POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal.

98 - 111

DOI: 10.26418/positron.v12i2.56880

Integration of Topex Satellite Gravity and Digital Elevation Model

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (DEM SRTM) Imagery for
Subsurface Structure Identification at Tiris Geothermal Area
Salman Hamja Siombonea*, Adi Susilob, Sukir Maryantob
aDepartment of Mathematics and Natural Science Education, STKIP Gotong-Royong Masohi, Masohi
97514, Indonesia
bGeophysical Engineering, Department of Physics, Brawijaya University, Indonesia Veteran Street, Malang,

East Java, Indonesia

*Email : salmansiombone@gmail.com
(Diterima 6 Agustus 2022; Disetujui 29 September 2022; Dipublikasikan 30 November 2022)

Abstrak

Tiris area is one area that has geothermal prospects. Tiris area is located in the Tiris sub-district,
Probolinggo regency, East Java. This study aims to identify the subsurface structure of the Tiris
geothermal area using Topex gravity and DEM SRTM imagery data. The Topex gravity data obtained is
still in Free Air Anomali (FAA) form, so it is necessary to make Bouguer and terrain corrections to get a
complete Bouguer anomaly. A residual Bouguer anomaly is needed to study shallow subsurface
structures. This anomaly is obtained by separating the residual and regional anomalies from the complete
Bouguer anomaly using the moving average method. The study area has residual Bouguer anomaly values
ranging from -0.5 to 2.9 mGal. The low residual Bouguer anomalies are seen in the body of the Lamongan
volcano (LV) and the Tiris geothermal area (TGA). The study of subsurface structures is focused on the LV
and the TGA through Forward 2D modeling. The A-A' cross-section illustrates the subsurface of LV, while
the B-B' cross-section illustrates the subsurface of TGA. Cross-section A-A' modeling results show that the
source of the low anomaly is in the second layer D2 = 1.24 g/cm3 at a depth of 4.0 to 0.6 km below sea
level and is suspected to be magma because it has a low density. Cross-section B-B' modeling obtained a
low anomaly source at the second layer D2 = 2.03 g/cm3 at a depth of 4.0 to 2.8 km below sea level and is
suspected to be intrusive rock. The lineament display on the 2D of DEM SRTM map for the 45o and 135o
azimuths shows that the TGA region has a high lineament density, and the orientation of the surface
geological structure in the study area is dominant in a northwest-southeast direction.
Keywords: Tiris Geothermal Area, Topex Gravity, Residual Bouguer Anomaly, DEM SRTM, Surface
Geological Structure.
along the Tancak river route, are debatable. These
1. Introduction
hot springs have surface temperatures that vary
Tiris area is located in the Tiris sub-district, from 38𝑜 C to 45𝑜 C [2;3].
Probolinggo regency, East Java province. The Tiris The purpose of further study and research is
area is located in the northeastern area of the to determine the orientation of the surface
Lamongan Volcano complex [1;2]. The Tiris area of geological structure and predict subsurface forms
the Lamongan volcano complex is unique in terms on the targets of the investigation, namely the Tiris
of its natural appearance. The uniqueness of the geothermal area of the Lamongan volcano
most prominent natural appearance is in terms of complex. Generally, many earth science methods
its surface geological structure. The geological (i.e., geophysics, geochemistry, and geology) can
structures around the Lamongan volcano are identify and investigate a prospective area's
maars, maar lakes, cinder cones (volcanic cones), subsurface structure, whether for geothermal,
and various topographic undulations such as mineral, or disaster [6]. However, in choosing a
valleys and small hills [3;4;5]. The existence of method, there are various main reasons behind the
geothermal manifestations with unique surface choice of these methods. Some underlying causes
geological structures in the Tiris area of the are the terrain of the study area, research time,
Lamongan volcano complex is interesting to study and funding (cost) for research.
and investigate further. However, its
manifestations due to hot springs and hot soils

