of people.
e. Biographical Intelligence- deals with the individual personalities
having actual possession of power. (Scientist)
f. Armed force Intelligence- deals with the Armed Forces of the nation.
g. Geographical Intelligence- deals with the natural as well as man-made
features of physical environment of man considered from the point of
view of military operation.
h. Scientific Intelligence- deals with the progress of research and
development as it affects the economic and military potential of a nation.

2. Combat Intelligence- is a type of intelligence that pertains to the

knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain (PWET) used in planning
and conducting tactical and administrative operation in a counter
insurgency. It provides the commander with information and conclusions
concerning the area of operations, enemy capabilities and vulnerabilities in
order to determine their probable effect on his course of action. Combat
intelligence is required by the commander in order to determine the best use
of his available firepower and maneuver forces, to accomplish his mission,
and to maintain the security of his command.

What is the intelligence information to be determined?

a. People (living conditions, sources of income, education of the people,
livelihood, extent of enemy influence)
b. Weather (Visibility, Cloudy, temperature, rain, wind)
c. Enemy (location, strength, tactical capability, enemy vulnerability)
d. Terrain (relief and drainage system, obstacle, critical terrain features,
observation and fields of fire)

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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE
INTELLIGENCE?
1. Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT) - production of intelligence
essential to the prevention of crime and the investigation, arrest and
prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence (INSIT) - knowledge essential to the
maintenance of peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence (PUSINT) - knowledge essential to
ensuring the protection of lives and properties.

INFORMATION AND ITS SOURCES

Information – All raw data or evaluated materials of every description derived

from observation, communication, reports, rumors, imagination and other
sources from which intelligence is produced.
Intelligence Information – All evaluated information of every description
including those derived from observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and other
source from which intelligence is produced.
Source – Where the information is obtained.

WHAT are the GENERAL CLASSIFICATION of SOURCES of

INFORMATION?
1. OPEN SOURCES
 The information may be obtained from news files, libraries,
magazines, books, or non- classified files in certain public or
private offices. 99% of the information collected is coming from
open sources. This can be from: Enemy activity; POW;
Civilians; Captured Documents; Map; Weather forecast;
Studies; researches; reports; etc.; Agencies; Informants and
informers.

2. CLOSE SOURCES
 They can be located inside a building, safe or vaults. 1% of all
information is from close sources. This can be from:
Surveillance; Casing; Elicitation; Surreptitious entry;
Employment of technical means (bugging and tapping);
Tactical interrogation; Observation and description.

Bugging- it is the placement of a hidden microphone to the target to collect to

telephone conversation.
Wiretapping- a method of collecting information through interception of
telephone conversation.

Persons as source of Information:

1. Information Net – Controlled group of people who worked through the
direction of the agent handler. The informant’s principal or cutouts supply
the agent handler directly or indirectly with intelligence information.
2. Informant – refers to a person who gives information to the police
voluntarily or involuntarily without any consideration.
3. Informer – Those who gives information to the police for price or reward.

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What are the PHASES OF THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE?

PHASE 1 – DIRECTING COLLECTION EFFORT

 In this phase, the Intel Staff Officer or Unit commander
determines the required or important information relevant to
mission. Then these requirements will be distributed to the
different collection agencies by direction or by request.
A. Determination of requirements:
a. Enemy capabilities including time, place, strength or other details.
b. Enemy vulnerabilities including the nature, extent permanence or
other details.
c. Enemy order of battle
d. Terrain including natural and artificial obstacle and weather
e. Information desired by higher, lower or adjacent headquarters.
B. Determination of the essential elements of information (EEI)
EEI
 An item of intelligence or information of the characteristics of the area of
operations and the enemy, which the commander feels needed before he
can reasonably arrive at a decision.
 These are evaluation based on the existing situation, current domestic
and foreign situations, national objectives, etc. In here, there is no set
formula but judgment and experience are necessary.
3. Establishment of priorities (P.I.R’s)
 This is necessary to decide which items of information are more
important – a system of priority is needed; critical importance and lesser
importance; EEI – highest priority intelligence requirements essential to
planning.

