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D.M.R FEEDS & NEEDS
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GLOBION
C O L O U R
GREEN LAND
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







  
  
 


e-mail: rizwanapublications@gmail.com


Edited, Printed & Published by:
M.A. SHAJAHAN
From 46 - 13 - 36,
BESIDE SHOBHA SCHOOL,
MASQUE STREET,
DANAVAIPET,
RAJAHMUNDRY - 533 103.
East Godavari District, A.P.
e-mail:rizwanapublications@gmail.com
   

    
   

  
       

   
 



  
 
  
  
CENTRE TO LAUNCH MARICULTURE LEASING POLICY FOR SUS-
TAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES
..................................................49
NEW RESEARCH FINDS THAT MORE THAN 90% OF GLOBALAQUATIC
FOOD PRODUCTION FACES SUBSTANTIAL RISK FROM ENVIRONMEN-
TAL CHANGE
................................................................50
WHAT IS MISSING TO CONSOLIDATE MARICULTURE?
.....................52
THE SHRIMP DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.................................................54
FEEDING REGIME FOR SHIRMP FARMING
..........................................55
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 

                    
   
   
         


 
  
 



 


  


 

    

  
   
  
   
 
      

      
  

 
 


6    

      
  
      
 














                
 
* 
   

*  
  
*        

*
   
 
 

    
   
      

 


 

       



  


  
    

    
       

    
   
   
 
          
      

 



      

       

        
 

 
  

 
 

     
     

   
 
*
*  
*

*
*
   
   
       
         
          
        



   

     
    


 
                 
   

 
 
                              
     


     
     
    

      
      

  
7
 

               
   
  
        

  
   
              

  
 
   
    
   
               
 
  

             
  
    

                 
 
  
 
 
          

  
   

   


  
 
    
8    
            

   
  
  
 

   
  
    
            
  
 
  


 
        



 
 
  
            

              
 
        



                   
  
      
                  


        
            


   

           



     



 
    
 
                   
                
   
           
    
     

 

    
 

 
     




 
       
      
 
 

 
        
 
   
 
   
  
 
 
       
       
 
     
   
 
  
 
   
 
  
       
 9
 
    



  
   

   
    
    
   
  
      
         
                 
                
            
         
     
       
   

  
   

   
     
           
    
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 ‚ +Ôá ™ | <Š Ý
 #û|Ÿ\ T <=sÁ
  ¿£&ƒ+. n sÁ T
      <Š“ e TÔá à«
         ¿±sÁ T\ T Ôî*
 bÍsÁ T.

    10 10
  


      
                        
               
  
          
         
 
           
               
 
    
                             
        
                                
                       
        
        
                   
                     
     
   
               
          
                 

                
             
          
      
                
        
             

     
   
             
      
     11
     
           
    
    
    11
11
 
            


   

  

     
 

   
    
    


   
    
    
  
                  
 
          
  

                     
 
         
 

 
  


   
  
  
  
             
                
             
   

   
 
 
               
  
   
  




  
  
   
   
   
  
    
  
 
   
 
  
    12
12
 
 
                 
       
         
    
    
            
        
  

   
        
        
  
    
   
          
  
    

     
 
        
    
   
 
          

     
       
 
       
   
      
   

 
      
  
   
        
 
   
 
     
  
              
  
           
      
  

    
 
  



           
   
   
    

   
   
    

     
  
 

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      
  
                   
          
     
       
       
              
                   
                       
                                
    
                 
     
   
     
   
   
               
  
     
         
             
       
     
       
      
                
      
    
     
                         
          
       
         
          
        
          
     
          
                 
        
                   
         
14    

               
       
         
     
                
               
        
      
                          
   
                          
     
      
       
         
       
 
                   
    
   
        
  
    
                
          
           
      
    
 
      
      
  
 
                                     
       
                       
       

                    
                   
   
                         
                          
  
   
         
              
              
                        
         
             
     
   
    15
 
      
      


             
     
  
 
 

   




     
 

 


    

    
  


         
     
    
  

 
 

    
 
     

16 16
               

                   




 

                       












       
     





                  
  
 
   
 
 
         

                  

     
 
  
      
         

 







  


        
 
      
         
                      
                      
                            
  

       
    
 
 
          

    



          
17
 
 


    


         
     
  

                   

    
      
              

    

      

    
     
 

 
      



                             
    
 
        
 

   
       





  
  
  



 

  

        
 
 
                     

 

       
 
    
      
 

 
        

   


      
     
 



    

      

   




   

    
                     
    
 
  

  
  


  


  
 

 
  
 
   
 

 




     
                 
    

 
 

                       
 



      

18
COLOUR
globion
COLOUR
 

 
    


 




    

                      


  


  


   
 
      
 
      
 
 

      
 
 

     
 






 
   
    

 


   

 


   

