VERBS PRESENT ＋ PRESENT ― PAST ＋ PAST ―

POLITE; LONG FORM ~MASU ~MASEN ~MASHITA ~MASENDESHITA

Change last kana Change last kana Change last kana Change last kana
I. U-VERBS (U)
to I line + MASU to I line + MASEN to I line + MASHITA to I line + MASENDESITA
Remove RU Remove RU Remove RU Remove RU
II. RU-VERBS (ERU/IRU)
+ MASU + MASEN + MASENDESHITA + MASENDESHITA
III. IRREGULAR (SURU/KURU) SHIMASU/KIMASU SHIMASEN/KIMASEN SHIMASHITA/KIMASHITA SHIMASENDESHITA/KIMASENDESHITA
CASUAL; SHORT FORM ~Dictionary form ~NAI ~TA ~NAKATTA

(1) Retain the consonant and U/TSU/RU→TTA (1) Take the present negative, and
Dictionary form change the vowel U to A+NAI MU/BU/NU→NDA replace NAI with NAKATTA
I. U-VERBS (U) (2) Verbs ending in U; KU→ITA (2) Verbs ending in U;
Change U to WA+NAI GU→IDA Change U to WA+NAKATTA
(3) *ARU = NAI *IRU = INAI SU→SHITA (3) *ARU = NAKATTA *IRU = INAKATTA
ARU/IRU
II. RU-VERBS (ERU/IRU) Dictionary form Remove RU+NAI Remove RU+TA Remove RU+NAKATTA
SHITA/KITA SHINAKATTA/KONAKATTA
III. IRREGULAR VERBS SURU/KURU SHINAI/KONAI
*IKU = ITTA *IKU = IKANAKATTA
~STEM FORM に ~TE FORM + IMASU (IRU-Casual) (~ING)
(V1TE, V2TE, V3MASU) ~TE ITE (When verb is within the
~TE FORM (~TE KUDASAI) ~NAI DE KUDASAI
+IKIMASU/KIMASU/
(LINKING 2/MORE VERBS IN 1 KAERIMASU sentence)
(~TE WA IKEMASEN/KA) (Opposite of TE KUDASAI)
SENTENCE) (~TE MO II DESU/KA) (~ING), (State that happened in the past),
(Verb1 に Directional V) (One’s job)
U/TSU/RU→TTE (1) Retain the consonant and Polite present + form then TORU (TOTTE IMASU)-TOTTE IRU
MU/BU/NU→NDE change the vowel U to A+NAI DE remove MASU YOMU (YONDE IMASU)-YONDE IRU
I. U-VERBS (U) KU→ITE (2) Verbs ending in U; KAU-KAIMASU→KAI HAKU (HAITE IMASU)-HAITE IRU
GU→IDE Change U to WA+NAI DE AU-AIMASU→AI ISOGU (ISOIDE IMASU)-ISOIDE IRU
SU→SHITE (3) *ARU = NAI *IRU = INAI DE TORU-TORIMASU→TORI HANASU (HANASHITE IMASU)-ISOIDE IRU
II. RU-VERBS (ERU/IRU) RU→TE Remove RU+NAI DE TABEMASU→TABE (TABETE IMASU)-TABETE IRU
SURU→SHITE BENKYOUSHITE(SURU) IMASU-IRU
III. IRREGULAR (SURU/KURU) SHINAI DE/KONAI DE SU→SHI, KU→KI
MOTTEKITE(KURU) IMASU-IRU
KURU→KITE
 PRESENT ＋ PRESENT ― PAST ＋ PAST ―
(is/are) (is/are not) (was/were) (was not/were not)
ADJECTIVES
~DESU ~KUNAI/JANAI DESU ~KATTA DESU/~DESHITA ~KUNAKATTA/JANAKATTA DESU
POLITE; LONG FORM
(Plain form) (Remove I) (Remove I) (Remove I)
I-ADJECTIVES
+ DESU + KUNAI DESU + KATTA DESU + KUNA KATTA DESU
II (Remove ii) + YO (Remove ii) + YO (Remove ii) +
II-ADJECTIVES
DESU KUNAI DESU KATTA DESU YOKUNAKATTA DESU
(Remove NA) (Remove NA) (Remove NA) (Remove NA)
NA-ADJECTIVES
+ DESU + JANAI DESU + DESHITA + JANAKATTA DESU

ADJECTIVES ~KUNAKATTA/~YOKUNAKATTA/
~PLAIN/~PLAIN/~DA ~KUNAI/~YOKUNAI/~JANAI ~KATTA/~YOKATTA/~DATTA
CASUAL; SHORT FORM ~JANAKATTA
(is) (is not) (was)
(Without DESU) (was not)

