Paver Tiles With Coconut Husk Ash and Rice Husk Ash As Partial Replacements of Cement

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.
FM-URD-006
DEVELOPMENT CENTER Revision No. 00
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 1 of 82
PAVER TILES WITH COCONUT HUSK ASH AND RICE HUSK ASH
AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENTS OF CEMENT
El John P. Calica, Mark Irish B. Agcaoili, Dina A. Luyun, Jamaica F. Domingo,
Jonalee A. Balutoc, Lexilin Margz G. Addun, *Frances Lorane T. Calapini
ABSTRACT
Paver tiles are widely used worldwide as they add to the design and aesthetic of land
surfaces and other uses. Hence, this study investigates developing alternative paver tiles
composed of Rice husk ash (RHA) and Coconut husk ash (CHA) as partial replacement to
cement in paver tiles production. The paver tile will then undergo a Concrete Slump test to
determine the workability of the concrete mix of paver tiles. A concrete Paving Press Machine
will be conducted to assess the capacity of paver tile strength to consider the strength of
experimented paver tile. Different rates of Rice Husk ash and Coconut Husk ash will be
considered, and a water absorption test will also be conducted to analyze the ability of paver
tile to absorb water. Results showed that a 12% replacement reduced the compressive
strength of the paver block, and all three mixtures under trihexagonal-shaped paver tiles
passed the minimum compressive strength requirement of paver tiles and provided more than
30% compressive strength.
Keywords: CHA, RHA, paver tiles, cement, compressive strength, water absorption, slump
test
INTRODUCTION
Concrete has been used widely in building construction that used to produce various
type of structures. Under concrete production, cement is the leading material. However,
sources are depleting in producing cement which leads to an increase in cost of construction
[1]. Additionally, 5% of CO2 emission globally was emitted by Portland Cement Production
which can harm the nature [2]. Thus, some studies mentioned about Rice husk and coconut
husk as alternative material for producing concrete because of their being an industrial waste
which hard to be exploited and utilized However, studying the combination of these two
materials in paving tile haven’t been conducted which leads the researchers to conduct this
study [3]. Aside from the issues mentioned above, researchers also observed about the effects
of having low elevation of run off and clogged drainage system within the area after massive
rain which resulted in flooding that moves people to backfill their areas.
Development of Infrastructure created across the world demands building construction

materials. The demand of infrastructure investments of the Philippines will make the economy
to grow in the next few years [4]. In previous ASEAN Briefing, which is dated back 2018, the
completion of infrastructure development will affect business which leads to strengthening of
Paver Tiles with Coconut Husk Ask and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacements of Cement | 1
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No. FM-URD-006
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business and consumer spending. Thus, the demand for development of infrastructure in
building construction materials and the issues mentioned ignite the interest of researchers in
producing paver tile out of Rice husk ash and Coconut husk ash.
Paver tiles are widely used all over the world as it adds to the design and aesthetic in
land surfaces and other use. It is made up of cement concrete that are cost-effective when
manufactured and placed correctly and requires very little maintenance [5]. Paver tile is strong
and unreinforced pre-cast cement which utilize as a part of surface course of asphalt which
are manufactured in different shapes, sizes, and hues to add creativity ability of engineers. It
is all through this that made researchers choose paver tile as a backfill which can also add
beauty in the area.
Permeable concrete is very useful in reducing local flooding in urban areas and an
important sustainable drainage system [6]. However, concrete severely limits the service life
due to the reduction of permeability caused by clogging. The workability of fresh concrete
produced by partially replacing OPC with either of RHA or CHA was found to be better than
with 100% OPC. The porosity of OPC/RHA and OPC/CHA concretes was likewise found to be
lower than that of OPC concrete. Strength tests using very finely ground RHA and CHA to
partially replace Portland cement in concrete production showed that at up to 15% replacement
the strength activity index of each of them is greater than 100%, which indicating that they are
excellent pozzolans. For underdeveloped nations like Nigeria, employing RHA and CHA as
pozzolans to partially replace Portland cement in concrete production is a great option to using
pozzolans from industrial waste. The compactability of RHA/OPC and CHA/OPC concrete is
better than that of the control 100% OPC concrete. Moreover, the greater the RHA or CHA
content in concrete the greater the compactability [7].
RHA and CHA were found to possess pozolanic properties such that their addition to
shale in modest amounts (not more than 10 % by weight) has beneficial effect on the strength
characteristics [8]. When compared to CHA stabilized shales, adding RHA resulted in shales
with lower PI, greater UCS, increased MDD, and a more pronounced reduction in OMC.
Since the previous studies focus more on the hollow blocks and not all of them used the
combination of the two ashes which are the CHA and RHA. Also, none of them focusing more
on the performance of the combination of these two ashes when mixed to the concrete mixture.
The researchers wanted to conduct a research study focusing on combining these two ashes
as partial replacement of cement in making concrete paver tiles.
The study will experiment a paver tile that helps in preventing flood from clogged
drainage system and stocked rainwater considering Coconut Husk ash and Rice Husk ask as
a partial replacement of cement in paver tile concrete. To consider the strength of
experimented paver tile, differing of rates of Rice Husk ash and Coconut Husk ash will be
considered. The paver tile will then undergo Concrete Slump test to determine the workability
of concrete mix of paver tiles. Concrete Paving Press Machine will be conducted to determine
the capacity of paver tile strength. Water absorption test will also be conducted to analyze the
capacity of paver tile to absorb water.
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Research Objectives
This study developed an alternative paver tile composed of Rice husk ash and Coconut
husk ash as partial replacement to cement in paver tiles production. Specifically, it achieved
the following objectives:
1. Evaluate the workability of paver tiles using Slump Test;

2. Measured the compressive strength of paver tiles;
3. Determine the water absorption of paver tiles.
Significance of the Study
Rice Husk is a bulky material that has high silica content that makes it useful for
strengthening building materials. On coconut husk, it has high strength and tenacity that makes
the concrete stronger. Cement with these alternative aggregates make the paver tiles more stable
and have a higher strength. These paver tiles can absorb water that goes through with it and can
help in preventing flood from areas who have clogged drainage system and low lever surface
runoff. This paver tile will not only give beauty in the area but will also lessen the risk of health of
people near the area since having dirty water can harm people.
Related Works
Construction costs have risen due to the high cost of construction materials such as
cement and reinforcement bars. This, combined with the pollution associated with cement
manufacture, has forced the quest for an alternative binder that may be utilized entirely or partially
in the creation of concrete. Agricultural waste materials such as rice husk, groundnut husk, corn
cob, and coconut shell have posed an environmental issue, necessitating their conversion into
valuable products in order to reduce their negative impact on the environment. According to
research, most materials high in amorphous silica can be utilized to partially replace cement.
Amorphous silica present in some pozzolanic materials has also been discovered to react with
lime more readily than crystalline silica. Increased compressive and flexural strengths can be
achieved by using such pozzolanas. The objective of this research is to see if coconut shell ash
(CSA) can be used to partially replace cement in concrete manufacturing. The objectives include
determining the best level of Portland cement substitution with CSA while maintaining required
compressive strength and comparing the setting durations of OPC and OPC-CSA pastes at
various replacement levels. The compressive strength of the cubes after 28 days of curing
suggests that 10% and 15% replacement levels exceed the requirements of BS EN 206-1: 2000
for heavy weight concrete class C25/30 and C20/25, respectively, and light weight concrete class
LC25/28 and LC20/22, respectively. In conclusion, the study reveals that 10 to 15% partial
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replacement of OPC with CSA using W/C ratio of 0.5 are suitable for production of both heavy
weight and light weight concrete.
Agricultural businesses such as oil palm, coconut, sugar cane, and rice are big industries
around the world because most of these agricultural products are consumed as food. However,
after collecting and processing agricultural crops, waste materials such as shells, leaves, straw,
and stems remain. The majority of farm trash is dumped into the environment with little effort
made to recycle it. As a result, waste material can be used as an alternate material to existing
building materials like aggregate and cement to help minimize pollution. As an aggregate
alternative, crushed coconut shell produces paving blocks that are 19.55 percent lighter and 33
percent more abrasion resistant than standard paving blocks. Cement manufacture, on the other
hand, necessitates a large amount of energy. CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere. Cement
manufacturing is projected to account for 6-7 percent of total CO2 emissions. As a result, using
agricultural waste into concrete technology will reduce the use of cement as a concrete forming
material while also lowering environmental effect. The substitution of CSA for cement influences
the compressive strength of the mortar, according to the analysis of the results of this study on
compressive strength test and physical testing of paving blocks based on Indonesia Standard.
The higher percentage of CSA replacement to cement content, the lower the compressive
strength. Paving block 3% substitution CSA suitable for the park (quality of D) according to the
compressive strength (12.02 MPa) required by SNI. This composition also meets the
requirement of the water infiltration and resistance to sodium sulfate from Indonesia Standard.
Thus the quantified as grade C.
The parameters indicated in IS 15658: 2006 were tested on coconut shell aggregate
concrete paver blocks in this study. For the construction of coconut shell aggregate concrete
paver blocks, the traditional mix used in the field was used. Traditional aggregate concrete paver
blocks were made and tested in tandem for comparing purposes. Compressive strength, water
absorption, and abrasion resistance test findings were examined and presented. A total of 86
paver blocks were made, including 43 paver blocks made with traditional concrete mix and 43
paver blocks made with coconut shell aggregate concrete mix. 8 paver blocks were randomly
selected at each age (3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days for compressive strength) and
examined for each parameter study, with the exception of water absorption, which used 3 paver
blocks. The results of this study showed that concrete paver blocks made with coconut shell
aggregate encourages the use of coconut shell as an aggregate to replace conventional
aggregate in paver block production.
There has been a lot of worry in recent years regarding using new supplemental
cementitious materials (SCM) in concrete instead of regular Portland cement (OPC). The
purpose of this research is to see how coconut shell ash (CSA) behaves in concrete at different
quantities. Coconut shell is prevalent in local agricultural areas and is classified as a waste
product. The physical and mechanical qualities of numerous research projects are summarized
in this review article. It has been discovered that adding 10% CSA into concrete improves
mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive, split tensile strength, and flexural
strength after each curing day. Furthermore, while employing 10% CSA in concrete, the modulus
of elasticity increased, whereas the workability of fresh concrete decreased as the percentage
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of CSA increased. Then there's the fact that the use of CSA in concrete can reduce total carbon
footprint while also lowering concrete manufacturing costs.
In line with conservation efforts, this study focuses on environmental pollution avoidance
and evaluates the aspects of long-term infrastructure construction materials, such as
interlocking paving blocks. The development of this innovative product incorporates the 3Rs and
waste to riches concepts by utilizing a readily available agricultural waste product, coconut shell.
Cost throughout the world, particularly in tropical countries like India, Indonesia, the Philippines,
Thailand, and Malaysia. The results of the study showed that, coconut shell ash (CSA) and
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) can be mixed and indirectly shows that the cost of construction
product can be reduce by reducing the quantity of cement replaced by agricultural waste product
which available in extreme cheap cost.
Rice husk is an agricultural waste product that is produced in the millions of tons. For
every 100 kg of rice, approximately 20 kg of rice husk is obtained. Rice husks comprise 80%
organic stuff and 20% inorganic material. The burning of rice husk produces rice husk ash
(RHA). The amorphous phase composition of RHA is the most essential feature that governs
pozzolanic action. RHA is a highly reactive pozzolanic material suitable for use in lime-
pozzolana mixes and for Portland cement replacement. RHA has a high silicon dioxide
concentration, and its reactivity to lime is determined by a combination of two factors: non-
crystalline silica content and specific surface area. The effects of varied quantities of rice husk
ash (RHA) applied to concrete on its physical and mechanical qualities are investigated in this
research. Samples with dimensions of 10 X 20 cm were evaluated, with 5 percent and 10% RHA
substituting the cement in mass. The modulus of elasticity, simple compressive strength,
splitting tensile strength, and water absorption were all investigated. The results were compared
to the control sample, and the feasibility of using RHA in concrete was confirmed.
The goal of the research was to make paving stones out of waste rice husk ash (RHA),
which is leftover ash from a rice husk-fueled clay brick kiln. The specimens were tested for
strength, durability, water quality of paved surface run-off, and microstructure. Cement in paving
blocks was partially replaced by five percentage of waste RHA: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%
(by weight). At 10% waste RHA, paving block structure became denser than the conventional
block, and 56-day compressive strength was improved by 18.1% and 26.5% for M15 (Grade 15)
and M25 (Grade 25) blocks, respectively. Paving blocks with 10% waste RHA achieved splitting
tensile strength and flexural strength greater than that of the conventional blocks. Sulfate
resistance was enhanced at all waste RHA levels, water absorption was 3–6%, and the British
Pendulum Number was found to be greater than 45, above the regulations' limits. Total
suspended solids content was less than 6 mg/l in the run-off, turbidity was 2.15–3.57 NTU, and
conductivity was 74.0–137.0 s/cm, all of which met criteria. This study concludes 10% of waste
RHA without any pre-processing can be used as a cement replacement in paving blocks.
Cement is used extensively in the manufacture of paver blocks. Cement manufacturing

