PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT How many chromosomes determine the sex

of a baby?
Fertilization 1 pair of chromosomes (sex
- the union of a sperm and an egg to chromosomes )
produce a Zygote
Both parents are carriers of Tay-Sachs
Disease, a progressive degeneration of the
CNS. The child suffers from the same
disease. Which among the following is true
to this situation?

Recessive genes manifested in a

homozygous condition

Dizygotic twins
- twins conceived by the union of 2
different ova (or a split ovum) and 2
different sperm

What is the base pair of the following strand

of DNA? TCCAAGGT
AGGTTCCA
 Multifactorial Transmission
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of a
person, containing both expressed
and unexpressed characteristics.
Phenotype is the observable
characteristics of the individual.

Color-blindness is classified as what type of

inheritance of defects?

Sex-linked inheritance of defects

Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

- Dominant Inheritance of Defects

(Achondroplasia, Huntington's)
- Recessive Inheritance of Defects
One parent is a carrier of cystic fibrosis. But
(Tay-sachs, Cystic Fibrosis,
none of the children have it. Which among
- Sex-linked inheritance of Defects
the following is true to this situation?
(Hemophilia, Color-blindness)
- Chromosomal abnormalities
Recessive gene not manifested in a
(Klinefelter's, Turner's)
heterozygous condition
A 2-week-old zygote is in what stage of
pre-natal development?

Germinal Stage

The nervous system develops at what stage

of prenatal development?

Embryonic stage
 emerges completely from the mother’s
body. At the end of this stage, the baby is
born but is still attached to the placenta in
the mother’s body by the umbilical cord,
which must be cut and clamped.

Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta The third

stage, expulsion of the placenta, lasts
between 10 minutes and 1 hour. During this
stage, the placenta and the remainder of the
umbilical cord are expelled from the mother.

CHILDBIRTH Newborn Baby

• Large head
• Fontanels
• Lanugo
• Vernix Caseosa
• Witch's milk
• Vaginal discharge and swollen genitals
Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix The first
stage, dilation of the cervix, is the longest,
typically lasting 12 to 14 hours for a woman
having her first child. In subsequent births,
the first stage tends to be shorter. During
this stage, regular and increasingly frequent
uterine contractions—15 to 20 minutes
apart at first—cause the cervix to shorten
and dilate, or widen, in preparation for
delivery. Toward the end of the first stage,
contractions occur every 2 to 5 minutes.
This stage lasts until the cervix is fully open
(10 centimeters, or about 4 inches) so the
baby can descend into the birth canal. Body Systems
• Blood circulation (irregular and unstable)
Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the • Respiration (anoxia/ hypoxia)
Baby The second stage, descent and emer- • Nourishment (sucking reflex)
gence of the baby, typically lasts up to an • Elimination of waste (meconium)
hour or two. It begins when the baby’s head • Temperature regulation
parturition • Neonatal jaundice
The act or process of giving birth.
Stage one: Baby positions itself begins to
move through the cervix into the vaginal
canal, and it ends when the baby
 Reflexes
• Primitive Reflexes
• Postural reflexes

Early Sensory Capcities

• Touch and Pain (2 months to 32 weeks)
• Smell and Taste (20 weeks)
• Hearing (19 weeks| 500Hz)
• Vision (20/400 at birth, 20/20 8 months)

Complications of childbirth
• Preterm infants (<37 weeks)
• Small-for-gestational-age infants (<90%)
• Postmaturity (>42 weeks)
• Stillbirth (death after 20th week)
• SIDS
• Death from injuries

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Behaviorist Approach (basic mechanics of • The brain is not vet developed enough to
learning) store them.
• Psychometric Approach (quantitative (Piaget)
differences) • Early memories are stored but repressed.
• Piagetian Approach (stages of cognitive (Freud)
development) • Children cannot store events in memory
• Information-processing Approach unless they talk about them. (Nelson)
(perception, learning, memory and problem
solving) Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler
• Cognitive Neuroscience Approach Development
(hardware of the CNS) • Cognitive
• Socio-contextual Approach (environmental • Language
aspects) • Motor
• Social-emotional
• Adaptive behavior

Home Observation for Measurement of

Environment
• Parental responsiveness
• Number of books at home
• Presence of play things
• Parent's involvement in children's play

Imitation
• invisible imitation
• Visible Imitation
• Deferred Imitation
• Elicited Imitation

