i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Information Technology
i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Information Technology

PREPARED BY: JULIE MAE H. ONDAC, LPT

i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Vision 1

Mission 1

Goals 1

Core Values 1

Module 1: Information Technology 2

Module Overview 3

Module Learning Outcomes 3

Module Objectives 3

Module Outline 4

Lesson 1: Introduction to Information Technology 5

Concept of Information Technology 7

Components of Information System 8
Advantages and Disadvantages of IT 9

Lesson 2: Software, Hardware, Data 12

Types of Software 14
Types of computer hardware 15
Components of Data 16

Lesson 3: Connectivity, The Wireless Revolution, The Internet and

Communication 19

Connectivity 21
Importance of Connectivity 21
Wireless Revolution 22
Communication system 22
Basic elements of communication system 22
Communication channels 23
i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Module 2: Information Technology 27

Module Overview 28

Module Learning Outcomes 28

Module Objectives 28

Module Outline 29

Lesson 1: The System Unit 30

Components of the system unit 32

Functions of each components 34

Lesson 2: Memory and Storage 36

Concept of memory and storage 38

Primary memory 39
Secondary memory 42
i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Vision

By 2029, envisions being recognized as a leading academic institution in PPALMA that provides
learners with the knowledge, skills, and practical experience they need to thrive in a rapidly
changing global environment.
Mission
We are committed to providing a personalized, student-centered education that promotes critical
thinking, creativity, and innovation and prepares our students to succeed in the twenty-first century
workforce. We aim to develop well-rounded individuals capable of positively impacting the community
through a rigorous academic program, a commitment to experiential learning, and a focus on character
development. We strive to create an inclusive learning environment where all I-LINK community members
are valued and challenged to reach their full potential while promoting well-being through a culture of
continuous learning, innovation, and collaboration to meet the changing needs of learners and the
community.
Our mission is to provide a transformative educational experience that inspires learners to live lives of
meaning, purpose, and excellence.

Goals
1. Achieve academic excellence
2. Foster innovation and creativity
3. Promote inclusivity and diversity
4. Develop well-rounded individuals
5. Increase research output and impact
6. Enhance community engagement and extension services
7. Promote the well-being of all i-LINK Community Member
i-LINK CST Core Values
Discipline
Integrity
Knowledge
Innovativeness
Nationalism
Loyalty
Perseverance
Educational Philosophy

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MODULE 1

Module Overview

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This module presents an overview of an information system: people,

procedure, software, hardware and data. It is essential to understand
these basic parts and how connectivity through the internet and the
web expands the role of information technology in our lives. Later, we
will describe these parts of an information system in detail.

Module Learning Outcomes

On completion of these module, the students should have detailed
knowledge and understanding of information technology. A critical
appreciation of the role of IT deployed in the business. Confidence in
their ability to use in their essential business software. The ability to
develop effective business presentations. Knowledge of the resource
of internet.

Module objectives:
At the end of this module, students are able to:
1. Discuss information technology;
2. Determine software, hardware, and data; and
3. Manipulates different technology.

Module outline

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Module 1: Information Technology

Lesson 1: Introduction to Information Technology

 Concept of Information Technology
 Components of Information System
 Advantages and Disadvantages of IT

Lesson 2: Software, Hardware, Data

 Types of Software
 Types of computer hardware
 Components of Data
Lesson 3: Connectivity, The Wireless Revolution, The Internet and
Communication
 Connectivity
 Importance of Connectivity
 Wireless Revolution
 Communication system
 Basic elements of communication system
 Communication channels

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Lesson 1
Introduction to Information Technology

Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students are able to:

 Define information technology;

 Determine concept of information technology and components of
information system.

Engage 1.1:

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Directions: arrange the jumbled letters below.

PUCOMTERS ______________
AGESTOR ______________
WORNETKING ______________

Explore 1.1:
Directions: Explain the importance of technology in our daily lives today.

Explain 1.1

Information Technology

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Information Technology, commonly referred to as IT, refers to the use of

technology to organize, store, share, and process information. The IT industry is
growing quickly as companies become more technology-based and the need to
manage information becomes increasingly vital.

Concept of Information Technology

Information technology deals with information systems, data storage,

access, retrieval, analysis, and intelligent decision making. Information
technology refers to the creation, gatherings, processing, and dissemination of
information and also the processes of devices that enable all this to be done.

Information technology affects us individuals and a society. Information

technology stands firmly on hardware and software of a computer and tele-
communication infrastructure.

Components of information systems

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An information system is essentially made up of five components hardware,

software, database, network and people. These five components integrate to
perform input, process, output, feedback and control.