industries pollutes the surrounding areas. The major goal of this project is to reduce cement use
in concrete paver blocks by partially replacing it with rice husk ash. The compressive strength,
water absorption, and flexural strength of paver blocks with partial replacement of cement by
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rice husk ash dropped at Chengapalli, Tiruppur, are investigated experimentally. After
conducting the initial cleaning procedure and material property examination, rice husk ash was
collected from the dump yard and used for experimental investigation. Cement replacement with
Rice husk ash was done in proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% in volume of concrete.
Various strength metrics were determined, including compressive strength, flexural strength,
and water absorption. The weight of concrete blocks is significantly lowered as the amount of
rice husk ash is increased.
Rice straw and rice bran are used to feed cattle, fowl, and fish, while rice husk is utilized
to generate electricity. Rice plants take silica from the soil and store it in their structures as they
grow. The silica which is concentrated by burning at high temperatures removing other
elements, which makes the ash, a carbon neutral green product so valuable. Globally, the
annual production of paddy rice is 508,697,332 tonnes and the total ash production could be as
high as 6,572,369.53 tonnes. Rice produces three primary biomass outputs, namely Rice bran,
rice straw, and rice husk. Among these three byproducts, rice husk accounts to greater than
10% of the total rice production, resulting in 13,201,300 tonnes in 2009-2010. The most common
method of disposing of rice husk is to burn it under uncontrolled conditions or to dump it, both
of which cause environmental problems. With the objective of reducing these environmental
issues regarding disposal and the emission of CO2 from cement production, experimental
research is undertaken to explore the possibility of utilization of the alternative material rice husk
ash in paver blocks. The major goal of this study is to reduce the amount of cement required in
the building parts. In Paver blocks, cement has been replaced with Rice Husk Ash in various
proportions, from which the optimum RHA replacement level has been determined. It's important
to note that rice husk ash is a carbon-neutral green product that's also lightweight.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Materials
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(a) (b)
Figure 1. Rice Husks (a) and Rice Husk Ash (b)
Rice husks are the tough protective coverings that separate rice grains from the grains
during milling. Rice husk is a waste product that is widely available in all rice-producing
countries and contains 30–50 percent organic carbon. The husks are removed from the raw
grain during a typical milling operation, revealing complete brown rice, which is subsequently
milled to remove the bran layer, yielding white rice. Rice husk is made up of cellulose (50
percent), lignin (25 percent–30 percent), silica (15 percent–20 percent), and moisture (10
percent–15 percent) and makes up around 20% of the weight of rice. Rice husk has a low bulk
density, ranging from 90–150 kg/m3. The researchers gathered some rice husk from the rice
mill from the farm.
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(a) (b)
Figure 2. Coconut Husks (a) and Coconut Husk Ash (b)
Coconut husk ash is one such agricultural waste that is being used as a binding
ingredient instead of cement (CHA). The large amount of lignin and cellulose in coconut husk
accounts for its high calorific value of 18.62MJ/kg. cellulose, lignin, pyroligneous acid, gas,
charcoal, tar, tannin, and potassium make up the chemical composition of coconut husks. The
researchers gathered some coconut husk from the market and wastes of the vendor selling
some coconut juices and other coconut products. Coconut husk is burned at high temperatures
to produce CHA.
Figure 3. Cement Powder
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Cement, in a broad sense, refers to all sticky compounds, but in a more specific meaning,
it refers to the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. This type of
cement is made up of finely powdered powders that harden when mixed with water. When water
is poured into cement, the materials react chemically with the water, resulting in a variety of
complex chemical compounds. These chemicals do not emerge at the same time. Cement, on
the other hand, has a long-lasting setting effect. When cement and water are mixed, a sticky
cement paste forms, which thickens over time until it resembles rock.
Production of Paver tiles
Paver tiles were manufactured in two different forms/shapes with three distinct mixes.
Table 1. Proportions of paving tiles materials

FINE COARSE BINDER (%)
SHAPES AGGREGATES AGGREGATES
(%) (%)
MIX SAND GRAVEL CEMENT RHA CHA
Rectangle A 100 100 83 7 10
and Tri- B 100 100 77 8 15
Hexagonal C 100 100 70 10 20
Table 1 shows the mix proportions of the shapes of paver tiles. The paving block
material comprises river sand (passed in 4 mm of sieve), crushed stone (grain size of 5-10
mm), rice husk ash and coconut husk ash (passed in 1 mm sieve), Ordinary Portland cement
and water. The coconut husk to be considered is the mature or ripe coconut which is collected
to the seller of coconuts around Tuguegarao city, while rice husk is collected from the rice
milling also around the said city.
Table 2. Physical properties of paving tiles materials

PROPERTIES FINE AGGREGATES CRASHED
BINDER AGGREGATE
River Coconut Rice husk Crashed stone Cement
sand husk ash ash
Specific gravity 2.65 1.78 2.14 2.34 3.11
(kg/m3)
Water absorption 1.00 1.70 6.25 1.05 1.26
(wt. %)
The physical properties of paving tile materials are shown in Table 2. The coconut was
broken manually to drain the water and to remove the endosperm or the coconut "meat", while
the rice husk was already processed by the rice milling that we've chosen. After cleaning it,
the husk was sun dried for five days and burned into a muffle furnace for 6 hours with 700
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degree C, separately. After 6 hours of burning, the ash was allowed to cool for 72 hours, and
the fine particles were further sieved into 45µm aperture size. The particles passing the sieve
were thus considered having high reactivity and pozzolanic property.
Crushed stone of formed through mining or a machine called crasher to form an angular
shape was used to make the coarse aggregate. The particle size ranges from 5 to 20 mm in
diameter. River sand, locally available was taken as fine aggregate in accordance with ASTM
Standard C33 (2006). For concrete mixing, ordinary Portland cement type whose qualities
meet ASTM Type I requirements was utilized, and water was obtained from the nearest water
stand post. The concrete mixes and the specimens were prepared in accordance with the
provisions of ASTM C33 (2006), ASTM C469, (1987) and BS 8110-1 standards.
The paving block material was placed in a pan and manually mixed according to
standard ratio of concrete mixture. The mixture was cast in a paver tile mold with different sizes
and pressed it for compactness. Paving tiles are left to cure for 28 days in the open air.
Testing and Evaluation
The compressive strength and water absorption measurement will be utilized as data
gathering instruments during the testing. In getting the compressive strength, the researchers
will use the compressive strength machine in getting the maximum pressing load carried by
the sample tiles and will compute the compressive strength using the given formula on
compressive strength test. The water absorption test was carried out by using ASTM
C140/140-81. After carrying out the procedure, we can obtain the absorption percentage by
using the formula provided on water absorption test.
Concrete Slump test
Figure 4. Slump Testing
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(a) (b) (c)

Figure 5. Slump of the concrete mixtures with: (a) 7% RHA and 10% CHA
(b) 8% RHA and 15% CHA (c) 10% RHA and 20% CHA
As seen in the Figure 5, the researchers used a cone and a tamping rod. The
measurement of the cone was 125 mm in height.
Slump test is used for the workability of the concrete mix which is carried out from the
procedure ASTM C143. This test used a metallic molder (slump cone) with a base plate and
with a measurement of bottom 20cm-diameter, top 10cm-diameter, and 30 cm height. Also
prepare a steel rod for the tamping of the concrete mix. The slump cone molder is placed on a
rigid and smooth surface. It is then filled with concrete mix of four layers (each layer poured with
a 1/4 height of the molder). Each layer should be tamped 25 times (25 blows each layer) with
the use of tamping rod such that the tamping force are in equal force. When in the top layer, the
concrete should be leveled using a molder so that it is filled on its top. After carefully removing
the mold, the concrete will subside and become known as the SLUMP. Measure the highest
point of the subsided concrete from the molder's height. The measured value is the SLUMP of
the concrete.
Compressive Strength Test
Figure 6. Compressive Strength Test
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Using the concrete paving press machine, the sample tiles were placed on the machine’s
bearing plate. The machine will apply a load on the sample tiles, increasing the load steadily
until the sample tiles fail. Now the researchers can get the compressive strength using the
formula:
𝑃
Compressive Strength = 𝐴 (1)
Wherein:
P= maximum applied load in Newton and,
A=cross-sectional area or surface area
Water Absorption Test
Figure 7. Water Absorption Test
The water absorption test was according to the procedure carried out by ASTM C140.
The procedure will start by immersing the sample tiles in water at 15-27C for about 24-28hrs.
Note that the tiles sample should at least be 150mm below the water surface and should be
separated from each other and from the bottom of the tank by at least 0.125 mm. (To separate
the sample tiles from the bottom of the tank, use wire rack or mesh as long as it does not cover
10% of the surface area of the tiles) Next is to remove the sample tiles from the water and let it
drain for about 1 minute on a 10-mm wire rack. Clean the sample tiles surface with absorbent
cloth to ensure that there is no evident excess water on its surface. Weigh the sample tiles and
record it as Ws (saturated weight). Upon recording the data, we transfer them over into a 110C-
oven and allow them to dry for at least 24 hours and test its weight and put it back to the oven
for another 2 hours and weigh it again. Continue the process until the increment of loss is less
than 0.2 %. After that, we record the lost weight as Wd (oven-dry weight)
Absorption, % (2)
Wherein:
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Ws= saturated weight and,

Wd=oven dry weight
The next step was conducting further comparison between the obtained test results.
The results from experimented paver tile were then compared to commercialize block. Strength
and water absorption are crucial in this area to elicit the desired data.
The generated results were then used for further conclusion as to how the researcher
arrived to such data. Qualitative data analysis was done since the data gathered were qualitative
data. The result was then presented in a table form allowing interpretation of result and drawing
of conclusions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Slump Test
A Slump test was conducted to allow the researchers to preview the concrete before it
sets until favorable consistency was attained. The slump test resulted in a true slump, which
was obtained due to the low water-cement ratio. A true slump is defined as a general decline of
the concrete mass equally all around without disintegration, as demonstrated in the results of
the slump test.
Table 3. Slump test of Mixtures A, B and C.