PHASE 2 – COLLECTING THEINFORMATION

 In this phase, the collecting agency determines what specific information
is to be collected, by whom and from whom. After the collecting activity is
carried out, the collected information is then submitted for processing.

PHASE 3 – PROCESSING THE COLLECTED INFORMATION

A. Recording
 The reduction of information into writing or some other form of
geographical representation and the arranging of this information into
groups of related items.
B. Evaluation
 The determination of the pertinence of the information to the Operation
reliability of the source or of the agency the accuracy of the information;
or examination of raw information to determine intelligence value.

Evaluation to Determine:
a. Pertinence (usefulness) - Does it hold some value to current operation?
Is it needed?
b. Reliability (dependable) -Judging the source of information
c. Credibility (truth of information)
 Is it possible for the reported fact or event to have taken
place? Is the report is consistent within itself? Is the report is
confirmed or corroborated by information from different
sources or agencies? If the report does not agree with

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 information from other sources, which one is more likely to be
true?

EVALUATION GUIDE

RELIABILITY ACCURACY OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION

OF INFORMATION
IFORMATION
A– Completely 1–Confirmed T– Direct observation by the
reliable by other commander and chief of a unit
B– Usually sources U– Reports by penetration agent or
reliable 2– Probably resident agent
C– Fairly true V–Report by PNP/AFP troops involved
reliable in encounter
D– Not usually 3–Possibly true W– Interrogation of captured enemy
reliable 4–Doubtfully agent/foreigner
E–Unreliable true X–Observation of government and
F--Reliability 5 –Improbable civilian employee or official
cannot be 6–Truth cannot Y– Observation by a member of the
judged be judged populace
Z - Documentary
(CUFNUR)
(CProPDIT)

C. Interpretation
 It is establishing the meaning and significance of information. It involves
the following:

1. Analysis - The determination of significance of information relative to the

information and intelligence already known and drawing deductions about
probable meaning of the evaluated information. It is done by shifting and
isolating those elements that have significance in light of the mission or
national objective.
2. Integration - It is combination of the elements stated in assessment with
other known information or intelligence to form a logical feature or
hypothesis for enemy activities or the information of the operational area
and characteristics of the omission of the command.
3. Deduction - The formulation of conclusions from the theory developed,
tested and considered valid; determination of effort and meaning of the
information.

PHASE 4 – DISSEMINATION AND USE

 Final phase of the cycle. Processed information is disseminated to the
agency, unit or command to effect or implement the mission.
Dissemination is through:

Criteria of Dissemination:

1. Timeliness - must reach the users in time to be of value

2. Propriety - The message must be clear, concise and complete, as well as in
the proper form for the receiver to readily understand its contents. It must be
disseminated to the correct user, presented in a form that leads itself to

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immediate use and distributed by the most effective means appropriate to the
both time and security requirements.

INTELLIGENCE OPERATION
 It is the result of intelligence planning. Planning is always ahead of
operation although an operation can be made without a plan. It is
usually due to sudden and inevitable situations but definitely, this is
poor intelligence management.
Infiltration - the insertion of action agent inside the target
organization
Penetration- recruitment of action agent inside the target
organization

METHODS OF COVERT OPERATION

Elicitation
 It is a system or plan whereby information of intelligence value is
obtained through the process of direct communication where one or
more of the parties to the communication is /are unaware of the specific
purpose of the conversation.
Two devices in the conduct of Elicitation:
1. Approach- the process of setting people to start talking.
2. Probe- the process to keep the person talking incessantly.