1. Hardware consists of input/output

device, processor, operating
system and media devices.
2. Software consists of various
programs and procedures.

3. Database consists of data organized in the

required structure.

4. Network consists of hubs,

communication media and network
devices.

5. People consist of device

operators, network
administrators and system
specialist.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of IT

Advantage

Information technology has brought numerous benefits,

including improved communication, increased productivity, enhanced decision-
making, streamlined processes, and greater access to information and
knowledge.

Disadvantage

The most common disadvantages include threats to cybersecurity, privacy

protection, and job loss. In addition, it has widened the digital gap between those
with access to technology and those without access.

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Elaborate 1.1

Directions: Answer the following:

1. Define information Technology

2. Determine components of information system and define each.
3. State the advantages and disadvantages of information technology.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________

Evaluate 1.1:

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Directions: write your reflective analysis on the space provided below. Refer your
answer on the given rubrics.

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Lesson 2
Software, Hardware, Data

Specific objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the students are able to:

 Define software, hardware, and data;
 Determine the types of software, hardware, and data

Engage 1.2:
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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Directions: fill in missing letter to complete the words below.

1. H_RD_ARE
2. S_FTW_RE
3. D_ _A
4. D_CU_ENT
5. DR_V_RS

Explore 1.2:

Directions: State one computer hardware and discuss its importance.

Explain 1.2

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Software

Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers

and execute specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the
physical aspects of a computer.

Types of Software

 Application software. The

most common type of
software, application software
is a computer software
package that performs a
specific function for a user, or
in some cases, for another
application. An application can be self-contained, or it can be a group of
programs that run the application for the user. Examples of modern
applications include office suites, graphics software, databases and
database management programs, web browsers, word processors, software
development tools, image editors and communication platforms.

 System software. These

software programs are
designed to run a computer's
application programs and
hardware. System software
coordinates the activities and
functions of the hardware and
software. In addition, it controls the operations of the computer hardware and
provides an environment or platform for all the other types of software to work
in. The OS is the best example of system software; it manages all the other
computer programs. Other examples of system software include
the firmware, computer language translators and system utilities.

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 Driver software. Also known

as device drivers, this
software is often considered
a type of system software.
Device drivers control the
devices and peripherals
connected to a computer,
enabling them to perform
their specific tasks. Every device that is connected to a computer needs at
least one device driver to function. Examples include software that comes
with any nonstandard hardware, including special game controllers, as well
as the software that enables standard hardware, such as USB storage
devices, keyboards, headphones and printers.

Hardware
Hardware refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable
you to perform major functions such as input, output, storage, communication,
processing, and more.

Types of Hardware

There are two types of computer hardware: external and internal.

External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, printers, and scanners,

whereas internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and
RAM.

Data

Data is raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images and sounds.
Processed data becomes information. When stored electronically in files, data
can be used directly as input for the system unit.

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Components of Data
1. Document files: created by word processors to save documents such as
memos, term papers, and letters.
2. Worksheet Files: created by electronic spreadsheets to analyze things
like budgets and to predict sales.
3. Presentation Files: created by presentations graphic programs to save
presentations materials. For example, a file might contain audience
handouts, speaker notes, and electronic slides.
4. Database Files: created by database management programs to contain
highly structured and organized data. For example, an employee database
file might contain all the workers name, social security numbers, job titles,
and related pieces of information.

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Elaborate 1.2:
Directions: Determine the types of software, hardware, and data. Discuss each
type based on your own understanding.

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Evaluate 1.2:
Directions: List as many as you can that you will see in your PC or Laptop and
classify them according to their classification.

System software Application Software

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Lesson 3
Connectivity, The Wireless Revolution, The Internet and
Communication

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students are able to:

 Discuss connectivity, wireless revolution and communication.

 Determine elements of communication systems and communication
channels.

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Engage 1.3:
Directions: fill in missing letter to complete the words below.
1. T_L_PH_NE L_N_S
2. BL_ET_ _TH
3. PH_SIC_L C_N_ _CTI_NS
4. WIR_L_SS CONN_CT_ONS
5. S_ND_NG

Explore 1.3:
Directions: Discuss the importance of being connected to one another.

Explain 1.3:

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 computer communications are the

process of sharing data, programs, and
information between two or more
computers.
 Connectivity is a concept related to using
computer networks to link people and
resources.
 Mobile telephone and Bluetooth are
technologies of the wireless revolutions.
 Communication systems transmit data.