Mixture Measurement of Height Difference Diagnosis
Cone (mm) after removing the
cone (mm)
Mixture A 125 50 Medium Workability
Mixture B 125 70 Medium Workability
Mixture C 125 80 Medium Workability
Table 3 shows the slump differences between the three mixtures. Due to the adopted
code in performing the slump test, the researchers carefully perform the said test, and the
results show that the mixtures have medium workability. It was shown that Mixture A and B
are accepted before the standard of DPWH D.O no 21 Series of 2019 [22], whereas concrete
will produce workable concrete if the slump measures between 40 and 75 mm if not vibrated
or between 10 and 40 mm if vibrated. Furthermore, all mixtures passed the required workability
range for pavements as per ACI 211.1-81, which is 20-80 mm. This indicates that the said
proportion is good or fit to perform as a paver tile.
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Compressive Strength
Table 4. Compressive Strength of Paver Tiles

Shape Sample Sample Sample Average Area
Mixtures MPa
Samples 1 2 3 (kN) (mm2)
RP.A 442.28 480.64 441.56 454.83 14000 32.49
Mixture A
THP.A 679.69 679.69 679.69 679.69 18371.28 37
RP.B 291.1 321.73 310.31 307.71 14000 21.98
Mixture B
TH.B 618.26 618.26 618.26 618.26 18371.28 33.65
RP.C 258.86 255.06 250.1 254.67 14000 18.19
Mixture C
THP.B 603.68 603.68 603.68 603.68 18371.28 32.86
The table above shows the compressive strength of three mixtures having 3 specimens
per mixture to get the average force that the mixture can withstand. A rectangular and
trihexagonal paver, based on local size, was tested.
The Department of Public works and Highways (DPWH) stated in Department Order
No. 230 Series of 2016 [23], for sampling and testing of concrete at least three specimens
should be made for the Compression test. Hence, based on it, Table 4 shows that RP.A passed
the minimum compressive strength (28 MPa) as per DPWH Department Order no. 26 series
of 2016. However, RP.B and RP.C didn’t meet the required minimum compressive strength of
paver block. Ghosal and Moulik [11] indicate that all the replacement degrees of RHA
increased the compressive strength, for a 7% of RHA, a 15% of increment in compressive
strength is observed. Moreover, based on the data from Table 4 shows that there is an increase
of more than 30% in compressive strength concerning CHA. However, RP. B and RP.C show
a clear reduction of compressive strength where Mixture B and C contains more than 10% of
CHA. The increase in the percentage of replacement by coconut ash beyond 12% reduces the
compressive strength of the paver block [30]. Thus, there is an increment of compressive
strength if the mixed material is a combination of CHA and RHA with proportions under mixture
A having a rectangular shape.
The calculated strength based on the average force per mixture and area has passed
the minimum requirement of compressive strength of paver tiles concerning trihexagonal
shape from Table 4. All mixtures yield more than 30% compressive strength. A replacement
of 10% RHA dictates that the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength
increase [5] which was inversely related to CHA, where a replacement of 12% could decrease
the compressive strength of the paver block. But, on a trihexagonal-shaped paver block, all
mixtures passed the minimum requirement even if the proportion of CHA in the mixture is more
than 12%. This shows that a trihexagonal using different mixtures provided in this study is fit
for commercial paver tiles.
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For concrete paver tiles, the test procedure involves immersing a specimen to water after
24-28 hours, weighing it, drying it for specified amount of time, and weighing it again. The
decrease in weight as a percentage of the original weight is expressed as its absorption (in
percent).
Table 5. Water absorption of Rectangular-Shaped Paver Tiles

RECTANGLE Absorption (%)
RP.A 4.12
RP.B 5.01
RP.C 5.42
The table above shows the water absorption of three mixtures having 3 specimens per
mixture to know which is better at absorbing water for a limited amount of time. A rectangular
paver, based on local size, was tested. As can be observed from Table 5, the calculated
absorption is based on the average dry weight per mixture and the saturated weight.
Table 6. Water absorption of Trihexagonal-Shaped Paver Tiles

TRIHEXAGONAL Absorption (%)
THP.A 4.03
THP.B 4.99
THP.C 5.75
The table above shows the water absorption of three mixtures having 3 specimens per
mixture to know which is better at absorbing water for a limited amount of time. A tri-hexagonal
paver, based on local size, was tested.
Water absorption is an important consideration to test the concrete to know the internal
structure of the aggregate. It was presented in DPWH D.O no. 26 Series of 2016 that the
average absorption shall not be less than or equal to 5%, with an individual unit of no greater
than 7% [24]. Hence, based on the data gathered from testing, Mixture C is more accepted than
other mixtures in both shapes following the water absorption test. It was also observed in the
study by Ghosal and Moulik [11], that the water absorption of the samples on the 28th day varied
between 3.03-5.48% and the use of RHA as an aggregate replacement increased water
absorption. Ash has great properties in absorbing water even in CHA [22] and it was shown that
the average water absorption values were 22%, 16%, 14%, and 12% for coconut shell and
powder contents of 0%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. The Mixture C contains more ashes,
but the result of its water absorption test yields good performance based on the minimum
requirement. This reason is maybe due to the combination of materials. Since water absorption
of CHA is greater than RHA. This was attested where substituting a higher amount of RHA
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lowers the water absorption due to its finer property than cement when compared to a controlled
mixture [21].
CONCLUSION
Researchers have found a way of developing alternative paver tiles composed of Rice
husk ash and Coconut husk. It is known that THP.C it is the only type of shape and mixture that
passed all the tests. It contains more ashes, yet its water absorption test results show good
performance. This could be due to the combination of materials, as CHA absorbs more water
than RHA that’s why it passed the range of absorbability. Moreover, in compressive strength, it
passed the minimum requirement even if the proportion of CHA in the mixture is more than 12%.
Therefore, it suitable for commercial paver tiles. Additionally, it also passed the Slump test which
its workability was diagnosed as Medium Workability. Overall, it is accepted and recommended
by the researchers.
The study only focused on three (3) mixtures having the different proportion of the partial
replacement: CHA and RHA; the study then suggests the future research to consider different
proportions and more mixtures to satisfy the standard minimum requirement to various test of
concrete. The study also set its limitation and usage to flood and lightweight loads only, future
research can go beyond the limitation for more heavy loads. This research is also concerned
with the negative impact of Portland cement production. Hence, in adopting this paver, there will
be a reduction of CO2 emission due to the partial replacement of cement. Moreover, it is
affordable and durable. Furthermore, these paver tiles can be used for the garden landscape,
walking lane for the people, and can be placed in light load vehicle lanes for bicycles, tricycles,
motors etc.
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BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS
El John Peralta Calica recently received his Bachelor’s

degree in Civil Engineering at the University of Saint Louis,
Tuguegarao City. His areas of interest include leading,
project management, different engineering software literate,
technical skills, and architectural design. He attended
various workshops/seminars on Quantity surveying, civil
engineering software applications, and Construction
Occupational Health and Safety.
Mark Irish Balete Agcaoili recently received his Bachelor’s

Tuguegarao City. His areas of interest include project
management, technical skills, architectural design, Plan
digitizing and has forte in SketchUp. He attended various
workshops/seminars on Leadership, Quantity surveying,
civil engineering software applications, and Civil
Engineering webinars.
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Dina Anog Luyun recently received her Bachelor’s degree in

Civil Engineering at the University of Saint Louis,
Tuguegarao City. Her areas of interest include project
management, technical skills, and architectural design. She
attended various workshops/seminars on Quantity
surveying, civil engineering software application, and
Construction Occupational Health and Safety.
Jamaica F. Domingo recently received her Bachelor’s degree

in Civil Engineering at the University of Saint Louis,
Tuguegarao City. Her areas of interest includes travel,
food/coffee, volunteering and community service. She
actively attended various workshops/seminars on Quantity
surveying, Civil Engineering software applications and
webinars related to her field of engineering.
Jonalee Albert Balutoc recently received her Bachelor’s

Tuguegarao City. Her areas of interest include civil
engineering softwares such as AutoCAD, STAAD etc. Other
than technical skills, she also likes movies and music. She
attended various workshops and seminars on civil
engineering software application.
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Lexilin Margz Garcia Addun, college graduate with a degree

of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering at the University
of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. She attended seminars in line
with her field of specialization and career development. She
is knowledgeable in engineering softwares such as
AutoCAD, SketchUp and more.
Appendix A
Letters
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Appendix B
Grammar and Organization
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Appendix C
Plagiarism Check
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Appendix D
Concrete Slump Test
Mixture Measurement of Height Diagnosis

Cone (mm) Difference after
removing the
cone (mm)
Mixture A 125 50 Medium
Workability
Mixture B 125 70 Medium
Workability
Mixture C 125 80 Medium
Workability
Table 7. Diagnosis of different mixtures after getting the height difference
Compressive Strength Test
Mixture Cement (g) RHA (g) CHA (g)

A 11310 910 1300
B 10010 1040 1950
C 9100 1300 2600
Table 8. Percentage of properties per mixture of cement
(a)
Average
SHAPE Area (𝑚𝑚^2) Mixture A (g)
(g)
A1 A2 A3
Rectangle 14000 1795 1785 1755 1778.33
Trihexagonal 18371.28 1977 2020 2067 2021.33
Average
Mixture A (kN) Mpa
(g)
A1 A2 A3
442.2 480.6 441.5 0.03248
Rectangle 14000 454.83
8 4 6 8
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0.03363
Trihexagonal 18371.28 618 618 618 618
9
(b)
Average
SHAPE Area (𝑚𝑚^2) Mixture B (g)
(g)
B1 B2 B3
Rectangle 14000 1580 1624 1612 1605.33
Trihexagonal 18371.28 2084 1924 1949 1985.67
Average
Mixture B (kN) Mpa
(g)
B1 B2 B3
321.7 310.3 0.02197
Rectangle 14000 291.1 307.71
3 1 9
0.03363
Trihexagonal 18371.28 618 618 618 618
9
(c)
Average
SHAPE Area (𝑚𝑚^2) Mixture C (g)
(g)
C1 C2 C3
Rectangle 14000 1495 1509 1512 1505.33
Trihexagonal 18371.28 1811 1813 1779 1801
Average
Mixture C (kN) Mpa
(g)
C1 C2 C3
258.8 255.0 254.6
Rectangle 14000 250.1 0.018191
6 6 7
0.03363
Trihexagonal 18371.28 618 618 618 618
9
Table 9. Compressive Strength of Paver Tiles (a) Mixture A, (b) Mixture B, (c) Mixture C
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W Absor
Mix
SHAPE s Wd (g) ption
ture
(g) (%)
1 2 3 4 Aver
age
A 1 1 1 1 1
175
82 76 75 75 74
3.75
6 6 7 0 2 4.12
B 1 1 1 1 1
RECTANGL 164
72 65 64 64 62
E 2.75
5 4 8 0 9 5.01
C 1 1 1 1 1
153
62 54 54 53 52
6.75
0 8 1 3 5 5.42
A 2 2 2 2 2
204
12 05 04 03 03
0.75
3 0 6 5 2 4.03
B 2 1 1 1 1
TRIHEXAG 193
03 94 94 93 92
ONAL 7.25
4 9 2 2 6 4.99
C 1 1 1 1 1
180
90 81 81 80 79
5.25
9 7 0 0 4 5.75
Table 10. Percentage of absorption per mixture in rectangular and tri-hexagonal shaped paver
tiles
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 34 of 82
Appendix E
Graphs of the Results
Figure 8. A.1
Figure 9. RP.A.2
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RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 35 of 82
Figure 10. RP.A.3
Figure 11. RP.B.1
Figure 12. RP.B.2
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RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 36 of 82
Figure 13. RP.B.3
Figure 14. RP.C.1
November 3,
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RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 37 of 82
Figure 15. RP.C.2
Figure 16. RP.C.3

Appendix F
Literature Matrix
TITLE AUTHO KEY OBJE METHODS RESULTS RECO

R (APA) WO CTIV MMEN
RDS ES DATIO
N
1. Krishna, investi Ordinary From the experimental The
Study N. K., gation Portland investigation it was usage
on Sandeep focus Cement found that optimum of Rice
concr , S., & es on (OPC) of 43 replacement of Rice husk
ete Mini, K. asses Grade was Husk ash in cement ash in
with M. (2016, sment used to was near to 10% in concret
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 38 of 82
partial Septemb of the conduct the terms of workability e as a

replac er). suitab experiment and strength. It was replace
ement Study on ility of al work. found that water ment
of concrete Rice absorption increases for
ceme with husk as the percentage of cement
nt by partial ash a RHA increased. This can
rice replacem ceme may be due to the fact decrea
husk ent of ntitiou that as RHA is more se the
ash cement s porous water fills the emissio
by rice materi pores which increase n of
husk al by the water absorption green-
ash. condu rate. house
In IOP cting gases
conferen variou to a
ce s larger
series: physic extent
materials al and which
science chemi automa
and cal tically
engineeri analy increas
ng (Vol. sis es the
149, No. and possibil
1, p. hence ity for
012109). to gaining
IOP under more
Publishin stand number
g. the of
influe carbon
nce of credits.
RHA
on
concr
ete
prope
rties
(fresh
state
and
harde
ned
state)
2. Bie, R. Rice The Different It can be seen that the RHA
Studie S., Song, husk object section outer surface of rice could
s on X. F., Liu, ash ives of surface husk is smooth and its be used
effect Q. Q., Ji, (RH this properties structure is dense as
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 39 of 82
s of X. Y., & A) work of the rice covered with orderly cement