Imitation
• 14 months: Imitate those who speak the
same language
• 15 months: Imitate peers
• 24 months: Imitate adults
• 4 years: Imitate same gender
 • Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Emotions
• Temperament
• Earliest social experiences in the family

First Signs of Emotion

• Crying
• Smiling (3rd week)
Cognitive Neuroscience Approach • Laughing (4th month)
• Implicit Memory
• Explicit Memory Types of infant cry
• Working Memory • the basic hunger cry (a rhythmic cry)
• the angry cry la variation of the rhythmic
cry, in which excess air is forced through the
vocal cords)
• the pain cry (a sudden onset of loud crying
without preliminary moaning, sometimes
followed by holding the breath)
• the frustration cry (two or three drawn-out
cries, with no prolonged breath-holding)

Early Language Development

• Newborn: Crying
• 6 weeks to 3 months: Cooing
• 3-6 months: Speech sounds
• 6-10 months: Babbling
• 10-14 months: Linguistic Speech
(Holophrases)
• 18-24 months: Telegraphic Speech
• 20-30 months: Syntax
Parental Roles
Language Learning • Mother: Feeding, Comforting, Clinging
• B.F. Skinner: Operant conditioning • Father: Economical and emotional
 • Nightmare
Development Issues in Infancy • Sleepwalking and Sleep talking
• Developing Trust • Enuresis
• Developing Attachments

Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood

• Development of Sense of Self
• Development of Autonomy
• Developing self-regulation
• Situational compliance vs. Committed
Compliance
Brain Development
• 3:90% of adult's weight
• 3-6: Rapid brain growth in frontal areas
• 4: Prefrontal cortex
• 6-11: Rapid brain growth for associative
thinking, language, spatial relations
• Childhood to Adolescence: Myelination of
the Corpus
Callosum

EARLY CHILDHOOD
Bodily growth and change
• Slender, athletic appearance
• Abdominal muscles develop
• Extremities grow longer
• Head is still large
• Growth: 2-3 inches per year

Sleep Disturbances
• Refusing to go to bed
• Night terror/ Sleep terror
 thought expands but children can not yet
use logic.

The Symbolic Function

Piaget's term for ability to use mental
representations (words, numbers or images)
to which a child has attached meaning.

Symbolic Function
• Deferred Imitation
• Pretend Play
• Language

Artistic Development
Understanding Objects in Space
• 2: Scribble
The ability to reliably grasp the relationship
• 3: Draws shapes and designs
between pictures, maps, or scales model
• 4-5: Pictorial stage
and the objects or space they represent.

Health and Safety

Understanding Cause and Effect
• Obesity
Preoperational children cannot yet
• Undernutrition
reason logically about cause and effect.
• Food Allergies
Instead, he said, they reason by
• Oral Health (thumbsucking and tooth
transduction.
decay)
• Deaths and Accidental Injuries
Understanding of identities and
categorization
The concept that people and many things
are basically the same even if they change
in form, size, or appearance. This
understanding underlies the emerging self
concept.

Understanding Number
• 41/2 months: Doll experiment
• 6 months: Dot experiment
• 9-11 months: Ordinality
• 21/2 years: Cardinality
• 5: Count up to 20

Centration
The tendency to focus on one aspect of a
The Preoperational Child situation and neglect others.
In Piaget's theory, the second major stage
of cognitive development, in which symbolic Egocentrism
Piaget's term for inability to consider - Long-term Memory: Storage of virtually
another person's point of unlimited capacity that holds information for
view. a long period of time