Connectivity

Connectivity refers to the

communication links made among individuals
and communities, with an emphasis on the
ability for individuals to communicate with
one another and for information transfer to
occur.

Importance of connectivity
Reliable and secure internet connections improve productivity. A lot of
time is consumed waiting for documents to load or for servers or databases to
update. Once we have experienced it, it's easy to take high-speed connectivity
for granted.
Having these connections has allowed us to continue being sociable and
stay in contact with our loved ones, reaping many mental health benefits.
Inconsistent and poor connectivity can hinder these important relationships and
cause frustration.

The Wireless Revolution

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 The single most dramatic change in connectivity and communications in

the past five years has been the widespread use
of mobile or wireless telephones.
 In 2002, it was estimated that there are over 600 million mobile telephones
in use worldwide, and by 2004, almost 1.5 billion.
 This wireless technology allows individuals to stay connected with one
another from almost anywhere at any time.
 Originally developed for voice, the wireless revolution can transmit nearly
any kind of information.
 Bluetooth: a technology that allows wide variety of nearby devices to
communicate with one other without any physical connection.

Communications systems

 Communications systems are electronic systems that transmit data from

one location to another.

Four basic elements of communication system

a. Sending and receiving devices

 Often a computer or specialized communications device. They
send as well as accept messages in form of data, information,
and/or instructions.
b. Communication channel (aka transmission medium)
 The actual connection that carries the message can be a physical
wire, or cable or a wireless connection

c. Connection device (aka communications device)

 Act as an interface between the sending and receiving devices and

the communication channel. They convert outgoing messages into
a form and format (digital) so that they can travel across the

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communication channel, and back again at the receiving (incoming)

end.

d. Data transmission specifications

The rules and procedures that coordinate the sending and receiving
devices by precisely defining how the message will be sent across the
communication channel.

Communication Channels

Communication channels actually carry the data from one computer to

another. There are two categories: Physical connections and Wireless
connections.

Physical Connections: use a solid medium to connect sending and receiving

devices. They include:

Telephone lines

 Typically use twisted pair cables, made up of hundreds of copper wires

covered with an insulating jacket
 Relatively inexpensive way to connect devices
 Now being phased out by more technically advanced and reliable media

Coaxial cable

 A high frequency transmission cable, replacing multiple lines of twisted

pair cable with one single, solid copper core.
 Can carry 80 times the capacity of one twisted pair cable.
 Used to carry television signals as well as connect computers in
a network.

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Fiber-optic cable

 Transmit data as a pulse of light through tiny tubes of glass

 Has over 26,000 times the capacity as one twisted pair cable and faster
than copper cable
 Fiber optic cables are rapidly replacing twisted pair telephone wires
 They are very thin (almost half the diameter of human hair) and have
limited distance to carry information.
 They are more secure as they are immune to electrical interference,
are lighter and less expensive than coaxial cable and more reliable.

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Elaborate 1.3:

Directions: Discuss connectivity, wireless revolution and communication in your own words
and mention as many as you can the elements of wireless connectivity and communication
channel.

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Evaluate 1.3:

Directions: write a reflection paper on the topic discussed.

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

MODULE 2

Module Overview

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This module information technology, covers the system unit including

its components and the functions of each components, the memory
including primary, secondary, memory size.

Module Learning Outcomes

On completion of these module, the students are able to acquire
understanding to the functions of the basic components of system
unit, including system board, memory, power supply unit.

Module objectives:
At the end of this module, students are able to:
1. Define the system units, storage and memory.
2. Determine categories of system unit, the types of
memory, and its subcategories.

Module outline

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Module 2: Information Technology

Lesson 1: The System Unit

 Components of the system unit
 Functions of each components
Lesson 2: Memory and Storage
 Concept of memory and storage
 Primary memory
 Secondary memory

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Lesson 1
The System Unit

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students are able to:

 Discuss system unit

 Determine the components of system unit
 Determine the functions of the components of system unit.

Engage 2.1: (Word puzzle)

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Directions: Find and encircle the word you see in the puzzle.
M O T H E R B O A R D
V W T E D G C V H V U
I S J A D B Z B J F J
D F K T H K X G M T F
E R O S S E C O R P S
O H W I T I D H G H C
C Y S N F K W Y D N Q
A I G K A M M U E J I
R H A R D D R I V E U
D K G F L k C K J K J
P O W E R S U P P L Y

MOTHERBOARD HEATSINK PROCESSOR

POWER SUPPLY HARD DRIVE VIDEO CARD

Explore 2.1:
Directions: Explain the importance of system unit and its components.