Types of Approach:
1. Flattery- people are susceptible to praise
Variants:
a. Teacher- Pupil approach- the subject is treated as an authority. We
request him/her to enlighten us and we solicit his viewpoint and
opinions. The collector builds the theme that he is an ignorant
student who wants to learn from the all knowing teacher, in
b. Kindred Soul approach-The subject has been place in a pedestal
having some specialized quality and you flatter him/ her by showing
enough concern for his/ her welfare to pay special attention to his
enjoyment. The collector attempts to build on professional
brotherhood and understanding of what the source of information is
going through and sharing the source’s frustrations.
c. Good Samaritan approach- is sincere and valid offers of help and
assistance are made to the subject.
d. Idol- The collector builds them based on his/her deep admiration of
he source of information and express curiosity on how one could
achieve such greatness.

2. Provocative approach-discover a wide range of conversational gambits.

Variants:
a. Teaser Bait Approach- the collector will direct the conversation and
to a certain topic and throw out a provocative statement that may be
incorrect, which will in effect force the source to correct the collector.
b. Man from Missouri Approach- The collector will disbelieve what the
source is saying to a point where the source is force or prove the
accuracy of his words through additional information. The elicitor
adopts unbelievable attitudes above anything. He questions all
statements and oppositions.

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 c. Joe Blow Approach (Know it all) –The collector will become arrogant
and project a message that he/she knows it all. Eventually, the
source of information starts to show the intelligence collector, how
much he doesn’t know by divulging additional information, generally
prefaced by “Well if you know everything, did you know……?
d. National Pride Approach- nature propensity of all people to defend
their country and its policies. The collector will tie the required
information to national pride in an attempt to get the source to
confirm, deny or elaborate on information.
e. Partial- Disagreement approach- seek to produce talking by the
word “I’m sure if I fully agree”.

What is Casing?
 Literally means putting a thing, or place in a case. As used in intelligence
operation – the continuous monitoring of a place or area at a given period
of time.
 In intelligence operation, it is reconnaissance or surveillance of a
building, place or area to determine its suitability for intelligence use or
its vulnerability in operations.

What are the Information desired in Casing ?

1. Area Condition and Habits
a. Detailed sketch and photograph of the area.
b. Customs, habits, language and dress in order to be able to blend with
the community.
c. Transportation facilities, the fare, station, in order not to ask questions.
d. Knowledge of establishments determine what are desirable, if are free
from raids anytime to avoid compromise.
e. You must know what kind of people residing in the neighborhood so that
agent will know what appropriate actions he takes.
f. Restrictions
g. Description of the subject

2. Active Opposition (capabilities, People they employ, intentions, fear,

vulnerabilities)
3. Escape and Evasions- In case of compromise, the agent must get out
entirely from the target.
Stages of Casing:
1. Area familiarization
2. Actual inspection of the area
3. Re-casing

What is Surveillance?
It is a process or act of keeping person, premises or vehicles under
observation in order to acquire detailed information concerning the activities,
identities and contact of the subject. It is concerned primarily with persons. It
involves many varied techniques and skills including preparation, foot
surveillance, automobile surveillance, stationary of fixed surveillance, and
reconnaissance. Also, tailing, shadowing, trailing or keeping the subject under
observation.

An objective of Surveillance is to disclose or divulge the existence of illegal

criminal activities and to reveal the identities of those engaged in such
activities.

TERMS USED (Please Memorize):