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POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
Figure 1. Lamongan Volcano from Tiris Village
Figure 2. Study Area of Tiris Geothermal Area in the Lamongan Volcano complex
The Tiris area and the area around Lamongan
volcano has topographical terrain which is
characterized by topographic undulations, such as
many steep valleys, maars, maar lakes, and
volcanic hills cones [3;5]. Complex field conditions
certainly significantly affect the time of direct field
data acquisition. On the other hand, field
acquisition with a wide coverage area would
require a lengthy research time, ample
accommodation, and mobilization, which would
have a significant funding impact. Given the
complex terrain conditions and significant funding,
one of the best alternatives to reach this research's
objectives is using Topex gravity data and imagery
DEM SRTM. Topex gravity data from satellite
images is free to use to interpret subsurface
structures. In addition, Topex gravity data can be
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obtained with a regular grid for a wide area.
Meanwhile, DEM SRTM imagery can be used for
topographical modeling and to study the
orientation of surface geological structures [3;7]
This study was conducted in the Tiris area of
the Lamongan volcanic complex, with an area of
161.48 km2 (13.80 km × 11.70 km). This study has
a coverage area starting from the Tiris area and
the areas around the Lamongan volcanic complex.
Geographically, the research area is in zone 49 in
the southern hemisphere, with Easting position:
752296.00 mE – 765856.00 mE and Northing
position: 9124768.00 mS – 9113078.00 mS. This
research is focused on two main locations, namely
Tiris Geothermal Area (TGA) and Lamongan
Volcanic Field (LV). The research location is shown
in Figure 2.
POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
2. Geological Setting
The Tiris area is an area that is geologically
still influenced by the results of the Lamongan
volcano activity in the past. The Lamongan Volcano
Complex is an area that is unique in terms of its
geomorphological conditions. This condition is
indicated by several maars and maar lakes around
Tiris Village and Segaran Village [3]. The existence
of these maars was confirmed by the research of
Matahelumual [4], who stated that 27 maars and
37 volcanic cones were scattered around the
Lamongan volcanic complex. This maar and the
volcanic cone are the centers of a parasitic
eruption around the Lamongan volcanic complex.
Several maars in the Lamongan volcanic complex
are oriented NW-SE, compared to a strike from the
Tiris fault [4].
Mount Lamongan is a volcano with a height of
1671 m (above sea level) and is of the Strato type.
This volcano consists of three holes (magma exit
openings): Tarub, Tjupu, and Lamongan.
Lamongan volcano is a young volcano from Mount
Tarub whose position is in the east. Mount Tarub
is the oldest cone and collapsed from the young
Strato cone of Lamongan due to faulting or NW-SE
depression activity that occurred in the past [5].
The Lamongan volcano Complex is a volcanic area
surrounded by many maar lakes and parasitic
cones (epigones). Lamongan volcano and the
parasitic cone are located in the depression of the
anticline axis of Java Island [4;8]. The fissure
system is also found in open east-northeast (ENE)
to west-southwest (WSW) orientation for 4 km
between the Klakah Zone and the Peak Zone of
Mount Lamongan, and several local earthquakes
were recorded. The area of the Lamongan volcano
complex often experiences earthquakes which
result in new fractures. The presence of many
maars, lava hills, and pyroclastics in the Lamongan
area in the past may be closely related to the
structural patterns developed in this area [8].
Referring to the stratigraphy of the Lamongan
volcano area, the surface rocks in the area are
volcanic product rocks from the eruptions that
occurred both from the main craters of Mount
Lamongan and Mount Tarub, as well as from
parasitic cones around them [5]. Some areas have
volcanic rocks resulting from the eruption of
Mount Tarub, indicated by pink, purple, yellow,
and brown colored rocks in Figure 3. Meanwhile,
other areas with white, green, and yellow corn
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colors have younger rocks formed during the
eruption of Mount Lamongan. The order of
Lamongan volcano product units from oldest to
youngest is as follows: Argopuro volcano (Av),
Tarub pyroclastic deposits (Tp), Tarub sandstone
deposits (Tbps), Parang lava (Pl), Lava outside the
center of Tarub (Tel), Young lava Tarub (Tlm),
Lamongan pyroclastic deposits (Lp), Lamongan
young lava deposits (Llm), and Lamongan maar
deposits (Lma) [9]. Argopuro (Av) volcanic rock
consists of andesite-basalt lava, volcanic breccia
and tuff. Young lava deposits (Tlm and Llm) are
weak to strong combined lahar deposits,
consisting of boulders of basalt lava and tuffaceous
silt-sand bottom mass [8]. Meanwhile, under
Mount Lamongan, there are products of Mount
Tarub and Mount Argopuro. Lamongan volcanic
products ranging from (Llt) and (Llm) generally
consist of olivine basalt lava. On the other hand,
Parang lava (Pl) consists of pyroxima basalt lava.
Meanwhile, Lamongan pyroclastic deposits (Lp)
consist of pyroclastic material composed of altered
basaltic andesite and scoria basalt [8; 9].