Explain 2.1:

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System Unit

A system unit is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices
that perform operations and produce results for complex calculations. It includes
the motherboard, CPU, RAM and other components, as well as the case in which
these devices are housed. This unit performs the majority of the functions that a
computer is required to do.

Components of System Unit

 Motherboard — the primary device

of the system unit. All other devices
are connected to it. The
motherboard unites all computer
devices (video card, RAM, sound
card, hard drive, etc.) and links
them together, subsequently
regulating their close-knit work.

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 Processor is an incredibly complex chip that performs billions of mathematical

calculations per second. It is also called a central processing unit (CPU).

 RAM (Random Access Memory) — system

memory. The RAM is connected directly to
the motherboard and carries out a fast
exchange of information with the processor.

 Hard Drive — a mechanical drive that works on the

principle of magnetic recording, is the central storage
of data on most computers.

 Video Card (Graphics Adapter) —

graphics accelerator, a computer
component responsible for generating and
displaying images. Modern Video Cards
support HDMI (High Definition Multimedia
Interface), VGA (Video Graphics Array),
and DVI (Digital Visual Interface).

 Power Supply — a component that converts electrical

energy into direct current required by the computer.

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Function of the System Units’ Components

Each component has peculiar indispensable functions, which provide proper system
functioning. They are:

 Motherboard. The main purpose is to connect all computer nodes into one device,
so, by and large, this is just a set of wires between the processor contacts and the
contacts of memory modules and peripheral devices.
 Processor is the core of the computer, so to speak, its central brain, the component
that performs the bulk of the computer’s work. Data from other details is sent to the
processor for calculations. After mathematical calculations, the data is returned to
the various devices that use it.
 RAM aims to store and quickly access data. All information on it is lost after the
power is turned off.
Hard Drive is designed to store music, videos, photos, documents, and other files in
the computer’s permanent memory.
 Video Card converts the image in the computer’s memory into a video signal for the
monitor.
 Power Supply provides power to the PC. It also performs the functions of
stabilization and protection against minor interference in the electrical network.

Elaborate 2.1:
Directions: Answer the following:
 What is system unit?
 List down the components of system unit.
 State the function of each component in the running computer.

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Evaluate 2.1:
A. Create a collage of a system unit and label its parts.
 Use ¼ illustration board

B. Directions: Write a reflection paper and refer your output to the rubrics
below.
Rubrics 5 3 2
Content The information is The information is The information is
relevant to the topic slightly not relevant to the
relevant to the topic topic

Creativity/Neatness The output was neat The output was The output was not
slightly neat and
and neat and
creative
creative creative
Timeliness Output was Output was done Output was
done on time beyond done late
the timeframe
Total: 15 points

Lesson 2
Memory and Storage

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Specific Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students are able to:

 Define memory and storage

 Determine the types of memory and its subcategories.
 Differentiate memory from storage.

Engage 2.2:
Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters below.

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MORYME MARYPRI CONSEDARY

________ _________ ___________

Explore 2.2:
Directions: Explain the importance of memory.

Explain 2.2

Concept of Memory and storage

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The concept of memory and storage can be easily conflated as the

same concept; however, there are some distinct and important differences. Put
succinctly, memory is primary memory, while storage is secondary memory.
Memory refers to the location of short-term data, while storage refers to the
location of data stored on a long-term basis.

Memory is most often referred to as the primary storage on a computer, such as

RAM. Memory is also where information is processed. It enables users to access
data that is stored for a short time. The data is only stored for a short time
because primary memory is volatile, meaning it isn't retained when the computer
is turned off.

The term storage refers to secondary memory and is where data in a computer
is kept. An example of storage is a hard drive or a hard disk drive (HDD). Storage
is nonvolatile, meaning the information is still there after the computer is turned
off and then back on. A running program may be in a computer's primary memory
when in use -- for fast retrieval of information -- but when that program is closed,
it resides in secondary memory or storage.

How much space is available in memory and storage differs as well. In general, a
computer will have more storage space than memory. For example, a laptop may
have 8 GB of RAM while having 250 GB of storage. The difference in space is
there because a computer will not need fast access to all the information stored
on it at once, so allocating approximately 8 GB of space to run programs will
suffice.

Two Types of Memory

Memory is of two types namely Primary and Secondary memory

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Primary memory is a segment of computer memory that can be accessed

directly by the processor. In a hierarchy of memory, primary memory have
access time less than secondary memory and greater than cache memory.
Generally, primary memory has a storage capacity lesser than secondary
memory and greater than cache memory.