burnin Chen, P. Spe are to husk were bulges additive
g (2015). cific find investigate and
condit Studies surfa out d with could
ions on ce prope SEM and enhanc
and effects of area r EDX. e
rice burning Pozz condit Microstruc cement
husk condition olani ions ture and mortar
ash s and c to chemical strengt
(RHA) rice husk activ produ elements h. And
blendi ash ity ce of rice 10%
ng (RHA) Cem RHA husk RHA
amou blending ent which sample blendin
nt on amount Stre could with g
the on the ngth be deposited amount
mech mechani used Au film by is the
anical cal as ion optimu
behav behavior ceme sputtering m
ior of of nt were proporti
ceme cement. additi examined on to
nt Cement ve, after enhanc
and which vacuum e
Concrete can filtration. cement
Composi also SEM/EDX. mortar
tes, 55, provid HITACHI strengt
162-168. e type h. It
experi scanning provide
menta electron s a
l data microscopy feasible
for with energy- way to
indust dispersive treat
rial X-ray rice
proce provided by husk
sses School of which
materials could
and not only
engineering reuse
, Harbin the
institute of energy
technology but also
was used to reduce
obtain the
scanning volume
electron complet
micrograph ely
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 40 of 82
s of the
RHA
samples.
3. Raheem, Rice An The RHA-blended cement Additio
Chem A. A., & husk attem study mortar gain strength n of
ical Kareem, Ash pt is involved slowly at early curing RHA of
Comp M. A. (RH being intergrindi age and slightly up to 15
ositio (2017). A), made ng RHA increases at a later % is
n and Chemica Pozz in this with curing age desirabl
Physi l olan, study Portland e in
cal composit Ordi to cement improvi
Chara ion and nary produ clinker and ng the
cterist physical Portl ce gypsum compre
ics of characte and RHA- during the ssive
Rice ristics of cem blend cement strengt
Husk rice husk ent ed manufactu h of
Ash ash (OP ceme ring concret
Blend blended C), nt in process. e.
ed cement. Blen the
Ceme In Intern ded contro
nt ational cem lled
Journal ent enviro
of nment
Engineer of a
ing factor
Researc y as it
h in is
Africa (V being
ol. 32, done
pp. 25- for
35). Ordin
Trans ary
Tech Portla
Publicati nd
ons Ltd. Ceme
nt.
4. An Ashokku Coc This OPC-53 The eco-friendly waste
Experi mar, P., onut aim is grade of material coconut shell
menta Keerthiv Shell to Ordinary ash and coconut shell
l as, M. S., Ash, deter Portland is used effectively for
Study Naveenb Coc minin cement light concrete. The
on oobalan, onut g the confirming results obtained
Stren D., & Shell streng to IS: shows that coconut
gth of Pravin, , th of 12269:- shell ash and coconut
Concr R. Com the 2013 are shell without any
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 41 of 82
ete by (2019). pres concr used in processing may

using An sive ete by this replace by cement up
Partial Experim Stre using project. to 15% by its weight.
Repla ental ngth, partial The required
ceme Study on Repl replac compressive strength
nt of Strength ace ement is obtained from the
Ceme of ment of 15% of replaced in
nt with Concrete , ceme light weight concrete.
Coco by using Aggr nt with The required Split
nut Partial egat cocon tensile strength is
Shell Replace e, ut obtained from the 15%
Ash ment of Corr shell of replaced in light
and Cement osio ash weight concrete.
Coars with n (CSA)
e Coconut resis and
Aggre Shell Ash tanc coars
gate and e, e
with Coarse Split aggre
Coco Aggregat tensi gate
nut e with le with
Shell Coconut stren cocon
Shell. Int gth. ut
. Res. J. shell
Eng. (CS)
Technol., in
6(3), concr
8020- ete.
8026.
5. Obokpar Pozz This Tests The use of
Prope o, E. I. olan resear conducted supplementary
rties S., & s, ch is include: cementitious material
of Arum, C. Tern theref Consisten reduces porosity of
Terna N. ary, ore cy test, concrete as can be
ry Propertie Ozo conce free seen from the air
Ceme s of ne rned moisture entrainment test,
ntitiou Ternary layer about content thereby leading to the
s Cementit , the test and production of durable
Concr ious Pollu need slump test. concrete. (k) The
ete Concrete tion, to Compressi ternary blended
Matrix Matrix Rice widen ve concrete of
Conta Containi husk the strength OPC/RHA/CHA at
ining ng Rice ash, inform and 10% replacement
Rice Husk Coc ation density of gave the maximum
Husk Ash and onut base the compressive strength
Ash Coconut on the OPC/CHA and that makes it more
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 42 of 82
and Husk husk pozzo sandcrete preferable in terms of

Coco Ash. ash. lanic blocks strength.
nut prope were also
Husk rties determine
Ash of d
Ekpo
ma
rice
husk
ash,
cocon
ut
husk
ash
and
their
combi
nation
for the
produ
ction
of
ternar
y
concr
ete.
6. Kumar, Rice Evalu Workabili From the current study
Evolut B., Hus ation ty, it has been observed
ion of Sakale, k of the Compressi that, After performing
Prope Ash, worka ve compressive strength
R., Jain,
rties Nylo bility, strength test on the paver
of D., & n compr test, blocks with shifting
Paver Jha, A. fiber, essive flexural rate of nylon fiber, it is
Block K. Com streng strength watched that by
s as Evolutio pres th and test expansion of 0.3%
per IS n of sive flexur nylon fiber gives the
15658 Propertie stren al greatest compressive
: 2006 gth, streng strength at 7, 14 and
s of
using Pav th of 28 days. It is reasoned
Rice Paver er paver that expansion of
Husk Blocks bloc blocks nylon fiber in the
Ash as per IS k. using development of
and 15658: RHA cement paver block
Nylon 2006 and builds its compressive
Fiber strength up to 4.55%
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 43 of 82
using nylon when contrasted with

Rice fiber standard mix. It is
Husk watched that in
cement paver block
Ash and
with ideal nylon fiber
Nylon substance and 10%
Fiber. Rice Husk Ash
IJSRD - supplanting OPC,
Internati gives the most
onal extreme compressive
Journal strength at 7, 14 and
28 days. It is likewise
for
inferred that,
Scientific expansion of ideal
Researc nylon fiber with Rice
h & Husk Ash in cement
Develop paver blocks, expands
ment| its compressive
Vol. 3, strength up to 5.90%
in their 20%
Issue 10,
replacement mix when
2015 | contrasted with
ISSN standard mix. Nylon
(online): Fiber does not impacts
2321- much on the
0613 workability of the solid,
yet there is some
abatement in the
droop estimation of
cement when we
expand the substance
of nylon fibers. Rice
Husk Ash with Nylon
Fibers diminish the
workability of the solid,
this mix abatement
droop estimation of
cement by 30.12%.
Similarly compressive
strength, 0.3% of
nylon fiber is ideal rate
for flexural strength.
0.3% nylon fiber with
10% rice husk powder
i.e. RHA10 mix gives
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 44 of 82
most extreme and

better flexural
strength.
7. Omoniyi, Rice This The The results of the
Perfor T. E., & Hus resear slump test, research carried out
manc Akinyemi k ch compressi on concrete paving
e of , B. Ash involv ve blocks (CPBs), has
Concr (2013). (RH ed the strength shown that the
ete Performa A), produ test, production of CPBs
Pavin nce of Bam ction flexural with cement
g concrete boo and strength replacement with RHA
Block paving s, evalu test up to 30% and addition
s blocks CPB ation of bamboo (3% by
Reinf reinforce of weight of cement) is
orced d with concr technically possible,
with bamboo ete this supports the
Bamb and rice pavin assumption that RHA
oo husk ash g is a potential partial
and as partial blocks replacement for
Rice replacem (CPB cement in the
Husk ent for s) by production of CPB.
Ash cement. partial
as Jou. of ly
Partial Civil Eng. replac
Repla Res. ing
ceme the
nt for ceme
Ceme nt
nt conte
nt by
rice
husk
ash
(RHA)
and
additi
on of
bamb
oos.
8. Subashi Con The Compres This study concludes
Poten De Silva, crete purpo sive and 10% of waste RHA
tial G. H. M. pavi se of flexural without any pre-
use of J., & ng the strength processing can be
waste Priyamali bloc study test used as a cement
rice , M. W. k, was to
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 45 of 82
husk S. wate use replacement in paving

ash (2020). r waste blocks.
for Potential quali rice
concr use of ty, husk
ete waste run- ash
pavin rice husk off, (RHA)
g ash for wast ,
blocks concrete e residu
: paving rice al ash
streng blocks: husk gener
th, strength, ash ated
durabi durability at the
lity, , and run- rice
and off husk
run- propertie fuelle
off s. Intern d clay
prope ational brick
rties Journal kiln,
of for
Paveme manuf
nt acturi
Engineer ng
ing, 1-13. pavin
g
blocks
.
9. Ridwan, The Compres The results inform that
Evalu A., purpo sive the concrete given a
ation Limantar se of strength mixture of fine and
of the a, A. D., this test, water coarse aggregate
streng Subiyant resear absorption coconut shell has
th of o, B., ch test decreasing
cocon Gardjito, was to compressive strength
ut E., evalu and absorption.
shell Rahardjo ate
aggre , D., the
gate Santoso, compr
concr A., ... & essive
ete Mudjana streng
block rko, S. th of
for W. concr
parkin (2019, ete
g area May). obtain
Evaluatio ed by
n of the the
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 46 of 82
strength additi
of on of
coconut fine
shell aggre
aggregat gate
e mixtur
concrete e and
block for a
parking coars
area. e
In IOP aggre
Conferen gate
ce of
Series: cocon
Earth ut
and shell.
Environ
mental
Science
(Vol.
277, No.
1, p.
012002).
IOP
Publishin
g.
10. Ettu, L. : This Compres The strength of OPC-
Stren O., Bina work sive CHA binary blended
gth of Arimanw ry investi strength cement concrete is
Binary a, J. I., blen gated test higher than that of the
Blend Nwachuk ded the control at 90 days of
ed wu, K. cem streng curing for 5- 15%
Ceme C., ent, th replacement.
nt Njoku, F. com chara Therefore, OPC-CHA
Comp C., & posit cterist binary blended
osites Opara, es, ics of cement concrete can
Conta H. E. com binary be used for high
ining Strength pres blend strength requirements
Coco Of sive ed at curing ages greater
nut Blended stren ceme than 50 days. There is
Husk Cement gth, nt similarity in the pattern
Ash Sandcret conc comp of variation of OPC-
e rete, osites CHA binary blended
&Soilcret pozz made cement sandcrete
eblocks olan, with strength with that of
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 47 of 82
Containi sand Ordin OPCCHA binary

ng crete ary blended cement
Coconut . Portla concrete for different
Husk nd percentage
Ash And Ceme replacements of OPC
Oil Palm nt with CHA at 3 to 90
Bunch (OPC) days of curing. Just as
Ash. and for concrete, OPC-
Coco CHA binary blended
nut cement sandcrete has
Husk very low strength
Ash compared to the
(CHA) control at early ages
. up to 21 days. The
strength improves
greatly thereafter and
increases to become
greater than that of the
control at ages above
50 days. Thus, OPC-
CHA binary blended
cement sandcrete
could also be used in
civil engineering works
where early strength is
not a major
requirement. The
mathematical
models/equations
developed for
predicting
compressive strength
of OPC-CHA binary
blended cement
composites can be
used as guide in
determining
appropriate
percentage
replacement and
minimum curing age to
use for required
strength values since
the model values of
compressive strengths
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 48 of 82
obtained from the

equations are either
exactly the same as
those of the equivalent
laboratory values or
very close to them,
especially at ages 28-
90 days.
11. A Kene, M. Pav Th Review It is found after Hen
Review S. D., & er e paper analysis that there is ce we
Paper Patel, A. bloc main need of some are
on A Review k, purp advanced paver propo
“Utilizat Paper on Fly ose block made with the sing a
ion of “Utilizatio ash, of help of all three basic proc
Fly n of Fly riceh this waste materials ess
Ash, Ash, uska rese generated in which
Rice Rice sh, arch agricultural and will
Husk Husk plast pap industrial area reduc
Ash Ash and ic, er is that is plastic, flyash e the
and Plastic Qual that, and ricehuskash. hazar
Plasti Waste in ity pre dous
c Paver contr venti materi
Waste Blocks”. ol on als in
in and from the
Paver impa envir envir
Block ct on onm onme
s” envir ental nt like
onm pollu plastic
ent. tion , fly
of ash
agric and
ultur rice
al husk
and ash
indust etc.
rial ther
waste efore
by
imple
menti
ng
paver
block;
we
are
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 49 of 82
capab
le to
offer
a
green
techn
ology,
sustai
nable
constr
uction
and
environ
ment
friendly
product
to the
society.
12. A Patel, V. Pav Thi Literatur There are various
Review K., & er s e review types of waste
on Singh, V. Bloc work material like stone
Precast V. k, revie crusher dust,
Cement (2017). A Indu ws Recycled plastic or
Concret Review strial the plastic waste, Fly
e Paver on Was effec ash, Copper slug,
Blocks Precast te, t marble waste, coal
Using Cement Stre of waste, foundry sand,
Fly Concrete ngth, using brick kiln are used to
Ash Paver Mix the replaced material
Blocks Prop variou aggregate or cement
Using Fly ortio s in the manufacture of
Ash. n, altern paver block for
Internati Con atives reduction of cost.
onal struc that 2. There are
Journal tion can various types of mix
of Indu be design with different
Advance stry. used material like
Researc in Geopolymer
h, Ideas concr concrete is used
and ete as instead of OPC, iron
Innovatio partial ore
ns in replac tailing from the
Technolo ement mining industry,
gy, 3(6), of rubber pad is used
961-965. ceme for improving the
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 50 of 82
nt in compressive
manuf strength of Paver
acturi Block.
ng of 3. There are
paver various types of fiber
blocks used in The Paver
. Block like nylon
Fiber, polypropylene
fiber, coconut fiber,
polyester
fiber for improving
compressive
strength, abrasion
resistance and
flexural strength of
Paver block.
4. Different size,
Different shape and
Different strength
Paver block used in
different area.
5. Compressive
strength of Paver
block depends on a
water cement ration
of mix proportions.
6. There are
various waste
material used in the
manufacture of
Paver block like
ceramic waste, rice
husk ash, fly ash,
glass
powder for improving
the strength of Paver
block.
13. Sastrawi Rice To Paving Plastic waste The
Plasti dana, I. Hus asse blocks reinforced with rice resear
c D. K. k ss were husk ash has great chers
Waste (2021, Ash, the assessed potential to be used recom
Conv March). Ston com its quality as fine aggregate to mend
ersion Plastic e pres after 28 replace this
Reinf Waste Pow sive days of sand partially in pavin
orced Conversi der, stre cured with paving blocks g
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 51 of 82
with on Plast ngth parameter production. Paving block