Conservation Forming and retaining childhood memories

Piaget's term for awareness that two objects - 2: Generic Memory and Scripts
that are equal according to a certain - Episodic Memory
measure remain equal in the face of - 3-4: Autobiographical Memory
perceptual alteration so long as nothing has
been added to or taken away from either Influences on Memory Retention
object. > Uniqueness of the event
- Emotional impact
Irreversibility - Active participation
Piaget's term for a preoperational child's - Self- awareness
failure to understand that an operation can - Adult interaction
come in two or more directions.
Standford- Binet Intelligence Scales
Theory of the Mind - Age: 2 and up
• 3: Knowledge about thinking and mental - Duration: 45-60 minutes
states - Tasks: Define words, string beads, build
• 2-3 4-5: False beliefs and deceptions with blocks, identify missing parts of the
• 5: Distinguishing between appearance and picture, trace mazes, understanding of
reality numbers
• 18 months- 3: Distinguishing between - Cognitive Dimensions tested: Fluid
fantasy and reality reasoning, knowledge, quantitative
reasoning, visual-spatial processing,
Basic Processes and Capacities working memory
> Encoding
> Storage Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
> Retrieval Intelligence
- Age: 21-4; 4-7
Recognition vs. Recall Duration: 30-60 minutes
Recognition is the ability to identify a - Cognitive Dimensions measured:
previously encountered stimulus while - Verbal and Non-verbal fluid reasoning
Recall is the ability to reproduce material - Receptive vs. expressive vocabulary
from memory. - Processing Speed

Three Storehouses
Sensory Memory: Initial, brief, temporary
storage of sensory information
- Working Memory: Short-term storage of
information being actively processed

Vocabulary
> 3 years old: 1000 words
> 6 years old| Expressive: 2600 words
> 6 years old| Receptive 20,000 words
+ High School: 80,000 words
Fast mapping
Process by which a child absorbs the
meaning of a new word after hearing it once
or twice in a conversation
Grammar and Syntax: 3-4
Can tell when 2 words refer to same obiect
or action
- Know that a single object cannot have 2
proper names
- Know that more than 1 adjective can apply
to same noun
- Adjective can be combined with a proper
name
- Uses plurals, possessiveness and past
tense
- Knows the difference between I, You, and
we
- Asks and answers what and where
questions
- Omits articles a and the
- Include pronouns, adjective and
preposition
Grammar and Syntax: 4-5
- Sentence is composed of 5 words
- Declarative, negative, interrogative and
imperative
- Run-on narratives
- Comprehension may be immature
Grammar and syntax: 5-7
> Speech is more adult-like
+ Uses more conjunctions, prepositions and
articles
> Rarely use passive voice
> Have not yet learned exception to the rule
"holded" instead of held
Social speech vs. Private speech
Social Speech is speech intended to be
understood by user while Private speech is
talking aloud to oneself with no intent to
communicate with others.
Factors influencing Language Delays
- Hearing problems
> Head and facial abnormalities
Premature birth
> Family history
- Socioeconomic status
- Developmental delays
> Heredity
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SELF-CONCEPT
Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative
mental picture of one's abilities and traits.
Age 5 or 6
"I can run fast, and I can climb high. I'm also
strong. I can throw a ball real far, I'm going
to be on a team some day!"
Changes in Self-definition
- 4: One-dimensional, cannot imagine two
emotions at once, sees himself as
all-or-nothing, real self vs. ideal self
> 5-6: Logical connections, positive,
all-or-nothing
- Middle childhood: All-or-nothing declines,
more realistic

SELF-ESTEEM
- Children overestimate their abilities
- Self-esteem is not based on reality
- Self-esteem is unidimensional
SPECIAL BEHAVIORAL CONCERNS
> Contingent vs, non-contingent self-esteem
- Altruism
> Prosocial behavior
- Instrumental Aggression
- Overt (direct) Aggression
- Relational (Social) Aggression

SELF-ESTEEM
- Children overestimate their abilities
- Self-esteem is not based on reality
- Self-esteem is unidimensional
> Contingent vs, non-contingent self-esteem

COGNITIVE LEVELS OF PLAY

> FUNCTIONAL PLAY: Play involving
repetitive large muscular movements.
CONSTRUCTIVE PLAY: Play involving use
of objects or materials to make something.
DRAMATIC PLAY: Play involving imaginary
people or situations;
FORMAL GAMES WITH RULES