Two Types of Primary Memory

1. RAM (Random Access

Memory)

The Word “RAM” stands for “random

access memory” or may also refer to
short-term memory. It’s called “random”
because you can read store data
randomly at any time and from any
physical location. It is a temporal storage
memory. RAM is volatile that only retains
all the data as long as the computer
powered. It is the fastest type of
memory. RAM stores the currently
processed data from the CPU and sends
them to the graphics unit.

There are generally two broad subcategories of RAM:

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Static RAM: Static RAM is the form of

RAM and made with flip flops and used
for primary storage are volatile. It retains
data in latch as long as the computer
powered. SRAM is more expensive and
consumes more power than DRAM. It
used as Cache Memory in a computer
system. As technically, SRAM uses more
transistors as compared to DRAM. It is faster compared to DRAM due to the
latching arrangement, and they use 6 transistors per data bit as compared to
DRAM, which uses one transistor per bit.

 Dynamic Random Access

Memory (DRAM): It is another
form of RAM used as Main
Memory, its
retains information in
Capacitors for a short period (a
few milliseconds) even though
the computer powered. The
Data is Refreshed Periodically
to maintain in it. The DRAM is
cheaper, but it can store much
more information. Moreover, it
is also slower and consumes
less power than SRAM.

2. ROM (Read Only Memory)

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ROM is the long-term internal memory. ROM is “Non-Volatile Memory” that

retains data without the flow of electricity. ROM is an essential chip with
permanently written data or programs. It is similar to the RAM that is accessed
by the CPU. ROM comes with pre-written by the computer manufacturer to hold
the instructions for booting-up the computer.

There is generally Three broad type of ROM:

 PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory): PROM stands for

programmable ROM. It can be programmed only be done once and read
many. Unlike ROM, PROMs retain their contents without the flow of
electricity. PROM is also nonvolatile memory. The significant difference
between a ROM and a PROM is that a ROM comes with pre-written by
the computer manufacturer whereas PROM manufactured as blank
memory. PROM can be programmed by PROM burner and by blowing
internal fuses permanently.
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): EPROM is
pronounced ee-prom. This memory type retains its contents until it
exposed to intense ultraviolet light that clears its contents, making it
possible to reprogram the memory.
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory):
EEPROM can be burned (programmed) and erased by first electrical
waves in a millisecond. A single byte of a data or the entire contents of
device can be erased. To write or erase this memory type, you need a
device called a PROM burner.

Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-volatile and persistent in

nature and is not directly accessed by a computer/processor. It allows a user to
store data that may be instantly and easily retrieved, transported and used by
applications and services.

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Secondary memory consists of all permanent or persistent storage devices, such

as read-only memory (ROM), flash drives, hard disk drives (HDD), magnetic
tapes and other types of internal/external storage media. In computing
operations, secondary memory is accessed only by the primary or main memory
and later transported to the processor.

Secondary memory is slower than primary memory but can store and retain data,
even if the computer is not connected to electrical power. It also has substantial
storage capacities, ranging from megabytes to several terabytes of storage
space within single memory.

Types of Secondary memory

Secondary memory is of two types:

1. Fixed storage
In secondary memory, a fixed storage is
an internal media device that is used to
store data in a computer system. Fixed
storage is generally known as fixed disk
drives or hard drives. Generally, the data
of the computer system is stored in a
built-in fixed storage device. Fixed
storage does not mean that you can not remove them from the computer
system, you can remove the fixed storage device for repairing, for the upgrade,
or for maintenance, etc. with the help of an expert or engineer.

Types of fixed storage:

Following are the types of fixed storage:

 Internal flash memory (rare)

 SSD (solid-state disk)

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 Hard disk drives (HDD)

2. Removable storage
In secondary memory, removable
storage is an external media device that
is used to store data in a computer
system. Removable storage is generally
known as disks drives or external
drives. It is a storage device that can be
inserted or removed from the computer
according to our requirements. We can easily remove them from the computer
system while the computer system is running. Removable storage devices are
portable so we can easily transfer data from one computer to another. Also,
removable storage devices provide the fast data transfer rates associated with
storage area networks (SANs).

Types of Removable Storage:

 Optical discs (like CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, etc.)
 Memory cards
 Floppy disks
 Magnetic tapes
 Disk packs
 Paper storage (like punched tapes, punched cards, etc.)

Elaborate 2.2:
Directions: Answer the following:
1. Define memory and storage
2. Determine the types of memory and give some example.
3. Differentiate memory from storage.

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Evaluate 2.2 (Infographic Chart)

Directions: Create an infographic chart of memory and storage. Say something
about your chart.

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