Name: aya allah Mahmoud

ID:5632
Types of Hardness of Water
The hardness of water can be classified into two types:

 Temporary Hardness
 Permanent Hardness

Temporary Hardness of Water:

The presence of magnesium and calcium carbonates in water makes it
temporarily hard. In this case, the hardness in water can be removed by
boiling the water.
When we boil water the soluble salts of Mg(HCO3)2 is converted to
Mg(OH)2 which is insoluble and hence gets precipitated and is removed.
After filtration, the water we get is soft water.

Permanent Hardness of Water:

When the soluble salts of magnesium and calcium are present in the form
of chlorides and sulfides in water, we call it permanent hardness because
this hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
We can remove this hardness by treating the water with washing soda.
Insoluble carbonates are formed when washing soda reacts with the sulfide
and chloride salts of magnesium and calcium and thus hard water is
converted to soft water.

Classification of water
Step 1: Identifying and involving stakeholders and the public
Early in the process, the public is notified in newspapers and other means
that the evaluation step has begun. Since evaluation may take a few years,
several opportunities are created for the public and stakeholders to become
knowledgeable about the classification process and become involved such
as public meetings, focus
groups and newspaper advertisements.
Step 2: Evaluating the river system
Evaluation consists of monitoring and sampling over a period of years to
determine chemical, physical and biological properties and aquatic life;
assessing past, present
and potential uses of land and water; and provide opportunities to develop
stakeholder and public consensus on the classification.

Step 3: Establising a vision for the watershed and selecting classes

Once the existing quality of a watercourse is known, the community can
work to establish a vision for future water quality and to select a class for
the water which would help to acheive the vision. A recommendation is
presented to the Minister who undertakes a final public engagement activity
to confirm the consensus reached on classification. The Minister then
makes the final decision, considering the evaluation and consultation
process and informs the public.

Step 4) Implementing classification, including the development of an action

plan
In part, water quality goals set through water classification will be achieved
through compliance and enforcement activities. Action can be undertaken
by watershed groups and stakeholders through activities that protect or
improve the quality of the water. Monitoring will help determine if water
quality standards are being met and the Department of Environment and
Local Government proposes carrying out the monitoring in cooperation with
stakeholder groups, with an emphasis on volunteer
monitoring.

Foaming and priming in boilers

Boiler water carry-over is the contamination of the steam with boiler-water
solids. Bubbles or froth actually build up on the surface of the boiler water
and pass out with the steam. This is called foaming and it is caused by high
concentration of any solids in the boiler water. It is generally believed,
however, that specific substances such as alkalis, oils, fats, greases,
certain types of organic matter and suspended solids are particularly
conducive to foaming. In theory suspended solids collect in the surface film
surrounding a steam bubble and make it tougher. The steam bubble
therefore resists breaking and builds up foam. It is believed that the finer
the suspended particles the greater their collection in the bubble.

Priming is the carryover of varying amounts of droplets of water in the

steam (foam and mist), which lowers the energy efficiency of the steam and
leads to the deposit of salt crystals on the super heaters and in the
turbines. Priming may be caused by improper construction of boiler,
excessive ratings, or sudden fluctuations in steam demand. Priming is
sometimes aggravated by impurities in the boiler-water.

Some mechanical entrainment of minute drops of boiler water in the steam

always occurs. When this boiler water carryover is excessive, steam-
carried solids produce turbine blade deposits. The accumulations have a
composition similar to that of the dissolved solids in the boiler water.
Priming is common cause of high levels of boiler water carryover. These
conditions often lead to super heater tube failures as well. Priming is
related to the viscosity of the water and its tendency to foam. These
properties are governed by alkalinity, the presence of certain organic
substances and by total salinity or TDS. The degree of priming also
depends on the design of the boiler and its steaming rate.

The most common measure to prevent foaming and priming is to maintain

the concentration of solids in the boiler water at reasonably low levels.
Avoiding high water levels, excessive boiler loads, and sudden load
changes also helps. Very often contaminated condensate returned to the
boiler system causes carry-over problems. In these cases the condensate
should be temporarily wasted until the source of contamination is found and
eliminated. The use of chemical anti-foaming and anti-priming agents,
mixtures of surface-active agents that modify the surface tension of a liquid,
remove foam and prevent the carry-over of fine water particles in the
stream, can be very effective in preventing carry-over due to high
concentrations of impurities in the boiler-water

IMPURITIES IN WATER
In the United States, dirty or unsafe water consists of elements called Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) that are not designed to dissolve. These solids
include dust, sand, clay and rust. They remain suspended in water and
cause it to become muddy or cloudy. They also lack the two essentials of
pure water: hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydrogen and oxygen enable drinking water to become pure and basically
dissolve most anything it comes into contact with. If consumed, suspended
impurities in water if consumed can result in a range of medical ailments
and illnesses. These include, but are not limited to:

 Cholera
 Guinea worm disease
 Typhoid
 Legionella
 Dysentery
 Malaria – most commonly associated with mosquitoes and germs in
contaminated water

Waterborne diseases stemming from drinking contaminated water result in

a staggering 3.4 million deaths each year. The problem is so significant that
the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) even has a special
department that deals with contaminated water in the United States. They
also network with the World Health Organization (WHO) to provide pure
water and treatment solutions for developing nations.