Rice Reinforc ic and s test blocks were made by was
Husk ed with Was wate consist of replacing sand with suitab
Ash Rice te, r the 40% of le for
and Husk Pavi abso compres plastic powder and 5% non-
Red Ash and ng rptio sive of rice husk ash at the traffic
Red Bloc n strength ages of 28 days have areas
Ston Stone ks capa and water compressive strengths such as
e Powder city absorption of 12.7 MPa with water pedestr
Pow as Partial of . The test absorption value of ians,
der Sand pavi result was 3.75% landsca
as Replace ng compared pes,
Parti ment for bloc to the and
al Paving ks compressi public
San Blocks fro ve walkwa
d Producti m strength ys
Repl on. In plast and
ace IOP ic water
men Conferen wast absorption
t for ce e which
Pavi Series: com issued by
ng Materials bine SNI 03-
Bloc Science d 0691-1996
ks and with to assess
Pro Engineer rice the usage
ducti ing (Vol. haus feasibility
on 1115, k
No. 1, p. ash
012070). as
IOP sand
Publishin parti
g. al
repl
ace
men
t and
red
stone
powd
er as
its
natura
l
colora
nt. T
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 52 of 82
14. Mudiyon coco To - Sludge The conclusion of this

The o, R., & nut deter content study is that the
Influe Sudarno, coir mine test addition of 0.1%
nce of S. fiber, the - coconut coir fiber can
Coco (2019). pavi influe Procedure make a paving block
nut The ng nce of of the mixture increase its
Fiber Influence bloc cocon Making compressive and
on the of k, ut coir the Paving flexural strength.
Comp Coconut com fiber Blocks
ressiv Fiber on pres on the - Curing
e and the sive compr and
Flexur Compres stren essive Setting
al sive and gth, and Time
Stren Flexural flexu flexur -
gth of Strength ral al Compressi
Pavin of Paving stren streng ve
g Blocks. gth th of Strength
Block Engineer pavin Test
s ing, g Results
Technolo blocks --
gy & . Flexural
Applied Strength
Science Test result
Researc
h, 9(5),
4702-
4705.
15. NADAR R It is Methodol Overall results Tho
Improvi AJAH, oa prop ogy was show a considerable ugh
ng T., & d osed adopted improvement in the the
Workab Halwatur pa to by quality of the blocks SLS
ility, a, R. U. vin intr adding by adding GPHA for 1247
Strengt (2015). g, oduc GPHA in all the cement ceme
h And Improvin wo e volume types. SLS 107 nt and
Appear g rka grin percentag cement showed a SLS
ance In workabili bilit ded e (1% - positive 1253
Interlo ty, y, pad 10%) to improvement in the cem
cking strength str dy the normal strength ent
Block and en husk mix and between 0% to 5% types
s appeara gth ash the of GPHA mix range did
Using nce in , (GP workabili and it has nearly a not
Grind interlocki ap HA) ty was 30% of strength reach
ed ng blocks pe as a checked improvement all the
Paddy using ara filler using the compared to the object
grinded nc mat slump test. ives of
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 53 of 82
Husk paddy e, erial, Then; after normal mix. It also the

Ash husk be whic the casting showed a fair visual resear
ash. st h is and curing appearance in that ch,
FARU mix freely process, range. A they
PROCE prop availa the show
EDINGS ortio ble in standard ed
–2015, n most testing goo
158. parts methods d
of the were impro
countr adopted to veme
y. check the nts in
compres most
sive of the
strength, prope
skid rties
resistance and it
, tensile will
splitting lead
strength, us to
water utilize
absorptio the
n and blocks
compariso in other
n of visual appropr
appearanc iate
e for all places
sample accordi
types of ng to
mixtures. the
In addition various
to this, a require
cost ments.
compariso
n analysis
was done
for all the
mixture
samples.
16. Sangeet Rice To To The study shows In
Experi ha, R. K., husk reduc conduct that, even though the future
menta Karthi, ash, e the experimen rice husk ash have resear
l study S., pave use of tal higher concentration ch is
on Mounish r ceme analysis of silica content, the neede
partial balaji, K. bloc nt in number of strength and other d in
replac S., ks, the specimens properties of
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 54 of 82
ement Praveenr concr were concrete with rice diffe

of aj, K. S., ete casted husk ash was not rent
ceme & paver with found improved to dimen
nt with Ragunat block various upto the mark. This sions
rice h, M. by mix indicated to
husk (2020, partial proportion that the silica utilize
ash in Septemb replac s by using content in rice husk the
paver er). ement materials ash is presented in dump
blocks Experim with available inactive form. This ed
ental rice in local was one of the rice
study on husk market. reason for lower husk
partial ash. Totally value of ash
replacem 126 test result. On the effecti
ent of specimens other side, the vely
cement with material was and
with rice different collected from the also
husk ash mix waste dump yard, so meas
in paver proportion that mixing of ures
blocks. In s were contaminated need
AIP casted for materials with rice to
Conferen studying husk ash may also preve
ce various lead to the decrease of nt the
Proceedi properties strength parameters environ
ngs (Vol. like mental
2259, compressi pollutio
No. 1, p. ve ns like
020019). strength, air
AIP flexural pollutio
Publishin strength, n,
g LLC. split ground
tensile water
strength, contami
water nation
absorption etc.
and
abrasion
resistanc
e.
17. Patil, A. Con This Various Studies showed Reutiliz
Feasi R., & crete study test results cement can replace ation of
bility Sathe, S. pave exami are with 100% by fly ash in these
of B. rsW nes mentioned geopolymer concrete. materia
sustai (2020). aste the like GGBS can use upto ls will
nable Feasibilit mate feasib compressi 50–70%, Waste tend
constr y of rial ility of ve foundry sand upto 30– towards
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 55 of 82
uction sustaina utiliz using strength, 50%, 25% fly ash and sustain
materi ble ation variou water 75% GGBS for better able
als for construct Geo s absorption strength results also develop
concr ion poly waste , splitting utilization of 45% ment
ete materials mer materi tensile waste foundry sand an through
pavin for bloc als in strength, 34% fly ash gives econo
g concrete ksW concr flexural better compressive mic and
blocks paving aste ete strength strength results. green
: A blocks: A foun paver and pavers.
revie review dry blocks abrasion
w on on waste sand to resistance
waste foundry Mec reduc test along
foundr sand and hani e with the
y sand other cal consu optimum
and materials prop mptio replaceme
other . ertie n of nt
materi sDur natura percentag
als abilit l e values of
y resour various
prop ces, waste
ertie increa materials
s sed which can
global be used to
warmi get better
ng results.
and
hazar
dous
waste
materi
al
gener
ation
18. Helepciu cem The The The concrete is Moreov
The c, C. M. ent aim of concrete produced from er, by
Enviro The prod this is, limestone, clay and using
nment Environ uctio study generally, sand, requiring differen
al mental n; is to a mixture energy consumption in t
Impac Impact of envir synth of large all production stages. wastes
t of Concrete onm esize aggregate Additionally, some raw many
Concr Producti ental some s, fine materials are land
ete on and pollu aspec aggregate considered resources areas
Produ the tion; ts s, and a with limited availability designe
ction Necessit gree regar cement in time (e.g., d as
and y of Its n ding binder. limestone, stone storage
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 56 of 82
the Greening conc metho These shale, clay, natural spaces

Neces . rete. ds of ingredient sand, or natural can be
sity of Resilient greeni s are rocks), raising the ecologi
Its Society, ng mixed problem of keeping cally
Green 81. concr with them as natural rehabilit
ing ete, appropriat reserves for a longer ated.
such e amounts period. In this context,
as of water, environmentally
altern then a friendly concrete
ative chemical production can be
fuels, reaction of cheap, resource
incorp hydration protective and can
oratio takes provide a reduction in
n of place, greenhouse gas
agricu leading to emissions due to the
ltural concrete waste used as
waste elements substitute of cement.
, etc., or
chara structures
cterist which are
ics of very
this strong and
type rigid
of
concr
ete,
and
short
and
long
term
benefi
ts to
the
enviro
nment
, in
line
with
the
most
import
ant
recom
mend
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 57 of 82
ations
of the
prese
nt
legisla
tion.
19. Ghos Rice The RHA The partial Similar
Use of al, S., & Hus rice produced replacement of studies
Rice Moulik, k husk by cement by RHA are
Husk S. C. Ash, ash burning indicated that at long recom
Ash (2015). Agri concr rice husk term ages the RHA mende
as Use of cultu ete between concrete showed d for
Partial Rice ral aims 6000C- higher compressive concret
Repla Husk Resi to 7000C for strength in e
ceme Ash as dues prepa 2 hours comparison with that beams
nt with Partial Utiliz re contains of concrete without and
Ceme Replac ation light 90-95% RHA. It is convenient slab
nt In ement , weigh SiO2,1- to state that there is a section
Concr with Light t 3% K2O substantial increase in s to
ete- A Cement Wei struct and <5% tensile strength due to ascertai
Revie In ght ural unburnt addition of RHA. n the
w Concret Stru concr carbon.RH flexural
e- A ctura ete A behavio
Review l which contains ur of
. Con may silica in light
Internat crete reduc amorphou weight
ional , e s form and concret
Journal Cost consi are e made
of Effe derabl cellular in with
Engine ctive y the nature rice
ering Hou self with 50- husk.
Resear sing load 1000 m2/g
ch. of surface
Volume struct area.
No.4, ures
Issue and
No.9, permit
pp : s
506- large
509. preca
ISSN:2 st
319- units
6890)(o to be
nline),2 handl
347- ed.Th
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 58 of 82
5013(pr e
int). 01 main
Sept. object
2015 ive is
theref
ore to
encou
rage
the
use of
these
‘seem
ingly’
waste
produ
cts as
constr
uction
materi
als in
low
cost
housi
ng
20. A Nadzri, Coc The The IS The compressive Future
short S. N. I. H. onut study 10262- strength of coconut studies
revie A., shell aims 1982 shell concrete is need to
w on Sultan, pow to standard comparable to the be
the M. T. H., der, comp method conventional, leads to carried
use of Shah, A. cem are was a bright potential for out to
cocon U. M., & ent the applied in its use as enhanc
ut Safri, S. conc compr blending replacement to the e the
shell N. A. rete essive CSP with course aggregate in properti
powd (2019). A streng cement in concrete es of
er as short th of the these
filler in review the laboratory CS
ceme on the conve to ensure concret
nt use of ntiona the e and
concr coconut l fabrication further
ete shell materi achieved its
powder als the applicat
as filler in and standard ions in
cement the concrete other
concrete. use of grade M- types of
IOP natura 20 [14]. A ceramic
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 59 of 82
Conferen l mixer was matrix