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  Pre-surveillance Conference - A conference held among the team members,
police intelligence unit before a surveillance is conducted.
 Stake out - The observation of places or areas from a fixed-out point.
 Tailing or Shadowing - It is the observation of a person’s movement.
 Undercover Man - A person trained to observe and penetrate certain
organization suspected of illegal activities and the later reports the observation
and information so that proper operational action can be made.
 Liaison Program - This is the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to
other agencies I obtain information of police intelligence value.
 Safe House - It is place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where
police undercover men meet his action agent for debriefing or reporting
purposes.
 Drop - It is a convenient, secure, and unsuspecting place where a police,
undercover man, informer, or informant by a pre-arrangement leaves a note, a
small package, an envelope to item for the action agent, supervisor or another
agent.
 Convoy - An accomplice or associate of the subject.
 Decoy - Any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or elude
surveillance.
 Contact - Any person or subject picks or deals with while he is under
surveillance.
 Made (burn out) -When subject under surveillance becomes aware that he is
under observation and identifies the observer
 Lost - When the surveillants do not know the where about of their subject or
the subject had eluded the surveillants.
 Rabbit (hare) - Term referring to the subject of shadowing and tailing.
 Test for tailing - The common trick of the subject (rabbit) when he becomes
conscious that he is being tailed. The rabbit usually boards a public conveyance
then jumping off the vehicle then he looks about quickly to determine if any
another person jumps off also.
 Finger man- an individual who can positively point the subject.
 Put the finger on- to identify the subject by pointing him out in person or in
photograph.
 Put to bed- when the subject under surveillance returns to quarter and
apparently retire for the night.

What are the Classification of Surveillance according to intensity?

1. Discreet- one in which every effort is made to ensure that the subject is
unaware that he is under observation/surveillance.
2. Close Surveillance- one in which maintaining constant observation of the
subject is the objective regardless of whether or not he becomes aware of the
surveillant.
3. Loose- one in which may be applied frequently or infrequently with the
period of observation varied of each occasion.

What are the Classification according to method?

1. Fixed or Stationary method (Stake out/ Plant) Observation of place
usually a bookie stall, gambling joint, or a residence where illegal activities
are committed (fixed point position).
2. Moving Surveillance - Surveillants follow the subject from place to place to
maintain continuous watch/ observation of his/ her activities.

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3. Technical and Audio- visual surveillance Uses communication and
electronic hardware’s, gadgets, systems and equipments. Ex: taps and bugs

What are the kinds of surveillance?

a. Stake Out or Surveillance of Places
b. Tailing or shadowing
c. Undercover investigation or “Roping”

What are the Classification of Clandestine Agent?

1. PRINCIPAL AGENT is a managerial agent and in most cases the leader

of the agent network..
2. ACTION AGENT- is the doer of the clandestine task and further
classified according to the task that he was assigned. (e.g. Espionage,
Saboteur, Strongman, Propagandist, Provacateur)
3. SUPPORT AGENT - an agent who engages in activities which support
the clandestine operation. This agent performs all types of auxiliary
services at the direction of the case or project officer.

What is Cover and Undercover/Roping?

Undercover/ Roping Operation- an intelligence/ investigation technique in

which the investigator conceals his true identity and adopts an assumed role to
accomplish an intelligence/ investigation mission.

COVER - Any device by person, organization to insure that one who does not
have the right to know must be aware of the real purpose of the mission. Or it
is a means by which an individual group or organization conceals the true
nature of its acts and or existence from the observer.

COVER STORY - A biographical data through fictional, which will portray the
personality of the agent he assumed: any scenario to cover up the operation.

COVER SUPPORT - An agent assigned in target areas with the primary

mission of supporting the cover story.

What are the Essential Types of Cover?

1. Natural cover - using actual or true background
2. Artificial - using biographical data adopted for the purpose
3. Cover within a Cover -Justification of existence.
4. Multiple cover - Any cover you wish.

ORGANIZATIONAL COVER
 Any abound consisting of biographical data which when adopted by
an individual will assume the personality he wants to adopt.

UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT
 It is an investigation technique in which an agent conceals his official
identity to obtain information from that organization.

What are the Types of Undercover Assignment?

a. Dwelling Assignment-to reside in or near the dwelling of target to

maintain constant contact with the home life of the subject.