3. Material and Method
This study uses two types of satellite data:
free air anomaly (FAA) gravity data from the
Topex gravity satellite and DEM STRM (Digital
Elevation Model, the Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission) imagery. Topex satellite gravity data is
obtained via: https://topex.ucsd.edu/cgi-
bin/get_data.cgi (Topex 2022). Meanwhile, the
DEM SRTM data was obtained through the USGS
(United States Geological Survey) website, namely
https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/. FAA gravity from
Topex data is a combination of old Geosat and ERS-
1 data (V18) and new gravity model data (V21)
based on all available altimeter data, namely
CryoSat-2, Envisat Satellite, and Satellite Jason-1.
The gravitational field derived from the altimeter
is approximately twice as accurate as ship gravity
collected by academic institutions, i.e., the
accuracy of better than 1.7 mGal for latitudes less
than 72o and somewhat lower accuracy (2-3 mGal)
at higher latitudes depending on the ice sheet [10].
Although thick sediments bury topography, this
gravity model is a powerful tool for mapping
tectonic structures, such as faults and deep-sea
basins [11]. Meanwhile, the DEM SRTM imagery
can use to study the orientation pattern of surface
geological structures (as fault and fracture), which
can display in the form of a rosette diagram [3;7].
POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
Figure 3. Geological Map of Lamongan Volcano Sheet (Modified from [8;9])
FFA gravity data downloaded are 56 data
with a distance between data points of 1.8 km.
FAA gravity data from the Topex satellite has
been automatically corrected with drift
correction, Tidal correction, and latitude
correction [12]. In addition, the data has also
been equipped with topographic information
(Altitude of the measurement location). The
obtained FAA gravity data is then processed by
performing Bouguer correction ( ∆g 𝐵 ) and
Terrain Correction (∆g 𝑇 ) to obtain the Complete
Bouguer Anomaly (CBA). The following equation
to obtain the CBA from gravity FAA data:
FAA = (g 𝑜𝑏𝑠 − g 𝜑 ) + ∆g 𝐹𝐴 (1)
∆g 𝐵𝐴 = (FAA − ∆g 𝐵 ) + ∆g 𝑇
∆g 𝐵𝐴 = SBA + ∆g 𝑇 (2)
where FAA is the free-air gravity anomaly
(mGal), g 𝑜𝑏𝑠 is the gravity value of field
observations recorded by the Topex satellite
(mGal), g 𝜑 latitude correction (mGal). Whereas
∆g 𝐵𝐴 is a Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA)
(mGal), SBA is a simple Bouguer anomaly, ∆g 𝐵
is a Bouguer correction, and ∆g 𝑇 is a field
correction.
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After the CBA data was obtained, the
regional and residual Bouguer anomalies were
separated using the moving average method. In
the gravity method survey, the residual
Bouguer anomaly becomes the main target in
the qualitative interpretation because it is
associated with rock structure anomalies in the
shallow zone. The moving average method is
applied through spectrum analysis. Spectrum
analysis was carried out on several digital data
in the form of line slices on the CBA map
through the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT)
process [2]. The digitized data on the line slice
contains the complete Bouguer data anomaly,
which is then converted into a frequency
domain using the FFT process. The FFT
anomaly of gravity of the vertical component
F[g 𝑧 ] on each slice line is calculated by the
following equation [13]:
,
ℱ[g 𝑧 ] = 2𝜋G𝜇 𝑒 |𝑘|(𝑧0−𝑧 ) ; 𝑧 , > 𝑧0 (3)
where g 𝑧 is the vertical component of where the
gravitational anomaly is, k is the wave number;
POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
𝑧0 is the elevation of the gravity gain point at the
surface, and z', is the depth of the subsurface
anomaly. The next step is to log the results of
the FFT gravity anomaly on the vertical
component so that the relationship between
amplitude (A) with wave number (k) and depth
(𝑧0 − 𝑧 , ) is obtained to get:
Ln A = Ln ℱ[g 𝑧 ] = |k|(𝑧0 − 𝑧 , ) (4)
Furthermore, the spectrum analysis results
will obtain the cut-off value wave number
(k cut−off ) of each slice line. The value of k cut−off ,
together with the value of the sample distance
∆x from the gravity data, will be used to
calculate the window width (N) through the
following equation:
2𝜋 (5)
𝑁=
𝑘[cut−off] ∙ ∆𝑥
The window width value (N) will be used for
the filtering process in the Oasis Montaj
application through a moving average filter.
Figure 4. Workflow of Research Design
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After the sifting process is carried out, a regional
Bouguer anomaly will be obtained. At the same
time, the residual Bouguer anomaly is obtained
by reducing the reduction of the CBA to the
regional Bouguer anomaly [2].
Subsurface structure identification in this
study was made through 2D interpretation. 2D
modeling is carried out by forward modeling on
the Gm-Sys feature in the Oasis Montaj
application. 2D modeling is done by creating a
2D subsurface cross-section on the Residual
Bouguer anomaly map according to the target
area. This study's target area of interpretation is
the Tiris Geothermal Area and the body of the
Lamongan volcano. The 2-dimensional (2D)
forward modeling in this study is used to
illustrate the subsurface conditions of the study
target by using geophysical data and
considering the local geological information.
POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111