ce sourc used to compos
Series: es. blend all ites
Materials together
Science CSP,
and sand and
Engineer water to
ing. 670 produce
012027 the
coconut
shell (CS)
concrete
in various
ratio of
each
material.
21. Akshay C Th IS-516- We can conclude
Comp Betageri, oc e 1959, both fly ash, GGBFS
arativ D. on pri “METHOD has
e (2018). ut mar S OF remarkably
Study Compara fib y TESTS increased the
Of tive er, obje FOR strength properties.
Stren Study Of Co ctive STRENGT However, by seeing
gth Strength mp of H the variation of
Prope Propertie res the OF strength in 15% and
rties s Of siv curr CONCRE 25% replacement it
Of Coconut e ent TE”. can be concluded
Coco Coir str proj that GGBFS will
nut Fiber en ect IS4031– give good strength
Coir Reinforc gth is to Part11 properties. And can
Fiber ed , inve (1988), be effectively
Reinf Concrete Fle stiga “Methods used as a
orced Due To xur te of Physical pozzolanic material .
Concr Partial al the Tests With this work finally,
ete Replace stren str for it can be concluded
Due ment Of gth, engt Hydraulic that coir fiber
To Cement Fly h Cement, reinforced concrete
Partial By ash, prop Part 11: along with GGBFS,
Repla Pozzolan GGB ertie Determina is a good material
ceme ic FS, s of tion of to attain both
nt Of Materials CFR coco Density” compressive and
Ceme C, nut flexural strength.
nt By Rice coir
Pozzo husk fiber
lanic ash. reinf
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 60 of 82
Materi orce
als d
conc
rete
due to
partial
replac
ement
of
ceme
nt by
variou
s
pozzo
lanas.
22. Chao- C The Experim The test results The
Invest Lung on prese ental showed that all brick result
igatio Hwang str nt samples exhibited s of
n into and ucti study good physical and
this
the Trong- on investi mechanical
use of gates properties. study
Phuoc bri
ungro the Compressive strength demo
Huynh. ck
und feasib and flexural strength nstrat
Investig Fl
rice ility of ranged, respectively, e a
ation y
husk using between 20.9–31.5 signifi
ash to into the as the MPa and 5.7–6.7
use of h cant
produ densif MPa. All these values
ce ungrou R ied were significantly potent
eco- nd rice ice mixtur better than the values ial for
friendl husk hu e required by the official applyi
y ash to sk desig Vietnamese ng
constr produc as n standards. URHA
uction e eco- h algorit in the
bricks friendly U hm
produ
constru ngr (DMD
A) ction
ction ou
metho of
bricks. nd
Constru d to eco-
ric
incorp friendl
ction e orate y
and hu ungro
Buildin sk constr
und
g as rice uction
Materia h husk bricks
ls 93 ash .
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 61 of 82
(2015) F (URH
335– or A) as
34. mi a
ng partial
pre fine
ssu aggre
re gate
replac
Com
ement
pres
(0–
sive
40%)
stren
in the
gth
produ
ction
of
eco-
friendl
y
constr
uction
bricks
.
23. An Chao- gr The Experim Based on the
applicat Lung ee prese ental experimental results of
ion of Hwang, n nt the present study, the
blende Trong- buil study following solid
d fly Phuoc din investi conclusions may be
ash and Huynh & gates drawn:
g
residual Yogie the 1.) Both forming
Risdiant bri possi pressure and URHA
rice
husk o (2016) : ck; bility content significantly
ash for An cla of affect all critical
produci applicati ss- using properties of bricks.
ng on of f fly a The strength and bulk
green blended as blend density of the brick
building fly ash h; ed samples increased as
bricks. and res class- forming pressure
residual idu F fly increased.
rice husk ash Conversely, increases
al
ash for (FA) in forming pressure
producin ric and caused void volume
g green e residu and absorption
building hu al rice capacity to decrease.
bricks. sk husk Further, the void
Journal as ash volume and
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 62 of 82
of the h; (RHA) absorption capacity

Chinese for in the increased as URHA
Institute mi produ content increased
of ng ction while strength
Engineer pre of development and bulk
s. green density decreased.
ssu
buildi 2.) The strength of
re. ng bricks increased with
bricks forming pressure.
throug Additionally, the
h the multiplier for
applic lubricating paste had
ation an insignificant effect
of on the development of
densif bricks strength. In this
ied investigation, the
mixtur strength of bricks was
e maximized at the
desig multiplier for
n lubricating paste and
algorit forming pressure of
hm 1.4 and 35 MPa,
(DMD respectively.
A) in 3.) The development
order in strength of bricks
to reduced remarkably
provid with the addition of
e a URHA as fine
new aggregate.
use nevertheless, strength
for results of all the tested
solid bricks conformed to
waste the definition in TCVn
materi 1451:1998 (MOC
als. 1998) indicating the
best quality for solid
bricks in Vietnam
(Grade M200).
4.) Up to 30% URHA
content, the values of
bulk density and water
absorption, as
compared to standard
requirements, were
higher than 15.7 kn/m3
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 63 of 82
and lower than 16%,

respectively.
Moreover, the volume
of voids in the tested
bricks was much
lower than the
required level under
TCVn 6477:2011
(MOC 2011).
5.) It is feasible to
produce green
building bricks using
FA, RHA, and
especially, URHA. The
use of these waste
materials greatly
contributes to
reducing pollution as
well as other negative
impacts on the
environment. The
percentage of URHA
in bricks used as a
sand replacement
could be increased to
30%, where all bricks
properties still
satisfied the
requirements under
the related
Vietnamese codes.
24. Engr. Ikri Pozz The EXPERI From the The
Prope Samuel olan need MENTAL experimental results resear
rties Obokpar s, to obtained in this chers
of o and Tern reduc investigation, rice recom
Terna Prof. C. ary, e the husk ash and mend
ry N. Arum. Ozo rate of coconut husk ash for this
Ceme Propertie ne deplet making cement, This
ntitiou s of layer ion of using Elephant indica
s Ternary , the brand of ordinary te that
Concr Cementit Pollu ozone Portland cement in RHA
ete ious tion, layer combination, the and
Matrix Concrete Rice and following CHA
Conta Matrix husk also conclusions are combi
ining Containi ash, to drawn: nation
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 64 of 82
Rice ng Rice Coc produ (a) The X-Ray is an

Husk Husk onut ce Fluoresce (XRF) of excell
Ash Ash and husk durabl rice husk ash (RHA) ent
and Coconut ash. e and and coconut husk pozzo
Coco Husk sustai ash (CHA) revealed lans
nut Ash. nable silicon oxide (SiO2) that
Husk Internati concr as the highest can
Ash onal ete percentage of all the be
Journal has compound and utilize
of led to element present. for
Engineer this (b) The evaluation both
ing study. of the chemical binary
Researc characteristics of and
h & Ekpoma rice husk ternar
Technolo ash and coconut y
gy husk ash indicated blend
(IJERT) that the materials ed
(Vol. 9, met the ASTM C618 concr
Issue 02, (2005) Specification ete
February for pozzolan to be produ
-2020). used as ction.
supplementary
cementitious
materials in ordinary
Portland cement
concrete. It is thus
conclusive that these
materials are good
supplementary
cementitious
materials for use in
concrete production.
(c) The setting time
of Elephant brand of
ordinary Portland
cement partially
replaced by Ekpoma
rice husk ash and 0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 0
5 10 15 20
Compressive
Strength (N/mm2 )
SCM Replacement
(%) RHA CHA RHA
& CHA 0 5 10 15 20
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 65 of 82
25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20
Compressive
Strength (N/mm2 )
SCM Replacement
(%) RHA CHA RHA
& CHA International
Journal of
Engineering
Research &
Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org
ISSN: 2278-0181
IJERTV9IS020272
(This work is
licensed under a
Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0
International
License.) Published
by : www.ijert.org
Vol. 9 Issue 02,
February-2020 868
coconut husk ash
increased with
increase in
percentage
replacement
(d) The fineness of
cement was
improved when the
supplementary
cementitious
materials were
added.
(e) Introduction of
the SCMs made the
various concrete
tested to be less
porous than the
control mix, from the
air entrainment test.
(f) In the workability
of concrete, there
was a decrease with
each percentage
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 66 of 82
replacement in the
compacting factor of
unhardened
concrete and the
slump decreased till
the 15%
replacement then
started increasing for
RHA and RHA &
CHA. Also, the slump
for CHA decreased
at 5% then started
increasing gradually,
making the concrete
adequately
workable.
(g) All the concrete
with the various
percentage
replacements tested
has greater
compressive
strength values at 56
days as compared
with that at 0%
replacement, except
for 20% RHA and
20% RHA & CHA.
(h) The
compressive
strength values for
15%RHA, 15%CHA
and 10%RHA & CHA
at 28 and 56 days of
curing are higher
than the
compressive
strength of 100%
OPC at the same
days.
(i) The utilization of
supplementary
cementitious
materials in either
cement or concrete
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 67 of 82
can compensate for

environmental,
technical and
economic issues
caused by cement
production. Most of
these supplementary
cementitious
materials are by-
products, and their
inclusion serves as
an invaluable means
to protect
environmental
resources and the
production of durable
concrete.
(j) The use of
supplementary
cementitious material
reduces porosity of
concrete as can be
seen from the air
entrainment test,
thereby leading to the
production of durable
concrete. (k) The
ternary blended
concrete of
OPC/RHA/CHA at
10% replacement
gave the maximum
compressive strength
and that makes it more
preferable in terms of
strength.
25. G. P to EXPERI The results
Evaluat Shafab erv eval MENTAL indicated that the
ion of akhsh iou uate - addition of RHA and
Coal and S. s the Compressi CWA improved the
Waste Ahmadi Co effec ve mechanical
Ash . ncr ts of Strength properties of
and Evaluat ete coal - Tensile pervious concrete.
Rice ion of Pa wast Strength However, the
Husk Coal ve e optimum
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 68 of 82
Ash on Waste me ash - Flexural percentage is

Properti Ash nt (CW Strength dramatically varying.
es of and M A) - Among these, the
Perviou Rice ec and Permeabili effectiveness of
s Husk ha rice ty and CWA is more
Concr Ash on nic husk porosity significant compared
ete Properti al ash to RHA. By
Pave es of Pro (RH increasing the
ment Perviou per A) amount of CWA and
s ties and to RHA to the optimum
Concrete R comp level, the
Paveme ice are permeability
nt. Hu the of the pervious
Internati sk mech concrete had
onal As anical simultaneously
Journal h prope decreased.
of Coal rties However, beyond
Engineer Was of the optimum level, it
ing (Vol. te pervio may
29, No. Ash us show inverse respond.
2, concr
(Februar ete
y 2016) pave
192- ment
201). with
concr
ete
havin
g ash.
26. V. R This EXPERI The following
Comb Kanthe ice resear MENTAL conclusion can be
ine and S. Hu ch drawn from the
Use of Deo, M. sk paper experimental result,
Fly Murmu. As descri 1. The SEM and EDX
Ash Combine h, bes result shows the
and Use of Fl the porous structure of
Rice Fly Ash y study RHA particle with
Husk and Rice As of higher content of
Ash in Husk h, combi silica. The pores
Concr Ash in Con ned absorbed the water
ete to Concrete crete effect at the time of mixing
Impro to , of Fly reducing the
ve its Improve Com Ash workability, this
Prope its pres (FA) effect can be
rties Propertie sive and compensated by
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 69 of 82
s. Stre Rice adding the spherical