(Plain form) Remove I + KUNAI Remove I + KATTA (Remove I) + KUNA KATTA

I-ADJECTIVES
KAWAII KAWAI KUNAI KAWAI KATTA KAWAI KUNA KATTA
(Plain form) Change II to YO + KUNAI (Remove ii) + YOKATTA (Remove ii) +
II-ADJECTIVES
KAKKOII KAKKOYOKUNAI KAKKOYOKATTA YOKUNAKATTA
Plain form (w/o NA) + DA Remove NA + JANAI Remove NA + DATTA (Remove NA) + JANAKATTA
NA-ADJECTIVES
SHIZUKA DA SHIZUKA JANAI SHIZUKA DATTA SHIZUKA JANAKATTA
NOUNS Plain form + DA Plain form + JANAI Plain form + DATTA Plain form + JANAKATTA
CASUAL; SHORT FORM SENSEI DA SENSEI JANAI SENSEI DATTA SENSEI JANAKATTA
Plain ADJ form+ N + DA Plain ADJ form+ N + JANAI
Combined;
KAKKOII SENSEI DA KAKKOII SENSEI JANAI
Adjective + Noun
GENKINA GAKUSEI DA GENKINA GAKUSEI JANAI
LINKING 2/MORE ADJECTIVES IN 1 SENTENCE
I-ADJECTIVES Remove I → + KUTE Last sentence with
adjective/verb/noun should end
II-ADJECTIVES Remove II → + YOKUTE in plain form {casual or polite
NA-ADJECTIVES Remove NA → + DE form} /+ (です/だよ)
 Affirmative Negative
VERBS Rule Tense MASU~MASHITA MASEN~MASENDESHITA
D.F~TA/DA NAI~NAKATTA
Change last kana to Present NOMIMASU NOMIMASEN
い line + ~ POLITE
Past NOMIMASHITA NOMIMASENDESHITA
Present NOMU NOMANAI
NONDA NOMANAKATTA
I. U-VERBS Past
IKU-ITTA IKU-IKANAKATTA
(U)
CASUAL ~TA ~NAI ~NAKATTA
U/TSU/RU-TTA 1) Change the vowel U to A+~
MU/BU/NU-NDA (2) Verbs ending in U only;
KU-ITA, GU-IDA Change U to WA+~
SU-SHITA *ARU = NAI
Present TABEMASU TABEMASEN
Remove る + ~ POLITE
II. RU-VERBS Past TABEMASHITA TABEMASENDESHITA
(ERU/IRU) Present TABERU TABENAI
Remove RU + ~TA,
NAI, NAKATTA CASUAL
Past TABETA TABENAKATTA
SHIMASU SHIMASEN
Present
KIMASU KIMASEN
POLITE
SHIMASHITA SHIMASENDESHITA
Past
III. IRREGULAR KIMASHITA KIMASENDESHITA
Combined 1&2
(SURU & KURU) SURU SHINAI
Present
KURU KONAI
CASUAL
SHITA SHINAKATTA
Past
KITA KONAKATTA
ADJECTIVES Rule Tense Affirmative Negative

Remove I Present TAKAI DESU TAKA KUNAI DESU

+ DESU POLITE
Past TAKA KATTA DESU TAKA KUNA KATTA DESU
I-ADJ
Present TAKAI TAKA KUNAI
Remove DESU CASUAL
Past TAKA KATTA TAKA KUNA KATTA
Present KAKKOII DESU KAKKO YOKUNAI DESU
Replace II with YO POLITE
Past KAKKO YOKATTA DESU KAKKO YOKUNAKATTA DESU
II-ADJECTIVES
Present KAKKOII KAKKO YOKUNAI
Remove DESU CASUAL
Past KAKKO YOKATTA KAKKO YOKUNAKATTA

Remove NA Present GENKI DESU GENKI JANAI DESU

+ DESU POLITE
NA-ADJECTIVES Past GENKI DESHITA GENKI JANAKATTA DESU
& NOUNS Present GENKI DA GENKI JANAI
Remove DESU CASUAL
Past GENKI DATTA GENKI JANAKATTA
 U/TSU/RU → TTE ~V1TE, V2TE, V3MASU
MU/BU/NU → NDE Several actions,
I. U-VERBS KU → ITE sequential…
GU → IDE
SU → SHITE ~TE KUDASAI
Please do…

II. RU-VERBS RU → TE ~TE WA IKEMASEN/KA?

~TE FORM of VERBS Must not do…

~TE MO II DESU/KA?
Giving and asking
SURU → SHITE permission…
III. IRREGULAR
KURU → KITE
+ MADA ~TE IMASEN…
Not yet done the verb…

I ADJECTIVES Remove I → + KUTE ~TE FORM of ADJ;