The next step for the qualitative regression graph as in Figure 5. The straight-line
interpretation of geological structures on shallow gradient on the graph shows the surface density in
surfaces is to make an anomaly map of the Second the study area.
Vertical Derivative (SVD). The SVD map is derived
from the residual Bouguer anomaly by utilizing the
Fourier transform operator, namely the Elkins
Ordo 5×5 matrix filter [2]. Making SVD maps is the
best solution for interpreting gravity data because
it can help resolve the boundaries of gravity
anomaly sources at shallow sources [13].
Meanwhile, the interpretation of the
geological structure orientation at the study area is
carried out by utilizing DEM SRTM imagery. The
DEM SRTM data is processed using the Vertical
Option Feature on the Global Mapper Application
through the Azimut angle setting. The selected Figure 5. Local density estimation at the study
azimuths are 45𝑜 and 135𝑜 . This azimuth angle area
selection makes drawing lineaments on the 2D Figure 5 indicates that the study area's rock
DEM SRTM map easy. This lineament draw is density is high, which is 2.84 g/cm3. The condition
oriented to the straight-line pattern of the valley. of the density value corresponds to the existing
The data generated from the activation of the rock formations in the study area, namely volcanic
lineament is then inputted into the Dips 7.0 rocks. Generally, volcanic rocks have a high density.
Application and then displayed in the form of a The volcanic rocks in question include lava rock,
Rosette diagram. The display of the Rosette andesite-basalt lava, volcanic breccia, and tuff,
diagram is then used to interpret the direction of which are products of Mount Tarub, Mount
the orientation pattern on the surface geological Lamongan, and Mount Argopuro. On the other
structure in the study area [7]. Figure 4 shows the hand, this high density has been informed by
workflow of research design for Topex gravity and previous research [2], which found many massive
DEM SRTM data rock outcrops in the form of bolder (igneous rock
from volcanic material) in the study area.
4. Results and Discussion b. Complete Bouguer Anomaly
4.1. Topex Gravity Satellite Data Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) is a
gravitational anomaly obtained from the FFA
The Topex Satellite Gravity data obtained has
gravity data, which has been processed in such a
been processed into several important sub-topics:
way through a series of gravity data corrections.
local density estimation, Complete Bouguer
The CBA value obtained is a combination of
anomaly, spectrum analysis of gravity anomaly,
various sources and the anomaly's depth below
Regional Bouguer anomaly, residual Bouguer
the measurement point's surface (satellite
anomaly, 2D-Forward Modelling of gravity
coverage). These various sources combine regional
anomaly, and anomaly Seconds Vertical Derivative.
anomalies (deep zone) and residual anomalies
The sub-topics are discussed as follows:
(shallow zones).
a. Local Density Estimation
Figure 6 shows that the CBA value ranges
The surface density in the study area was
from -51.6 mGal to 19.2 mGal. The CBA data still
determined from the FAA gravity data, the
describes the gravity anomaly in the topography,
Bouguer correction data, and the Terrain
which is influenced by various anomalies below
correction data using the Parasnis method. This
the surface, a combination of regional and residual
surface density shows the average density value of
anomalies, so this anomaly data cannot be used for
the subsurface constituent rocks in the study area
further interpretation. In this case, the CBA data
[14]. Data such as FAA gravity and the difference of
needs to be reduced to regional Bouguer
Bouguer correction data against terrain correction
anomalies and residual anomalies using the
data are divided by the earth's crust's average
moving average method through spectrum
density value and then plotted into a linear
analysis stages.