  
      



 

       


  

       
 
      
 
  

              
    



    


                     

     
      
   
    
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21
 
       
  



      

  

   

    
 
       
      
  

      
     
 

     
 
 


 
       


                




   


 



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  



  

                  
    
       



    
     
           

      
 

     

 
  
    
      
   
 
 

 
 
       


   
  
 
    

 
   
  
   
COLOUR
COLOUR
                     

 

 



 



       
 

 
   
    

      
     

     

      

      


 
 
 
                    

    

                 

      
     
      
 
 
   
      
    
     


       
 



 


 
 





 
          
      
 
  
                    




 

    
                     
 

     

  

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      
   
                       
 
     
 
    
    
       
       
 
       
       
      
                          
       
      
      
  
   
                            
  
        
     
    
      
      
                      
         
      
     
        
 
   
 
 
    
      
 
              
   
   
     
  
26    
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    
      
    




      

    


   

   
     
  

  

    

 
                       
    

    
    

     
   


      

  


      
  

 







  




  
 
    
     
  
    

   

      


   

  

     




    
    


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 

 

       
              
          

        
 


     
     
 




     

 

   
        
                 
    



  


     

  
    
 
 



            
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          

 


 
   


  
 

        
    










 
        

  
   
  
 


     
  

 
 
 
             
                    
 
 
   36
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 

      
 
          
     
    
      
  
 
      
    
      
     
     

     
 
   


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                  

       
    
   
         
  
     
    
      
 
     

 

      

        
  
   
 

 

       
   
     
   
   

  
 


     
                           
     
     
    
  

 
     
   

       
  
      
     
                

 

 


  


     
  
 


40    

40
 

       
                  
                   
   
     


   
      
     
   
    
  

  
    

 
 
 
 

  
  

  
 
  


 
   

      


              

      
  
  

40
40
COLOUR
 

    




   
  

   
  


     
   

  
  
                     


  

      
      

  
  

 

  



    





 
 
   



    
      


 
  
 

 
 

  



 
              
    
     

     
    
    

 
  
      
 
   


 
    

     
    
  
  
   

       
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  
 
   
   
   



    



  

      

 

 


  


       

     

    
    

  
          

 
     
  
     

      
  
    
  

44 44
 
      
  
  
 
 

 

           
     
 

    
 
   
   
   


     
    
   

    

   
  

  
    

  
     
    
       
 
    
       
       

      
      

        


  
44
 
            
   
               
  

   
  
    
    
 


 

 
  
  
   



 
  
   

         
 

 




   
 

 
  
  
   
   
 
  
       
  
     
      
   
   
  
    
   
     
     
 
                    
 
    
                               
     
   
                   
 
      
45



  
 
    

 
    



     

  
  


    

      
 
     
          


 


 


    
   
   
        

        
   

  
       
 
46  
    
 
    
     
  
     
  
 

  
  
 
 
   
 

      
    
    


 



  



       
 
      
 



  
 
 

      
   
            
 
 
46

       
  
  
 
 
  
   
 
         
           
           
   
                   


  


  
   
 
     
  
  
      
 
           
  
    
     
      
    
  
  
        
   
     
    
    
    
       < < <

  < < <

    47

 
   
        
         
      
 

  
     

 

    
     

                
    
  
     
       
       
  
     



    
       
 
      
     

   
 
     
  
       
  
           
  
48 48     48
 CENTRE TO LAUNCH MARICULTURE LEASING
POLICY FOR SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES
KOCHI
Parshottam Rupala, Union Minister of Fish-
eries, An- imal Husbandry and Dairy- ing,
outlined a comprehensive plan to boost the
mariculture sector of the country, saying that
offshore cage farming is the immediate focus
using big- ger cages.
He was speaking after vis- iting the Vizhinjam
Regional Centre of the ICAR-Central Marine
Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI).
"Cage fish farming is to be expanded to the
offshore waters with better cage designs hav-
ing a size of 30 diameters or above that can
accommodate lakhs of ju- veniles," the Min-
ORNAMENTAL FISHERY
ister said. Currently, cage farming is under-
Referring to the high pro- spects of ma-
taken in near shore waters using the 6-diam-
rine ornamental fishery, he urged the CMFRI
eter cages.
to collaborate with relevant stakeholders to
He urged CMFRI to ex-
establish ef- fective marketing strategies. This
pand seed production tech- nologies for fin-
would provide an eco- nomic boost to the
fishes to all the coastal States utilising the PPP
marine ornamental industry, he added.
mode. This would help address the seed con-
straints and make available the required seeds
to the fish farmers all over the country.
PEARL FISHERY
The Minister said the Centre would soon come
up with a Mariculture Leasing Policy to en-
sure the sustainable use of mariculture re-
sources. This will ensure that mari- culture
operations are loc- ated in suitable areas and
they do not cause environ- mental damage,
he said.
The Union Minister pro- posed a pioneering

sea ranching programme of the hatchery-pro-
duced spats of the pearl oyster along the
   