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Height and Weight

> Growth slows down.
- Height: 2-3 inches each year
TYPES OF DISCIPLINE + Weight: Doubles
- Inductive techniques
> Power Assertion Dental Care
- Withdrawal of love - Rate from untreated cavities drop
> Tooth decay is still one of the most
common chronic untreated conditions
> Improvements: Parental education,
Access to dental care, adhesive sealants
Good Nutrition
- 1400-2600 kcal per day
- Grains, fruits and vegetables
- 25-30% from fat; <10% saturated
fat; < 10% from sugar
Problems with Nutrition
- Skipping of breakfast
> Snacking
> Eating of fast food
Interventions
> Nutrition education
- Parental Education
+ Changes in school lunch menus
Sleep
- Duration: 10 hours per day
- Lack of sleep: Screen time, physical
inactivity, second hand smoke, poor
housing, lack of parks and playgrounds
- Snoring: Age, gender, race, family
susceptibility, chronic health problems,
overweight, OSAH
Brain Development
- Gray matter- closely patched neurons
+ White matter- glial cells
White Matter
- Frontal lobes to the rear of the brain
> 6-13: Temporal and Parietal lobes
> Corpus Callosum
- Fine motor skills
Gray Matter
> 7G/ 10B: Basal Ganglia
> 11: Parietal lobe and frontal lobe
> 14: Temporal lobe
+ Cerebellum takes longer
Motor
Development and Physical Activity
- Motor skills improve in middle childhood
- 5 out of 7 davs of physical activity
- Recess and Rough-and-tumble playing
- Organized Sports
Health, Fitness, and Safety
+ Obesity and Body Image
> Acute Medical Conditions: Warts, Colds,
Flu, Viruses
- Chronic Medical Conditions: Asthma,
Diabetes (Type 1 and 2), Childhood
Hypertension
Concrete Operations
Third stage of Piagetian cognitive
development, during which children develop
logical but not abstract reasoning.
Cognitive Advances Conservation
> Spatial Relationships > 7-8: Matter
Causality > 8-9: Weight
- Categorization > 12- Volume
> Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
> Conservation Information-Processing Approach
> Number > Planning
Attention
Spatial - Memory
Relationships
> Interpret a map Executive Functioning
- Estimate time Conscious control of thoughts, emotions,
- Remember routes and landmarks and actions to accomplish goals or solve
problems
Causality
> Scale experiment Executive Functioning
> Mentally juggling more concepts at the
Categorization same time
- Seriation: time. length, color > More complex thinking
- Transitive inferences: if a<b, and b<c, then ~ Goal-directed planning
a<c - Self-regulatory capacity: attention,
> Class inclusion: relationship between a responses and errors
whole and its parts
Environment
Inductive vS. Deductive Reasoning - Cognitive stimulation by family
- Inductive: Particular observations about > parental scaffolding
members of a class tò a general conclusion > maternal sensitivity and attachment
about that class (middle childhood > Low parental control
- Deductive: General premise about a class
to a conclusion about a particular member Selective Attention
of the class (adolescence) Ability to deliberately direct one's attention
and shut out distractions (Inhibitory
Conservation control-voluntary suppression of unwanted
> Identity responses)
- Reversibility
- Decentering Memory Strategies
* Mnemonic Device
Numbers and Mathematics - External Memory Aids
- 4-5: Difficulty with fractions - Rehearsal
- 6-7: Count in their heads - Organization
- 8-9: Count down for subtraction Elaboration
- 9: Count up and down - Metamemory: knowledge of and reflection
- 8-9: Worded problems about memory processes
 > Empathy
> Prosocial behavior
- Emotion regulation

The Child in the Family

> Family Atmosphere
> Family structure
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- Componential Element: Analytic Aspect Family Atmosphere
- Experiential Element: Insightful and - Conflicts
creative > Discipline
> Contextual Element: Practical (tacit > Parent's Work (maternal)
knowledge) - Finances

Language and Literacy Family Structure

> Vocabulary Traditional two-parent families
- Grammar - Cohabiting
- Syntax - Divorce and Custody
> Pragmatics - Single-parent
- Second-language education - Stepfamilies
~ Mother-tongue * Relationship with siblings

The Child in School

- Girls tend to do better in school than boys
- Girls tend to be better than boys
- Influences: Parental involvement, SES,
Peer acceptance and class size