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Figure 7 shows the spectrum analysis process

of the gravity data anomaly on slice lines 1 and 2 in
graphical form. The two graphs represent the
spectrum analysis process from several other slice
lines. The graphs directly indicate the location of
the discontinuity of the regional anomaly depth
and residual anomaly depth. In addition, in both
graphs, the cut-off value of the wave number
(k cut−off ) can be estimated without having to use
calculations through mathematical equations.
The data obtained in Table 1 shows that the
regional anomaly depth discontinuity value in the
study area ranges from 847.62 m to 3321.00 m
below the measurement point, with an average of
Figure 6. Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) Map
1655 m below the measurement point of satellite
of the Study Area
coverage. The residual anomaly depth
c. Separation of Regional and Residual Anomali
discontinuity value in the study area ranges from
The separation of the regional Bouguer
100.08 m to 168.40 m below the measurement
anomaly and the residual Bouguer anomaly is
point, with an average of 118 m below the
carried out using the moving average method
measurement point of satellite coverage. The
through digitizing data on 8-slice lines on the CBA
regional anomaly discontinuity value indicates the
map. This slice line was created according to the
presence of an anomaly in the deep zone, which
needs and scope of the CBA map. Sample distance
can be assumed as the depth of the pre-quaternary
∆x of the gravity data in this digitization is 100 m.
layer of basalt rock. Meanwhile, the value of
After obtaining digitized data from the 8-slice line,
residual anomaly discontinuity indicates the
spectrum analysis was carried out using a fast
presence of an anomaly in the shallow zone, which
Fourier transform (FFT) on each digitized gravity
is a quaternary sedimentary layer composed of
data. The digitized data is then plotted into a graph
alluvial, tuffaceous breccia, lava deposits, and
of the relationship between the wave number (k)
pyroclastic deposits [15]. Once the cut-off value of
and the natural logarithm of the amplitude (ln A).
the wave number (k cut−off ) is known, and the
These data are to determine the discontinuity of
single window width value can also be determined.
the depth of the regional anomaly, the residual
The single window width value due to rounding in
anomaly, and the cut-off value of the wave number
the spectrum analysis process is 26 m (see Table
(k cut−off ) of each slice line. The graph plot of the
1). This single window width value is then used in
relationship between wave number (k) and the
the filtering process in the Oasis Montaj app using
natural logarithm of amplitude (ln A) is shown in
a moving average filter to obtain regional Bouguer
Figure 6. Meanwhile, the data analysis results from
anomalies.
each graph (slice line) are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Results of spectrum analysis on each slice line on the CBA map.
Num. Regional Depth Residual Depth Wave number k Window width n
(Line of slice) Discontinuity Discontinuity cut-off (m) (m)
(m) (m)
1 -1267.70 -118.42 0.002 26.54
2 -2287.50 -123.10 0.002 33.56
3 -1024.20 -104.20 0.003 22.06
4 -847.62 -100.08 0.003 19.38
5 -980.14 -104.20 0.003 21.67
6 -1891.00 -115.75 0.002 29.83
7 -3321.00 -168.40 0.002 32.12
8 -1617.80 -108.22 0.002 25.19
Average -1654.62 -117.80 26.29
Rounding Value -1655 -118 26