For joining sentences
II ADJECTIVES Remove II → + YOKUTE
Last sentence with
adjective/verb/noun
NA ADJECTIVES
Remove NA → + DE should end in D.F
& NOUNS
MASU/DESU/DA.
YOMU (YONDE IMASU/IRU)
HAKU (HAITE IMASU/IRU)
I. U-VERBS ~TE + IMASU (Polite) ~OngoING action
ISOGU (ISOIDE IMASU/IRU)
~TE + IRU (Casual) ~Habitual action
HANASU (HANASHITE IMASU/IRU)
~TE + ITE (2/more) ~State of a thing/person
II. RU-VERBS TABETE IMASU/IRU
(For joining sentences) ~One’s occupation
BENKYOUSHITE IMASU/IRU
III. IRREGULAR
MOTTEKITE IMASU/IRU
Polite present + form then Purposive Movement
remove MASU & STEM FORM
I. U-VERBS KAU-KAIMASU→KAI
AU-AIMASU→AI ~STEM FORM に+ When there are 1 verb,
TORU-TORIMASU→TORI IKIMASU - KIMASU - and 1 directional verb in a
KAERIMASU sentence.
II. RU-VERBS TABEMASU→TABE
(Polite)
IKU - KURU - KAERU
III. IRREGULAR SHIMASU→SHI, KIMASU→KI (Casual)
(1) Retain the consonant and change
the vowel U to A line + NAI DE
I. U-VERBS (2) Verbs ending in U; ~NAI DE KUDASAI
Change U to WA + NAI DE (Opposite of TE Please do not do…
(3) *ARU = NAI *IRU = INAI DE KUDASAI)
II. RU-VERBS Remove RU + NAI DE
III. IRREGULAR SHINAI DE / KONAI DE
CASUAL Affirmative Negative
D.F NAI ~TO OMOIMASU
VERBS
TA/DA NAKATTA I think that… You must use the casual
D.F YO/KUNAI form of the verb,
I & II ADJ.
YO/KATTA YO/KUNAKATTA ~TO ITTE IMASHITA adjectives, and nouns…
NA ADJ. & DA JANAI Someone said…
NOUNS DATTA JANAKATTA

Comparison between two items…
When asking questions…
LESSON 10
Comparison between three items…
X is not as ___ as Y…
Comparison particle ~HODO
#1. A NOHOUGA B YORI (Adjective) DESU.
#2. B YORI A NOHOUGA (Adjective) DESU.
Q: A to B to DOCHIRA/DOCCHI NOHOUGA
(Adjective) DESUKA?
A: … TO OMOIMASU.
Q: [Class of items / A to B to C] NONAKADE (Dare
/ Doko / Dore / Nani) ga ICHIBAN (Adjective)
DESUKA?
A: ____ ga ICHIBAN (Adjective) TO OMOIMASU…
B ha A HODO (Negative form of Adj.)
~KUNAI/JANAI DESU.
 に・へ に P/P に が Place に Place に
NI/E NI Thing を GA Thing が Person が

IKU NORU KAKU WAKARU ARU IRU

KURU SUWARU KAESU IRU (To need) (A person is at)
*KAERU HAIRU OSHIERU OWARU
DENWA O KAKERU KARIRU HAJIMARU
SUMU MORAU
TOMARU
NOBORU
KYOUMI GA ARU
TSUTOMERU
DERU (To appear)
DENWA SURU

Person に と
Person に Place に を・で・に Person を
Person を TO
AU RYUUGAKU SURU HANASU SHOUKAI SURU MATSU WAKAKERU
KIKU (To ask) KEKKON SURU
VERBS TO REMEMBER…
U KAERU To return; to go back KAERANAI
U IRU To need IRANAI
U HAIRU To enter HAIRANAI
U-VERBS
U SHIRU To get to know SHIRANAI
U KIRU To cut KIRANAI
U ARU There is… NAI NAKATTA
IRREGULAR I KURU To come KONAI
RU KIRU To put on clothes above your waist KINAI
RU-VERBS
RU IRU A person stays in… INAI INAKATTA
KIKU To ask
U
KIKU To listen
U KIRU To cut
RU KIRU To put on clothes above your waist
Same spelling
U IRU To need
RU IRU A person is in… ITE
KAU To buy
U
KAU To own a pet
TE FORM TA FORM
U IU To say ITTE 言って ITTA
U IKU To go ITTE 行って ITTA
U IRU To need ITTE 要って ITTA
Same TE & TA
KAU To buy KATTE 買って KATTA
form U
KAU To own a pet KATTE 飼って KATTA
U AU To meet; to see a person ATTE 会って ATTA
U ARU There is… ATTE ATTA
I KURU To come KITE 来て KITA
Different RU KIRU To put on clothes above your waist KITE 着て KITA
intonations U KIRU To cut KITTE 切って KITTA
U KIKU To listen/To ask KIITE 聞いて KIITA