Internati ngth, Husk particles of FA to
onal Wor Ash improve the
Journal kabil (RHA) workability.
of ity, on 2. The compressive
Engineer Dura prope strength of ternary
ing (Vol. bility rties blend concrete was
31, No. of higher than control
7, (July concr concrete. The
2018) ete as highest strength was
1012- partial observed for R10F20
1019). replac concrete mix. It may
ement be due to the packing
of of finer particles,
Ordin pozzolanic reaction
ary and internal water
Portla curing by RHA.
nd 3. The UPV test
Ceme result showed the
nt improved the
(OPC) durability of concrete
. And by addition of FA and
deter RHA.
mine 4. The residual plot
the falls in a straight line
compr for 7 and 28-days
essive strength result hence
streng it may consider as
th, the given regression
worka model is adequate
bility, for the optimized the
durabi experimental work.
lity 5. This type of ternary
perfor blend concrete can
manc effectively utilize up to
e, and 30% the industrial and
micro agricultural byproduct
struct with reduced cost of
ure of 20.1% and an
concr environmental
ete problem.
were
studie
d. In
this
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 70 of 82
resear
ch
paper,
the
compr
essive
streng
th,
worka
bility,
durabi
lity
perfor
manc
e, and
micro
struct
ure of
concr
ete
were
studie
d.
27. Dhengar Cop To The The use of ash in Recom
Binary ea, S., per use evaluation concrete can save the mendat
Concr Sharmab Slag Sug of industry disposal costs ion to
ete , Dr. R. (CS) arca Sugarcan and produce a green choose
Expan L., ; Fly ne e Bagasse concrete for best
sion Sobtic, Ash Bag Ash, Fly Construction. •The materia
by Dr. J., (FA); asse Ash, Rice use of ash in concrete l among
mean Gajbhiye Sug Ash, Husk Ash leads to saving in these
s of d, Dr. A. arca Fly and material cost so the three
Copp R., & ne Ash, Copper use of which
er Bhagate Bag Rice slag for SCBA,CS,FA,RHA is are of
Slag, R.. asse Hus use as a a sustainable quite
Fly Binary Ash k replaceme approach towards the popular
Ash, Concrete (SC Ash, nt of use of cement. •This in use
Sugar Expansio BA); and Bitumen research concludes these
cane n by Rice Cop begins that days.
Bagas means of Hus per with the SCBA,CS,FA,RHA As fly
se Copper k slag penetratio can be innovative ash is
Ash, Slag, Fly Ash( in n test in supplementary already
and Ash, RHA conc which we cementations used as
Rice Sugarca ); rete Add ample Construction Materials inert
Husk ne Com by amount of but judicious decisions constitu
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 71 of 82
Ash Bagasse pres parti these are to be taken by ent in

as Ash, and sive al materials engineers. cement
partial Rice stren repl in the •Replacement with rather
replac Husk gth; ace cement in SCBA imparts higher than
ement Ash as Was men the strength than the pozzola
of partial te t of proportion replacement with rice nic
Ceme replacem disp cem of husk ash and fly ash. additive
nt ent of osal, ent. 5%,10%,1 there is
Cement. Was 5%,20%2 need to
Internati te Eval 5% and be
onal utiliz uatio 30% carry
Journal ation n of respectivel researc
of the y. After the h on
Advance stre addition of SCBA
d ngth these in this
Science prop materials regard.
and ertie in cement,
Technolo s of the
gy Vol. Cont properties
29, No. rol of
7, Con concrete
(2020), cret are
pp. 9973- e monitored
9993 and and
Bag recorded
asse for further
Ash, analysis
Rice and the
Hus best-
k attained
Ash, data is
Cop appreciate
per d.
slag
And
Fly
Ash
Con
cret
e.
To
dete
rmin
e the
opti
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 72 of 82
mu
m
mix
that
prod
uces
a
high
er
stre
ngth
of
conc
rete
in
Com
pres
sive
Stre
ngth
.
To
comp
are
variou
s
param
eters
of
Conv
ention
al
Concr
ete
and
Modifi
ed
Concr
ete.
28. Ayoba Corr This To The result was The
Corro mi, osio resear achieve analysed and mathe
sion B., Willi n ch the aim of modelled using a matical
Effect ams, rate, asses this response surface model
of K., Tolu Con sed research, analysis. The showed
Rise lope, crete the rice husk optimisation of the that
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 73 of 82
Husk L., Em , corros was air- corrosion effect was RHA

Ash in manuel Wei ion dried for also assessed using has a
Concr , ght effect two days the same method. The positive
ete S., Sny loss, of rice and then result of the study effect
Pore man, J., Rice husk burnt at a revealed that the on the
Soluti & Julius husk as a temperatu inhibition efficiency corrosi
on: , N. ash, concr re of based on the average on rate
o
Resp Corrosi Res ete 600 C. It corrosion rate was - of mild
onse on pons consti was used 69.54%, which steel.
Surfa Effect e tuent as a partial indicates that 5% of This
ce of Rice surfa for the replaceme rice husk ash does not indicate
Analy Husk ce, desig nt for inhibit corrosion, s that
sis Ash in Sust n of cement at likewise the other the
Concret aina long- 0%, 10%, replacements. The higher
e Pore ble lastin 20% and corrosion inhibition of the
Solutio infra g 30% 15% replacement with RHA,
n: struc concr replaceme rice husk ash is slightly the
Respon ture ete nt of higher than the control lower
se infrast cement. sample. The research the
Surface ructur The revealed that the most corrosi
Analysi es. concrete favourable on rate.
s. Vol. pore replacement in terms The
14, No. solution of corrosion rate in outcom
7, was comparison to the e of this
(2020), extracted other percentages is researc
pp. by 15%. h will
162- mechanic serve
173 al means. as a
TOBCT This was guide
J-14- used as for
162 the concret
DOI: 10 medium to e users,
.2174/1 assess the engine
87 weight ers,
483680 loss and corrosi
201401 calculate on
0162 the experts
corrosion and
rate at researc
seventy- hers on
two (72) the use
hours of rice
interval husk
with a ash in
focus on concret
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 74 of 82
the e
temperatu product
re of the ion.
environme
nt. The
corrosion
inhibition
of the steel
rebar was
determine
d using the
weight
loss
method.
29. Mokht coco Th The first Based on the result The
Concr ar, M., nut e phase in and discussion in this recom
ete Zhen, shell obje develop review paper, it is mend
Block N.Z., , ctive the concluded that the ation
with Jing, C. conc of systematic overall strength of is
Partial W., & rete this review is concrete decrease that
Repla Le, L.J. bloc pap identificati when the coarse the
ceme Concret k, er is on. In this aggregate in partially cocon
nt of e Block coar to phase, replaced by coconut ut
Coars with se stud the shells in comparison shell
e Partial aggr y papers with able
Aggre Replac egat and are control concrete. and
gate ement e, eval collected The compressive suitab
by of com uate and strength, split t le to
Coco Coarse pres the evaluated ensile strength and use in
nut Aggreg sive publi for their flexural strength lightw
Shell: ate by stren shed suitability shows decline eight
A Coconu gth rev based on when the aggre
Revie t Shell: iews the percentage gate
w A that analysis of replacement of to
Review relat their title coconut shells replac
. ed and increases. e the
Multidis to abstract. conv
ciplinar the The ention
y phys second al c
Applied ical phase oars
Resear char is e
ch and acte screening. aggre
Innovati ristic The gate.
on Vol. of inclusion The
conc and partial
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 75 of 82
2 No. rete exclusion ly

1(2021) that criteria replac
25-35 mad have been ement
e by decided of
usin before the cocon
g process ut
coc of shell
onut screening create
shell start. a
s Screening mor
and is taken e
to on the econo
appr title and mic
oach abstract concr
towa of each ete
rds research struct
the papers. ure
feasi The and
bility inclusion leads
of and to a
incor exclusion sustai
pora criteria nable
ting were devel
coco considere opme
nut d to nt in
shell prevent cons
as irrelevant tructio
a in n
repl formatio field.
ace n enter the
men next
t for phase
coar of
se process.
aggr
egat
e in
conc
rete
prod
uctio
n.
30. Shanmu Pav In this The increase in the

Utilizi gasunda er case of percentage of
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 76 of 82
ng ram,. R., bloc mix design replacement by

And Ramesh, k, for coconut shells
Optim K. & Coc medium beyond 12% reduces
izing Jaideep, onut strength, the compressive
Waste C. shell less strength of the paver
Reso Utilizing , parameter block.
urces And Was are The water absorption
In Optimizi te required to values for 0% and
Concr ng Waste pape be 12% replacement of
ete Resourc r considere coconut shell and
Paver es In slud d. Design waste paper sludge
Block Concrete ge can be ash were 1.22% and
s Paver ash, finalized 1.56% which were less
Blocks. Abra on than 7% as specified
Journal sion observing by codal provision.
of resis one or two The coconut shells
Seybold tanc trial mixes. can be used in the
Report e, In this locations, where it is
ISSN Ped paper, M available in
NO: estri 40 abundance, which
1533- an concrete reduces the
9211 platf grade was requirement of coarse
orm used. aggregate and will be
cost effective.
31. Raghu Coc This Slump Result shows that all
Study wanshi, onut disser cone test, three-waste material
of Y. & Hus tation Compressi reduce workability of
Utiliza k, shows ve the concrete, where
Joshi, R.
tion of Hum comp Strength M30 control mix
Coco Study of an arativ test, concrete gives slump
nut Utilizatio Hair, e and Flexural of 98 mm and M40
Husk, n of Jute experi Strength concrete possess 94
Jute Coconut Fibe menta test mm, it has been
Fibers Husk, r l work observed that jute
and Jute Fibe on the fiber reduces slump
Huma r, usage value of concrete
Fibers
n Con of approximately upto
Hairs and crete cocon 38% when fiber is
as a Human , ut added upto 3.00%,
Fiber Hairs as Wor husk, and coconut husk also
Reinf a Fiber kabil jute decreases the slump
orcem Reinforc ity, fibers value of concrete
ent in ement in Com and approximately 43%
Concr pres huma when coconut husk
Concrete
ete sive n
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 77 of 82
. IJSRD - Stre hairs fiber is added upto

Internati ngth, as 3.00% in concrete.
onal Flex fiber
ural reinfor
Journal
Stre ceme
for ngth nt in
Scientific concr
Researc ete.
h &
Develop
ment|
Vol. 4,
Issue 11,
2017 |
ISSN
(online):
2321-
0613
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 78 of 82
32. Beeldens, wate This Permeab Water pervious Follo

Water A. Water r paper ility test structures offer a wing
pervio pervious pervi prese methods good alternative as this
us concrete ous nts infiltration system. resear
concr pavement struc the The results indicate a ch
ete blocks: tures result good buffering projec
pave durable , s of a capacity, infiltration t, the
ment structures pervi resear or retarded drainage BRRC
blocks for an ous ch possibilities, has
: integrated conc projec depending on the starte
durabl water rete t, type of soil. d a
e policy. The pave condu Important is to techni
struct Institute ment cted provide a whole cal
ures for the bloc at the structure, which is suppo
for an Promotion ks, BRRC permeable. This rt
integr of per during prevents water run projec
ated Innovation mea 4 year off, allows storage of t, in
water by bility s. the water in the base which
policy Science test The or sub base layer techni
and meth efficie and drainage trough cal
Technolog ods. ncy of infiltration in the suppo
y in water ground or by rt
Flanders. bufferi restricted outflow. during
ng desig
and n,
infiltra execu
tion in tion or
relatio after
n to constr
the uction
choic is
e of offere
materi d as
al is well
investi as
gated result
in the disse
labora minati
tory, on by
on a leaflet
test s,
parkin state-
g lot of-
and the-
art
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 79 of 82
on public
site. ations
and
follow
up of
the
projec
ts is
forese
en.
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 80 of 82
33. Datta, R. Ada Th Reconna Further, it is not

Current K., Alam, ptabi e issance fitting to cope
status O., & lity, ques survey with adverse
of Hossain, Clim t of was natural calamities
urban M. M. ate the accomplis viz. heavy rain falls
drainag (2017). Cha stud hed in the and flood, where
e Current nge, y study area climate change
system Status Of Drai was and then a induced impact is
and its Urban nage to semi- redoubling such
proble Drainage Syst expl structured situations. In
m in System em, ore questionn addition, the
Netroko And Its Muni the aire was constructed
na Problem cipal statu designed. drainage system is
Municip In , s of not suitable to adapt
al, Netrokon Prob curr with climate change
Dhaka a lems ent impacts (e.g., heavy
Municipa urba rainfall &
l, Dhaka. n floods). Therefore,
Journal drai existing PDS is one
of nag of the most
Institute e responsible factors
of syst for environmental
Science em damage as
and and well as making all
Technolo its development
gy, 22(1), proble activities
165-178. m. unsustainable.
However, adverse
effects can be
minimized if the
concerned authority
takes
appropriate steps
immediately
34. Ganiron Drai This The It is that they reflect It

Natur Jr, T. U. nage study researcher the communities' was
al (2017). flood explor employed visions of recom
Flood Natural flood es the a themselves. mend
Mana flood wate possi descriptive Communities must ed
geme manage r ble method of be aware of their that a
nt: A ment: a man soluti research risks and plan thorou
restat restatem age ons in the accordingly, ghly
ement ent of the ment for the study exami
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 81 of 82
of the natural natu draina weighing mitigation ned