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POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
Figure 7. Graph plotting the relationship between wavenumber (k) and the natural logarithm of
amplitude (ln A) on slice lines 1 and 2
d. Regional Bouguer and Residual Bouguer
anomaly
The regional Bouger anomaly essentially
describes the condition of the subsurface structure
in the deepest zone and is related to the regional
structure of the basement layer. Based on Figure 8
(a), the regional Bouguer anomaly values in the
study area range from -44.8 mGal to 17.7 mGal.
The regional Bouguer anomaly map shows that the
low anomaly is in the body of the Lamongan
volcano. Meanwhile, the height anomaly is more
dominant in the southeast of the study area and a
small portion in the southwest of the study area.
Regional Bouguer anomalies cannot be used as
targets for shallow zone investigations, so residual
Bouguer anomalies are needed for further
qualitative interpretation.
Figure 8(b) shows that the residual Bouguer
anomaly in the study area ranges from -5.0 mGal to
2.9 mGal. The low anomaly (-5 mGal to -0.1 mGal)
is dominant in the body of the Lamongan volcano,
and there are small closures in the southeast (SE),
southwest (SW), and northwest (NW), and
northeast (NE) directions. Low anomalies in the
body of the Lamongan volcano indicate the
presence of active magma in the body of the
Lamongan volcano. On the other hand, there is a
low anomaly in the northeast direction of the
Lamongan volcano, which indicates the presence
of the Tiris fault lane. On the Tiris fault lane,
several hot springs appear around the Tancak Tiris
watershed, precisely in the flood plane area.
Meanwhile, the high anomaly (0.1 mGal to 2.9
mGal) spreads around the body of the Lamongan
volcano, namely on the south, west, north, and east
sides. The high anomaly shows past lava deposits
and volcanic material from the Tarub and
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Lamongan volcanoes. The presence of high
anomalies around the Lamongan volcano is
estimated to be at shallow depths. It is supported
by the absence of high anomalies on the sides near
Lamongan volcano on the regional Bouguer
anomaly map. To see the boundaries of geological
features and fault continuity zones in the Tiris
Geothermal Area, more shallow subsurface data is
needed, namely the anomaly second vertical
derivative (SVD). Meanwhile, the interpretation
and estimation of subsurface structures will be
discussed in the 2D-Forward Modeling of the
gravity anomaly on the residual Bouguer anomaly
map.
e. 2D-Forward Modeling
In forward modeling from gravity data, a
model will be sought that produces a response that
fits the field data. In order to obtain a match
between the theoretical data (response model) and
field data, a trial and error process is carried out
by varying the value of the model parameters so
that later a model gives a response that matches
the field data [16]. The trial and error process is
carried out manually using geological and relevant
geophysical information. Forward 2D modeling in
the interpretation of gravity data generally uses
residual Bouguer anomaly data because the
anomaly is related to the subsurface structure of
the shallow zone. In Figure 9(a), there are two
cross-sections on the residual Bouguer anomaly
map, namely A-A' cross-section and B-B' cross-
section. Cross-section A-A' crosses over the body
of Lamongan Volcano (LV) in a north-to-south
direction. Meanwhile, Cross-section n B-B' crosses
the Tiris fault lane in the Tancak River watershed
in West-East.
POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
Figure 8. (a) Regional Bouguer Anomaly of the Study Area, (b) Residual Bouguer Anomaly of the Study
Area
Figure 9(b) shows an illustrative subsurface
structure of cross-section A-A' with an incision
length of 6.10 km and a depth of 4 km below sea
level. This 2D model is formed in five main rock
layers with a forward modeling error value of
3.23%. The five layers are ordered from the
bottom (oldest bedrock) to the top (topography).
The first rock layer (in orange) has a density of D1
= 3.29 g/cm3 . This layer is located at 4.0 km to 2.0
km below sea level and is estimated to be pre-
quaternary rock with basalt constituents. The
second layer (in pink) has a density of D2 = 1.24
g/cm3 , and the second layer intersects the middle
of layer 1. This layer is located at a 4.0 km to 0.6
km depth below sea level. The low-density layer in
the middle of this high-density layer is thought to
be an active magma reservoir from the Lamongan
volcano. The existence of this low density can be
seen in the graph of calculated data which has an
anomaly trend of increasing. In contrast, the
observed data graph drops right on the body of the
Lamongan volcano. The increasing trend anomaly
in this calculated data graph indicates the presence
of a low-density body that must fill the subsurface
of the Lamongan volcanic body. This low-density
magma reservoir is thought to consist of light
material (partially melted and gaseous) in heavier
material (phenocryst) [17;18]. This low-density
structure is related to the thermal structure in this
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area because the magma reservoir is assumed to
be the heat source [17]. The third layer (light blue)
has a density of D3 = 3.14 g/cm3 . This layer is at a
depth of 2 km to 0.80 km. This layer is thought to
be a quaternary rock consisting of andesite-
basaltic rock. The fourth layer (in gray) has a
density of D4 = 2.84 g/cm3 to 2.83 g/cm3 . This
layer is located at a depth of 0.80 km below sea
level to 0.6 km above sea level. This fourth layer is
a volcanic breccia. This volcanic breccia results
from andesite-basaltic weathering from Mount
Tarub and Mount Lamongan. This breccia consists
of andesite, basalt, and a little pumice [2;19]. The
fifth layer (in light green) has a density D5 ranging
from 1.34 g/cm3 to 0.79 g/cm3 . This layer is
located at a depth of 0.65 km below sea level to
1.671 km above sea level and is a topographic
layer. This topographic layer generally consists of
material from the eruptions of Mount Tarub and
Mount Lamongan. The topographic material in the
lowest layer is the result of the eruption of Mount
Tarub in the past, such as Tarub pyroclastic
deposits, Tarub sandstone deposits, and Tarub
lava. At the same time, the topography of the
uppermost layer is composed of material from the
Lamongan volcanic eruption, which is the
youngest, such as Lamongan pyroclastic deposits
and Lamongan young lava deposits.
POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