46
 b. Work Assignment- getting employed where the investigator can observe
the activities of the subject at his place of work.
c. Social Assignment- frequent places of entertainment and amusement
habitually being visited by the target.
d. Personal Contact Assignment- the investigator is required to develop
the friendship and trust of the target.
e. Multiple Assignment – the investigator is tasked to cover two or more of
the above specific assignments simultaneously; it can produce extensive
information with minimum expenses but more prone to compromise.
f. Rope job - striking up friendship with the subject.

SECURITY SURVEY VS SECURITY INSPECTION

1. SECURITY SURVEY
 A counterintelligence service conducted in order to assist the chiefs
of office in determining the security measures required to protect
key installations from possible sabotage, espionage, subversion
and unauthorized disclosure of or access to- classified defense
information or materials.

2. SECURITY INSPECTION
 A counterintelligence service conducted in order to determine
degree of compliance with established security policies and
procedures.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Security
 It is the protection of classified information, materials and
equipment from disclosure to unauthorized person.

2. Document Security
 The placements of security classification, handling and use of
classified information.

3. Classified Information
 This includes all information concerning document cryptographic
devices, development project and materials following on the
categories of Top Secret Confidential or Restricted.

4. Classified Matter
 Any information in materials in any form or any nature, the
safeguarding of which is necessary in their interest of Natural
Security and which is classified of such purpose by
the responsible classification authority.

5. Classify
 This refers to the assigning of information or material, one of the
four security categories after determination been made that the
information requires the security protection as provided.

6. Declassify
 The act of removing the security classification from classified
information or matter.

7. Reclassifying or Regarding

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  Refers to the act of changing the assigned classification of the
classified information or matter.

8. Upgrading
 Refers to the act of assigning the information or matter to the
higher classification than that previously assigned to it.

9. Certification of Destruction
 It is a certification by a witnessing officer that the classified
matters described therein has been disposed of in his presence in
approved destruction methods.

10. Need to Know

 It is the dissemination of classified information or matter to be
limited strictly to those person whose duties requires knowledge
or possession thereof; it is the principle whereby access to
classified mater may only be given to those persons to whom it is
necessary for the fulfillment of their duties.

11. Security Clearance

 It is the certification by a responsible authority that the person
described is cleared for access to classified matter in the
appropriate level.

12. Unauthorized
 Refers to person not authorized to have access on classified
matters.

13. Compromise
 Takes place through the loss of security, which results from
unauthorized persons, obtained knowledge of classified matters.

What are the FOUR CLASSIFIED MATTERS?

1. Top Secret (Green Color code)

Any information and materials, the authorized disclosure of it would cause
exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically, economically or
militarily.

Authority to Classify Top Secret Matters:

a. Secretary of National Defense
b. Chief of Staff and its equivalent to the PNP.
c. Major services commanders.
d. Area and Unified Commands of the PA, PNP, and its equivalent to the
PAF and PN.
2. Secret (Red Color Code)
Any information and materials, the unauthorized disclosure of which
endanger National Security, causes serious injury to the interest and
prestige of the nation or of any government activity or of great advantage to
foreign nation.

Authority of Classify Secret Materials:

a. Commanders of Infantry Battalion
b. Person enumerated under Top Secret

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 c. Special and Personnel staff of GHQ
d. General and Special staff of Major Service areas and unit
commanders
e. Superintendent of the PMA and PNPA
f. Commanders of post, depots, station of separate units
g. Chief of Military mission or group
h. Armed Forces Attaches
i. Commandants of service Schools

3. Confidential (Blue Color Code)

Any information and material the unauthorized disclosure of which would
be prejudicial to the interests and prestige to the national or governmental
activity or would cause administrative embarrassment or unwanted injury
to and or would be of advantage to foreign nations.

4. Restricted (White or No Color Code)

Any information and material which requires special protection other than
those determined to be confidential, secret, and top secret. Yet prior to
release require clearance with the records custodian.

Deuteronomy 31:6

Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the
LORD your God, he it is that does go with you; he will not fail you, nor
forsake you.

-END OF MODULE-

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