Natur science ral ge alternatives with combi
al evidence scie syste community needs. nation
Scien . World nce m to Also, the decision- of the
ce News of stor ensur making process is mea
Evide Natural mwa e largely energized by sures
nce Sciences ter peak the availability of can
, 12, 92- wast perfor funding, the need for minim
106. e manc a short term of the ize
wate e that rate of return, the
r might and the direct flood
man be impacts on society, losses
age adopt whereas the indirect as
ment ed in social aspects and much
wast Españ the sustain ability of as
ewat a the flood-protection possi
er Boule schemes are usually ble
vard, forgotten. Moreover, since
Manil the environmental every
a. It impacts that waste
aims are consequent on water
to the application of any manag
descri measure are ement
be the considered a system
waste governing factor in has
water the benefits
mana selection of the and
geme measure especially harms
nt in this age of to the
syste environmental flood-
m to awareness and prone
preve conscientiousness. commu
nt and nities.
protec
t the
adver
se
impac
t of
flood
event
s on
huma
n
health
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 82 of 82
and
safety
, on
valua
ble
goods
and
prope
rty,
and
on the
aquati
c and
terrest
rial
enviro
nment
.
35. Kia, A., per This Permeable concrete is This
Cloggi Wong, H. mea paper characterised by review
ng In S., & ble revie highly interconnected has
Perm Cheese conc ws the porosity, typically in identifie
eable man, C. rete; cloggi the range of 15–35% d
Concr R. pervi ng vol. that allows water several
ete: A (2017). ous mech to flow rapidly through unresol
Revie Clogging conc anism the pore structure ved
w in rete; and issues
permeab sust curren concer
le aina t ning the
concrete: ble mitiga perform
A urba ting ance of
review. J n strate permea
ournal of drain gies in ble
Environ age; order concret
mental infiltr to e that
Manage ation inform need
ment, 19 ; future further
3, 221- flood resear investig
233. ing; ch ation in
per needs order to
mea . optimiz
bility e
; applicat
clog ion.
ging Despite
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 83 of 82
signific
ant
recent
advanc
es in
this
area, a
better
underst
anding
of how
mix
constitu
ents
and
proporti
oning,
and
constru
ction
techniq
ues
(place
ment,
compac
tion,
curing)
influenc
e the
properti
es of
permea
ble
concret
e is still
very
much
needed
.
36. DAUBN urba The This has The following A
The EY, E. nisat aim of been parameters were recom
Effect (2014) ion, this conducted altered; resolution of mendat
of The conv study by infiltration rates, initial ion
Conv Effect of entio is to simulating losses, surface slope, followe
ention Conventi nal quanti long-term void ratio of the d by
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 84 of 82
al onal bloc fy the rainfall storage layer, height this

Block Block k effect runoff for of the storage layer conseq
Pave Paveme pave of an 16 years in and finally conductivity uence
ment nt (CBP) ment entire the of the native soil below is to
(CBP) on , CBP- software the storage layer. It always
on Surface surfa struct EPA- was seen that the use a
Surfa Runoff A ce ure on SWMM resolution of infiltration drainag
ce Simulatio runo runoff 5.0.022. rates only had little e pipe
Runof n Study. ff, chara effect on peak flows, at the
f A peak cterist runoff volume and bottom
Simul flow ics duration. Parameters of the
ation s, such that showed a great storage
Study total as impairment to the layer to
runo freque runoff characteristics enable
ff, ncy, were a reduction in a faster
runo durati storage height or a drainag
ff on, change in initial e and
dura volum losses. The most thereby
tion, e and dramatic effect was reduce
sens peak seen using a very low runoff
itivity flow. conductivity from
anal corresponding to clay. the
ysis This resulted in an CBPstr
increase of all runoff ucture.
characteristics;
frequency, duration,
peak flows and total
runoff. When changing
from a conductivity
corresponding to silt to
a conductivity of sand,
the total runoff was
reduced by 11%.
37. A Bao, T., Urba This Albedo, Our results showed
draina Liu, Z., n study 9 that the temperature of
ble Zhang, heat propo temperatu the water-retaining
water- X. & He, islan ses a re, water- block in the wet
retaini Y. d, novel retaining condition can be
ng (2020). urba draina capacity, reduced by 13 o 13 C
paver A n ble and in the daytime and 3 o
block drainable flood water- outflow 14 C at night,
for water- ing, retaini sensible indicating its good
runoff retaining wate ng heat of this performance of
reduct paver r- paver novel cooling the local 15 air
ion block for retai block paver 10 temperature. Our
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 85 of 82
and runoff ning for block were results also indicated

evapo reduction pave reduci measured that the permeability of
ration and r ng and the water-retaining 16
2 evaporati bloc 332 compared block is one order
coolin on 2 k, runoff with those higher than the
g cooling. ther and of a dense precipitation rate of
Journal mal mitiga block and heavy rain, revealing
of perf ting a pervious the 17 excellent
Cleaner orm urban block. 11 performances of
Producti ance heat The quickly draining the
on. DOI: , island permeabili excessive water in
10.1016/j per simult ty of the case of heavy rain.
.jclepro.2 mea aneou water-
019.04.1 bility sly. retaining
42 . block was
also
measured
to
examine
whether
12 this
paver
block can
avoid
overflow
during
heavy
rain.
38. Lucke, T. per This Lateral The study results
Using (2014). mea paper drainage demonstrated that the
Drain Using ble descri slots were eight drainage slot
age Drainage pave bes a cut into the designs deposited
Slots Slots in ment proof- underside between 25% and
in Permeab s; of- of PICP 366% more sediment
Perm le Paving clog conce blocks to (by weight) beneath
eable Blocks to ging; pt allow the pavers compared
Pavin Delay the drain study sediment- to the control
g Effects of age that laden pavement (Design 9).
Block Clogging slots was stormwate The results of the
s to : Proof of ; undert r to study suggest that
Delay Concept bedd aken access, PICP systems with
the Study. ing to and be drainage slots cast
Effect Water aggr investi filtered by, into their bases would
s of 2014, 6, egat gate a greater take much longer to
Cloggi 2660- e; more surface clog than unmodified
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 86 of 82
ng: 2670; geof efficie area of pavers, thereby

Proof doi:10.33 abric nt use bedding delaying the effects of
of 90/w609 of the aggregate. clogging and proving
Conc 2660 beddi Eight the concept of this
ept ng different initial study.
Study aggre slot
gate designs
used were
in trialed in
PICP the study
syste to
ms. determine
which of
the slot
designs
made the
most
efficient
use of the
bedding
aggregate
to filter the
sediment
from the
stormwate
r
39. Arum, C., Ordi To Experim The workability of
Ashes Ikumapa nary deter ental fresh concrete
of yi, C.M., Portl mine determinat produced by partially
Bioge Aralepo, and their ion of replacing OPC with
nic G.O Cem essen requisite either of RHA and
Waste (2013). ent; tial properties CHA was found to be
s— Ashes of Sup prope of the better than with 100%
Pozzo Biogenic plem rties ashes of OPC. It was also
lanicit Wastes enta in rice husk, shown that the
y, — ry fresh coconut porosity of OPC/RHA
Prosp Pozzolan Cem and husk, palm and OPC/CHA
ects icity, entiti harde leaf, concretes was less
for Prospect ous ned bamboo than the porosity of
Use, s for Use, Mate states leaf and OPC concrete.
and and rial; . peanut Strength tests using
Effect Effects Pozz shell very finely ground
s on on Some olan revealed RHA and CHA to
Some Engineer a; that they partially replace
Engin ing Biog satisfy the Portland cement in
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 87 of 82
eering Propertie enic essential concrete production

Prope s of Was requireme showed that at up to
rties Concrete te nts for 15% replacement the
of . pozzolans. strength activity index
Concr Materials of each of them is
ete Sciences greater than 100%,
and which indicating that
Applicati they are excellent
ons, pozzolans.
2013, 4,
521-527
40. Oyediran Shal 2 to 20 % RHA and CHA were These
Stren , e by weight found to possess materia
gth I.A. & Fa stabi of both pozolanic properties ls can
chara damoro, lizati RHA and such that their addition thus
cterist O.F. on; CHA were to shale in modest serve
ic of (2015). Gen separately amounts (not more as
geneti Strength etica added to than 10 % by weight) suitable
cally characte lly Okitipupa has beneficial effect alternat
differe ristic of differ (SW) and on the strength ives to
nt rice genetical ent Enugu characteristics. modify
and ly shal (SE) Addition of RHA and
cocon different es; shales produced shales with stabiliz
ut rice and Envi with the reduced PI, higher e
husk coconut ron subseque UCS, increased MDD proble
ash husk ash ment nt and more pronounced matic
comp compact al determinat reduction in OMC shale
acted ed frien ion of when compared with and
shale shales. dly Plasticity the CHA stabilized hence
s. Internati optio Index (PI), shales. However in help
onal ns; Maximum general, addition of 10 reduce
Journal Poz Dry % RHA and 6–10 % constru
of Geo- olani Density CHA brought about ction
Engineer c (MDD), optimal effect on the costs,
ing volu prop Optimum geotechnical environ
me 6, ertie Moisture properties of shales mental
Article n s; Content and as such can be hazard
umber: 1 Opti (OMC), regarded as the s and
0 (2015) mum Unconfine optimum content. ultimate
cont d ly bring
ent Compressi about
ve shales
Strength with
(UCS) and improv
California ed
November 3,
Effectivity Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2020
Page No. 88 of 82
Bearing geotec
Ratio hnical
(CBR). properti
es.

Paver Tiles With Coconut Husk Ash and Rice Husk Ash As Partial Replacements of Cement

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Paver Tiles With Coconut Husk Ash and Rice Husk Ash As Partial Replacements of Cement

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UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.

Development of Infrastructure created across the world demands building construction

1. Evaluate the workability of paver tiles using Slump Test;

Significance of the Study

Cement is used extensively in the manufacture of paver blocks. Cement manufacturing

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 3. Cement Powder

Production of Paver tiles

Table 1. Proportions of paving tiles materials

Table 2. Physical properties of paving tiles materials

Testing and Evaluation

Concrete Slump test

Figure 4. Slump Testing

(a) (b) (c)

Compressive Strength Test

Figure 6. Compressive Strength Test

Water Absorption Test

Figure 7. Water Absorption Test

Ws= saturated weight and,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 3. Slump test of Mixtures A, B and C.

Table 4. Compressive Strength of Paver Tiles

Water Absorption Test

Table 5. Water absorption of Rectangular-Shaped Paver Tiles

Table 6. Water absorption of Trihexagonal-Shaped Paver Tiles

[1] P. Ashokkumar, M.S. Keerthivas, D. Naveenboobalan, and R. Pravin, “An Experimental

[2] N. Kaarthik Krishna, S. Sandeep, K. M. Minion, “Study on concrete with partial

[6] A. Kia, H. S. Wong, and C. R. Cheeseman, “Clogging in permeable concrete: A

[11] H. G. Premalal, H. Ismail, and A. Baharin, “Comparison of the mechanical properties of

[15] S. U. Azunna, F. A. Aziz, N. A. Bakar, and N. M. Nasir, “Mechanical properties of concrete

[17] S. N. I. H. A. Nadzri, M. T. H. Sultan, A. U. M. Shah, and S. N. A. Safri, “A short review on

[19] A. Yerramala, and C. Ramachandrudu, “Properties of concrete with coconut shells as

[30] S.J.Raman, and Shanmugasundaram, “Utilizing and Optimizing Waste Resources in

2020. [Accessed 16-May-2022]. Available:

El John Peralta Calica recently received his Bachelor’s

Mark Irish Balete Agcaoili recently received his Bachelor’s

Dina Anog Luyun recently received her Bachelor’s degree in

Jamaica F. Domingo recently received her Bachelor’s degree

Jonalee Albert Balutoc recently received her Bachelor’s

Lexilin Margz Garcia Addun, college graduate with a degree

Concrete Slump Test

Mixture Measurement of Height Diagnosis

Table 7. Diagnosis of different mixtures after getting the height difference

Compressive Strength Test

Mixture Cement (g) RHA (g) CHA (g)

Table 8. Percentage of properties per mixture of cement

Water Absorption Test

Figure 10. RP.A.3

Figure 11. RP.B.1

Figure 12. RP.B.2

Figure 13. RP.B.3

Figure 14. RP.C.1

Figure 15. RP.C.2

Figure 16. RP.C.3

TITLE AUTHO KEY OBJE METHODS RESULTS RECO

partial Septemb of the conduct the terms of workability e as a

s of X. Y., & A) work of the rice covered with orderly cement

ete by (2019). pres concr used in processing may

and Husk husk pozzo sandcrete preferable in terms of

using nylon when contrasted with

most extreme and

husk S. wate use replacement in paving