1.

Most aviation accidents are caused by

a. human failure
b. geographical influences
c. meteorological influences
d. technical failure

2. The "E" in the SHELL model means

a. Effective
b. Equipment
c. Environment
d. enroute
3. The second last "L" in the SHELL model means
a. line check
b. liveware
c. loss of control
d. lift
4. The last "L" in the SHELL model means
a. line check
b. liveware
c. loss of control
d. lift
5. Which two parameters must be considered in a risk assessment?
a. Probability of occurrence and own experience
b. Level of familiarity and regulations
c. Probability of occurrence and severity of outcome
d. Severity of outcome and amount insured
6. Which gas law is responsible for the decompression sickness (DCS)?
a. Boyle-Mariotte's gas law
b. Bohr's gas law
c. Dalton's gas law
d. Henry's gas law
7. What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere?
a. 21 %
b. 78 %
c. 0.1 %
d. 1 %
8. At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure half the MSL value (1013 hPa)?
a. 10000 ft
b. 18000 ft
c. 22000 ft
d. 5000 ft
9. Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases. What is the approximate percentage
of the other gases?
a. 0.1 %
 b. 1 %
c. 21 %
d. 78 %
10. Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by
a. unhealthy food
b. smoking
c. alcohol
d. little sleep
11. What does the term "redout" mean?
a. Falsified color perception during sunrise and sunset
b. "Red vision" during negative g-loads
c. Anaemia caused by an injury
d. Rash during decompression sickness
12. Which kind of risks are associated with the use of handheld pulse oximeters?
a. Hyperventilation is not detected by a pulse oximeter
b. Pulse oximeters can interfere with the avionics
c. A pulse oximeter can be only used twice
d. Pulse oximeters do not work below 10000 ft
13. Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by
a. fuel or hydraulic fluids
b. cracks in the heat exchanger
c. Pitot icing
d. generator failure
14. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilation?
a. Cyanose
b. Tingling
c. Disturbance of consciousness
d. Spasm
15. Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia?
a. Muscle cramps in the upper body area
b. Joint pain in knees and feet
c. Blue discoloration of lips and fingernails
d. Blue marks all over the body
16. Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia?
a. The auditory perception (hearing)
b. The tactile perception (sense of touch)
c. The visual perception (vision)
d. The olfactory perception (smell)
17. From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric
pressure?
a. 10000 feet
b. 7000 feet
c. 12000 feet
d. 2000 feet
18. Which altitude marks the lower limit where the body is unable to completely
compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure?
a. 7000 feet
b. 5000 feet
c. 22000 feet
d. 12000 feet
19. What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
a. Blood sugar regulation
b. Immune defense
c. Blood coagulation
d. Oxygen transport
20. Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation?
a. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
b. Capillaries of the arteries
c. White blood cells (leucocytes)
d. Blood plates (thrombocytes)
21. What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)?
a. Immune defense
b. Oxygen transport
c. Blood sugar regulation
d. Blood coagulation
22. What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)?
a. Oxygen transport
b. Immune defense
c. Blood coagulation
d. Blood sugar regulation
23. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia?
a. Menstruation
b. Smoking
c. Diving
d. Blood donation
24. Anaemic hypoxia can be caused by
a. high altitudes
b. carbon monoxide poisoning
c. alcohol
d. low pressure
25. Which type of hypoxia can be caused by high altitude?
a. Hypoxic hypoxia
b. Histotoxic hypoxia
c. Stagnating hypoxia
d. Anaemic hypoxia
26. What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels
uncomfortable?
a. Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
 b. Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed
c. Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets
d. Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors
27. What is the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to
the stimulation of a receptor?
a. Reduction
b. Reflex
c. Virulence
d. Coherence
28. What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing,
digestion, and heart frequency?
a. Autonomic nervous system
b. Compliant nervous system
c. Critical nervous system
d. Automatic nervous system
29. From about which altitude on does the night vision capability start to diminish?
a. 10000 ft
b. 5000 ft
c. 7000 ft
d. 3000 ft
30. What is the parallax error?
a. A decoding error in communication between pilots
b. Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night
c. Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision
d. Misperception of speed during taxiing
31. Which statement is correct concerning laser attacks on aircraft?
a. The safe continuation of the flight is endangered
b. Electronic systems can be damaged or blocked
c. There will be an immediate complete loss of eyesight
d. The impact is more serious during daytime than during nighttime
32. Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses?
a. Curved sidepiece
b. No UV filter
c. Unbreakable
d. Non-polarized
33. What time is required approximately for the eyes to adapt to brightness?
a. 1 second
b. 10 seconds
c. 1 minute
d. 10 minutes
34. Which part of the visual system is responsible for color vision?
a. Rods
b. Cones
c. Macula
 d. Blind spot
35. The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called
a. eustachian tube
b. inner ear
c. cochlea
d. eardrum
36. In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the
middle ear and the environment?
a. During a light and slow climb
b. All windows are completely closed
c. Breathing takes place using the mouth only
d. The Eustachian tube is blocked
37.