Tuticorin coast, which would be executed 
under the guidance of the CMFRI. Tra-
ditionally known as "Pearl City" on account
of the pre- vailing pearl fisheries in the past in 
the area, Thoothukudi has a fascinat- ing his-
tory which was an in- ternational cynosure in 
the days of yore for its pearl fishery.
    49
49
 New research finds that more than 90% of glo-
bal aquatic food production faces substantial
risk from environmental change
A study shows that more than 90
per cent of global “blue” food pro-
duction, in both capture fisheries and
aquaculture, faces substantial risks
from environmental change, with
several leading countries in Asia and
the United States set to face the
greatest threats to production. The
research has been produced as one
of eight initial scientific papers pub-
lished by the Blue Food Assessment
(BFA) as part of a global effort to
inform aquatic food sustainability
into the future. The study published
by Nature Sustainability and entitled
“Vulnerability of Blue Foods for
Human-induced Environmental
Change” says that many of the
world’s largest aquatic food pro-
ducers are highly vulnerable to hu-
man-induced environmental change,
with some of the highest-risk coun-
tries in Asia, Latin America, and
Africa are demonstrating the low-
est capacity for adaptation, a land-
mark study has shown. “We have
only scratched the surface in our un-
50
derstanding of how environmental
stressors are connected and how
they can both negatively impact on
production and safety of the result-
ing blue foods,” said Ling Cao, co-
lead author and professor at the
State Key Laboratory of Marine
Environmental Science at Xiamen
University.
17 stressors surveyed
The authors behind the new paper
produced the first-ever global analy-
sis of environmental stressors im-
pacting the production quantity and
safety of blue foods around the
world, ranking countries according
to their exposure to key stressors
for the first time. A total of 17 stres-
sors were surveyed, including harm-
ful algal blooms, sea level rise,
changing temperatures, pesticide
exposure, and more. Alongside cli-
mate change, the report highlights
the highly vulnerable blue food pro-
duction systems are found across all
continents, including some of the
world’s largest blue food produc-
ers such as Norway, China, and the
United States, yet also argues there
is too often a lack of
understanding around the complex-
ity of stressors causing environmen-
tal change. “Understanding the com-
plexity of these stressors and their
cascading impacts will be essential
in developing successful adaptation
and mitigation strategies,” added
Ling Cao.
Rich and poor countries
  
The research also includes an extended dataset that of environmental change unless sufficient mitigation and
ranks countries around the world based on the expo- adaptation strategies are adopted. Likewise, the paper
sure of their blue food production systems to various highlights the urgent need for greater stakeholder en-
environmental stressors. Species invasion, inland gagement in understanding, monitoring, and mitigating
eutrophication or the over-enrichment of water bodies pressures on blue food production systems. Indigenous
with nutrients, ocean warming, and sea level rise were knowledge will be critical for strategic planning and
cited by the paper as the main threats to blue food pro- policies to mitigate and adapt to environmental change,
duction in the United States (US), with freshwater and particularly for artisanal fisheries and heavy marine fish-
marine fisheries facing disproportionate large risks. As eries-dependent countries, such as Small Island De-
the largest blue food producer, China’s freshwater veloping States (SIDS). The Blue Food Assessment
aquaculture is also highly exposed to inland eutrophi- (BFA) is an international joint initiative bringing together,
cation and severe weather events, the research shows. over 100 scientists from more than 25 institutions. Led
The authors also argue that special attention should be by the Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm Uni-
paid to countries facing high exposure to environmen- versity, the Center for Ocean Solutions and the Center
tal change while not possessing adequate capacity for on Food Security and the Environment at Stanford
adaptation, including Bangladesh, Benin, Eswatini, Gua- University, and EAT, the BFA supports decision-mak-
temala, Honduras, Togo and Uganda. In terms of pro- ers in evaluating trade-offs and implementing solutions
duction systems, the paper finds that marine fisheries to build a healthy, equitable and sustainable food sys-
were generally more vulnerable to climaterelated stres- tems.
sors, particularly rising temperatures and acidification,
while aquaculture was more susceptible to the effects
of diseases and hypoxia, or low oxygen levels. “Al-

though we have made some progress with climate
change, our adaptation strategies for blue food sys-
tems facing environmental change are still underdevel-
oped and need urgent attention,” said Rebecca Short,
co-lead author and researcher at the Stockholm Resil-
ience Centre.
Key recommendations
Among the report’s key recommendations is a call for
more transboundary
collaboration and adaptation strategies that recognize
that the ecosystems that blue food production relies

upon are highly interconnected, with environmental     
change in one area having potential knock-on effects
elsewhere. “In addition to studying the direct effects of