Figure 9 (a) View of A-A' and B-B' cross-sections on the residual Bouguer anomaly map. (b)
Representation subsurface model of the A-A' cross-section of the Lamongan Volcano, and (c)
Representation subsurface model of the B-B' cross-section of Tiris geothermal Area (TGA).
Figure 9(c) illustrates the subsurface
structure of the B-B' cross-section with an incision
path length of 6.94 km and a depth of 4 km below
sea level. This 2D modeling in this cross-section is
made in the form of 5 rock layers and has an error
value of the forward modeling is 1.25%. The five
rock layers are sorted from the lowest (oldest
bedrock) to the topmost layer (topography). The
first rock layer (in orange) has a density of D1 =
3.14 g/cm3 , located at 4.0 km to 2.0 km depth
below sea level and is estimated to be pre-
quaternary (tertiary) rock with basalt as its
constituent. The second rock layer (in pink) has a
density of D2 = 2.03 g/cm3 , located at 4.0 km to 2.8
km below sea level. This second layer has a lower
density than the first rock layer. The low density of
this layer is shown by the calculated data in the
graph, which has a slight increase in the anomaly
trend while the observed one decreases. This
condition indicates a low-density body below the
surface of the TGA area. This second layer is
considered an intrusive rock with a relationship
with sub-magmatic activity and is a source of heat
for hot springs and hot soil around the Tancak
river fault in the Tiris geothermal area [2;18]. The
107
third rock layer (in light blue) has a density of D3 =
2.99 g/cm3 , at a depth of 2.6 km to 0.6 km below
sea level. This third layer is considered a
quaternary rock consisting of andesite-basaltic
rock. In this third layer, fault in the rock layers
becomes the way for the heat source to go up to
the shallower surface, namely the fourth layer and
the topographic layer. The fourth layer (in gray)
has a density of D4 = 2.83 g/cm3 to 2.84 g/cm3 , at
a depth of 1.6 km below sea level to 0.4 km above
sea level. Based on its density value, this fourth
layer is assumed to be volcanic breccia. Given the
high porosity of volcanic breccia rocks, this fourth
layer is estimated as reservoir rock in the
geothermal system in the Tiris geothermal area
[20;2]. This volcanic breccia is estimated to be the
result of weathering of Argopuro Volcano basalt,
and this rock is composed of andesite, basalt, and a
little pumice [2;19]. The fifth layer, or the
topography, has a density of D5 = 2.58 g/cm3 . This
layer varies in depth from 1.0 km below sea level
to 0.6 km above sea level. This layer combines
sedimentation, rock weathering, lava deposits, and
materials from the Lamongan volcanic eruption,
such as tuffaceous breccia and lapilli [2].
POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
Figure. 10 Second Vertical Derivative (SVD)
anomaly map.
f. Second Vertical Derivative
The second Vertical Derivative (SVD) is the best
first step in interpreting gravity data because it can
highlight shallow sources (structures). In addition,
SVD can resolve the boundary of the source of the
gravitational anomaly [13]. The SVD method in
this study is used to determine the discontinuity of
subsurface structure, especially the presence of
faults in the study area [16]. The SVD anomaly map
is the second derivative of the residual Bouguer
anomaly by utilizing the SVD filter operator,
namely the Elkins 5x5 matrix filter coefficient.
Figure 10 shows the SVD anomalies that are
classified into low and high zones. These
anomalies are used to analyze geological structure
boundaries. Low SVD anomalies (in blue to green)
range from -1.2 mGal/m2 to -0.0 mGal/m2. The
high anomaly (orange to hot pink) goes from 0.1
mGal/m2 to 1.2 mGal/m2. The results of qualitative
analysis of the contact boundary between high
anomaly and low anomaly rock bodies show a low
anomaly continuity to the northeast of Lamongan
volcano. This low anomaly continuity has a
northwest-southeast orientation and is thought to
be a fault line in the Tiris geothermal area. In
addition, the results of the qualitative analysis also
show that in the body of the Lamongan volcano,
there is a low anomaly opening path that is
trending northwest to southeast. The low anomaly
opening pattern on the body of Lamongan volcano
is estimated to be a lineament (fractures) caused
108
by the eruption of Mount Tarub in the past.
Meanwhile, the high anomaly around the body of
the Lamongan volcano shows volcanic material.
4.2. DEM SRTM Data
Surface geological structures such as faults or
fractures can be analyzed using the pattern of
lineament features. The lineament pattern
describes the orientation of the surface geological
structure in the study area [21]. The lineament
feature in this study was carried out by manually
drawing the lineament lane following the valley
lane of the SRTM DEM map, which determined the
azimuth angle. The summary of the results of the
lineament draw is plotted on a rosette diagram
map which is used to see the direction (orientation)
of the lineament distribution, which describes the
surface geological structure as the presence of
faults or fractures [22; 7]. The analysis result of the
lineament orientation on the DEM SRTM map and
rosette diagram will be compared with the results
of the qualitative interpretation on the SVD map of
gravity data.
The lineament analysis on the DEM SRTM
map focused on the lineament of the valleys with
azimuths of 45º and 135º. The azimuth angle in
this analysis is made differently to compare the
orientation of the surface geological structure on
the two maps with different azimuths when
plotted on a rosette diagram. The lineament
pattern with azimuth angles of 45º and 135º on the
2D SRTM DEM map and rosette diagram is shown
in Figure 11 and Figure 12.
Figure 11(a) shows the lineament pattern of
the valley (blue line) formed on the DEM SRTM
map with an azimuth of 45º. The lineaments that
can be drawn based on the valley pattern on this
map are 81-lane with varying lengths and
directions. The rosette diagram in Figure 11(b)
shows that the lineament with an azimuth angle of
45º in the study area has a dominant orientation in
the southwest-southeast direction. Figure 12(a)
shows the lineament pattern of the valley (blue
line) formed on the DEM SRTM map with an
azimuth of 135º. The lineaments that can be drawn
based on the valley pattern on this map are 62-
lane with varying lengths and directions. The
rosette diagram in Figure 12(b) shows that the
lineament with an azimuth angle of 135º in the
study area has a dominant orientation in the
southwest-southeast direction
POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111