stressors, it is also important to broaden the scope and
consider how supporting systems are impacted, for 
example feed production systems providing inputs for
aquaculture,” said Max Troell, co-author and associ- 
ate professor at the Stockholm Resilience Centre. The
authors also call for a diversification of blue food pro-
duction in high-risk countries to cope with the impact
    51
What is missing to consolidate
mariculture?
Senior Fisheries and Aquacul-
ture Advisor for AWJ Innova-
tion, Vice President of the Inter-
national Center for Strategic
Studies in Aquaculture
(CIDEEA), President of Aquac-
ulture Without Frontiers (AwF),
Past President of the World
Aquaculture Society (WAS),
Former Secretary of Fisheries
and Aquaculture of Tamaulipas,
Mexico, and Creator of the Cer-
tification for Aquaculture Profes-
sionals (CAP) Program with Au-
burn University.
52
Recently, in a discussion group, the topic of
what is needed to consolidate mariculture on a
global scale was raised. Many of us agreed that
the future, not only of aquaculture but of the
world’s food supply, lies in the oceans. In this
regard, I would like to highlight some key
points.
are working at the limits of
Recently, in a discussion the carrying capacity of the
group, the topic of what is systems. Many of us agree
missing to consolidate mari- that the future, not only of
culture on a global scale was aquaculture, but also of
raised. In the West, apart from world food, lies in the
salmon in Norway and Chile, oceans. This is due to the fact
as well as sea bass and sea that the pressure on the
bream in the Mediterranean, planet’s arable areas, in frank
there are no recent examples decline, for food production
of the development of any is diminished. In addition, the
marine fish industry based on use of fresh water is reduced
open-water aquaculture. In to what is consumed for the
Asia, in contrast, there are a production of formulated
large number of species be- food (some
ing farmed, but almost all in thing that, little by little, must
protected waters, with much be transformed to include a
more greater amount of micro or
rustic systems and, in many macroalgae in diets). Next, I
cases, already affecting the would like to highlight some
surrounding environment be- key points for the
cause, in most situations, they
   

ment of aquaculture in open
waters: 1. Technology. 2. In-
vestment and operating
costs. 3. Market. In terms of
technology, we can divide it
into two important areas: the
first is biotechnology for the
production of different spe-
cies, and the second is the
technology of farming sys-
tems in the open sea. In the
last decades, the complete
developcycles of several
species have been achieved:
pompano, cobia, jack mack-
erel, snapper and totoaba,
among others. Although
there are specific examples
of companies that have
achieved this sustainably, the
fact is that the industry of
any of these species has not
yet been consolidated. The
truth is that all the aforemen-
tioned species compete
strongly with their fishery
counterparts and do not have
mass consumption on a glo-
bal scale. In terms of culti-
vation technologies, we have
seen that there are substan-
tial advances in cultivation
  
methods, such as submers-
ible cages, closed systems
within the seabed, some fully
automated, and many highly
technical variations and
combinations. This is where
technology and cost have a
direct relationship and the
complications begin. The
capital investment (CAPEX)
results in millions of dollars,
and to recover the investment
it is necessary to have a very
high production break-even
point. When aquaculture
started in Chile, farms were
designed to produce 300
tons each.
Today, most large compa-
nies produce no less than
30,000! Today, the minimum
production to start an open-
water culture cannot be
imagined below 3,000 tons,
and this requires enormous
capital. In addition, the cost
of operation (OPEX) is high
due to the nature of open-
sea farming systems, which
require the operation of
boats, divers and daily feed-
ing maneuvers. Conse-
,,
Today, the minimum
production to start an
open water culture
,,
cannot be imagined
below 3,000 tons
quently, very little capital can
be invested in this type of
cultivation, in addition to the
history of failed projects. Fi-
nally, the market, from my
personal point of view, is the
most delicate issue.
Throughout the history of
aquaculture and in many of
the strategies that have been
implemented at the national
level, the aim is to produce
a particular species or group
of species. What can be
produced is farmed, but no
thought is given to what can
be sold. From my perspec-
tive, it is imperative to pro-
duce what can be sold, and
even to plan the presentation
from the beginning in which
it should be sold. Until to-
day, with the exception of
salmon, sea bass and sea
bream, you have had a prod-
uct-driven strategy when, in
reality, it should be a mar-
ket-driven strategy. This is
a paradigm that must be
changed if we really want
mariculture to flourish. In the
next issue, we will discuss
some factors and/or strate-
gies to consider boosting
mariculture on a global scale,
which will probably involve
not only thinking outside the
box, but burning it. See you
next time
53
54
54    
 FEEDING REGIME FOR SHIRMP FARMING

    55

 


     
  

   
   
   
  


    
      

 
Trends in the specific pathogen-free shrimp trade revealed
    
    
    
   


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56    

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