Figure 11. (a) Lineament map with 45° azimuth angle and (b) Rosette diagram for lineament with 45°
azimuth

Figure 12. (a) Lineament map with 135° azimuth angle and (b) Rosette diagram for lineament with 135°
azimuth.
Figures 11(a) and 12(a) show that some lava compared to pyroclastics [21]. In addition,
existing lineament segments overlap. This areas with high lineament density typically have
condition is caused by the distance between the good permeability and tend to have many weak
lineaments being close to each other. Based on this zones where geothermal manifestations come out
map, it appears that in the area in the northeast [22]. If appropriately traced, there is a mutually
and southeast of the Lamongan volcano, there are reinforcing relationship on the two maps where
many very dense lineament segments. The rough the lineament density is relatively high in the
morphology influences the density of the northeastern area of the Lamongan volcano,
lineament segments in these areas. The areas with precisely in the Tiris geothermal area.
high-density lineament are generally located in The Rosette diagrams in Figures 11(b) and
formations with a dominant rock composition of 12(b) show that the direction of the lineaments in

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POSITRON Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), Hal. 98 - 111
the study area is predominantly northwest-
southeast. The existence of the dominant
orientation in the surface geological structure in
the study area is supported by a previous study
[23;3], which stated that there was a fault that
controlled the Tiris geothermal area, and the
lineament with northwest-southeast direction on
the body of the Lamongan volcano. The existence
of this fault and lineament corresponds to the
presence of low anomalies in the northeastern
area of the Lamongan volcano (Tiris geothermal
area) and the body of the Lamongan volcano when
viewed on the SVD map of gravity data. The low
anomaly in both areas is dominantly trending
northwest-southeast.
5. Conclusion
Based on the interpretation of Topex satellite
gravity data, the Lamongan (LV) volcano body and
the Tiris geothermal area (TGA) are directly
affected by thermal activity below the surface and
geological structures that develop in these two
areas. Subsurface thermal activity in the LV area
was monitored by the presence of low residual
Bouguer anomaly and strengthened by 2D forward
subsurface modeling, which showed the presence
of low-density rock bodies (D2 = 1.24 g/cm 3) at a
depth of 4.0 km to 0.6 km depth below sea level.
The presence of faults in the TGA area was also
monitored by the low Bouguer anomaly. In
addition, the 2D forward modeling subsurface
indicates the presence of fault structures and low-
density rock bodies (D2 = 2.03 g/cm3) located at
4.0 km to 2.8 km below sea level. Meanwhile, the
qualitative analysis of the SVD map, the DEM SRTM
lineament map, and the rosette diagram presented
that the dominant orientation of the surface
geological structures is faults and fractures in the
Northwest-Southeast in the TGA and the lineament
of the LV body area.
6. Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the Topex
gravity data provider institutions, namely the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) and the Center National D'Etudes Spatiales
(CNES), as well as the United States Geological
Survey (USGS), for providing DEM SRTM imagery
for free and making it very easy for users to access
the data.
110
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