Educating Children with Special Needs

- Intellectual Disability
- Learning Disabilities (Dyslexia)
> ADHD
- IQ >130= gifted (Enrichment and Mental Health
Acceleration programs) > ODD
> CD
Representational Systems - School Phobia
- Judgments about the self become more > GAD
conscious, realistic, balanced, and > OCD
comprehensive Childhood Depression
- All-or-nothing is dropped
- Real self vs. Ideal Self Interventions
> Global self-worth " Individual Therapy
> Play Therapy
Emotional Growth > Art Therapy
> Family Therapy
ADOLESCENCE
• Is a developmental transition
• is a social construction
• is a time for opportunities and risks
Physical Development
Puberty is the process by which a person
attains sexual maturity and the ability to
reproduce.
Adrenarche
• 6-8: Increase in Androgens
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA)
• 10: DHEA is 10x its level at age 1-4
• Pubic, axillary, and facial hair
Gonadarche
• Maturing of the sex organs
• Second burst of DHEA production
• Ovaries produce estrogen: Female
genitals, breasts, pubic and underarm hair
• Testes produces androgens (testosterone):
Male genitals, muscle mass, and body hair
Primary Sex characteristics
• Organs necessary for reproduction
• Female: Ovaries, Fallopian tube, Uterus,
Clitoris, and Vagina
• Male: Testes, Penis, Scrotum, Seminal
Vesicles, and Prostate Gland
Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Signs of sexual maturation that do not
directly involve sex organs
• Females: Breasts, skin, pubic, axillary, and
facial hair
• Males: Broad shoulders, voice, skin, pubic,
axillary, facial hair
Adolescent Growth Spurt
• Starts around 10 years old for girls and
12-13 for boys
• Lasts for 2 years
• Caused by growth hormone and sex
hormones
• Girls' growth spurt occurs 2 years earlier
than boys
• Full height for girls at 15 and boys at 17
Signs of Sexual Maturity
• 13 years old: Spermarche (Nocturnal
emission)
• 10-16 1/2: Menarche
Secular Trend
and • Observing generations regarding
attainment of adult height and sexual
maturity
• Higher standard of living
• Undernutrition
• Leptin
• Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
• Genetics
 • Idealistic and critical of others
• Usually find fault in adults and authority
figures

Language Development
• Proficient in use of language
• 16-18: 80,000 words
• Social perspective-taking
• Own unique terms and specialized
vocabulary

Physical and Mental Health

• Physically healthy
• Less vigorous physical activities
• Sleep problems
• Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa,
Bulimia Nervosa, and
Binge eating Disorder
• Substance Use: Marijuana, Alcohol, and
Tobacco
• Depression

Deaths
Carol Gilligan's Ethic of Care
• motor vehicle accidents
• Prosocial behavior increases from
• firearm use
childhood to Adolescence
• suicide
• Parents usher the development of
prosocial behavior
COGNITIVE
• Girls show more empathic concern and
Formal Operations
prosocial behavior compared to boys
Piaget's final stage of cognitive
• Peers influence the development of
development, characterized by the ability to
prosocial behavior
think abstractly.
Educational and Vocational Issues
Formal Operations
• Self-efficacy beliefs
• Use symbols (X for unknown)
• Parental practices
• Understand metaphor and allegory
• Cultural and peer influences
• "might be" not just "what is"
• Gender
• Quality of schooling
Hypothetical Deductive reasoning
Develop, consider, and test hypothesis
Search for Identity
According to Erikson, a coherent conception
Immature Aspects of Adolescent Thought
of the self, made up of goals, values, and
• Imaginary audience
beliefs to which a person is solidly
• Personal fable
committed.
Identity vs. Identity confusion
Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial
development, in which an adolescent seeks
to develop a coherent sense of self,
including the role she or he is to play in
society. Also called identity versus role
confusion.
FIDELITY
Sustained loyalty, faith, or sense of
belonging that results from the successful
resolution of Erikson's identity versus
identity confusion psychosocial stage of Sexualitv
development. • Sexual Orientation- affected by biological,
genetic, and environmental factors
Identity- Status Interviews (James Marcia) • Teenage Pregnancy
• Crisis: period of conscious decision Sexually Transmitted Infections
making related to identity formation
• Commitment: personal investment in an
occupation or system of beliefs

Identity Status
• Identity Achievement: commitment to
choices made following a crisis, a period
spent in exploring alternatives
• Identity Foreclosure: a person who has not
spent time considering alternatives is
committed to other people's plans Relationship
• Identity Moratorium: person is currently • Parents
considering alternatives (in crisis and seems • Siblings
headed for commitment • Peers
• Identity Diffusion: absence of commitment • Romantic Relationships
and lack of serious consideration of • Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile
alternatives Delinquency

ADULTHOOD
• Accepting responsibility for oneself
• Making independent decisions
• Becoming financially independent

Emerging Adulthood
Proposed transitional period between
adolescence and adulthood, commonly
found in industrialized countries.
 • Chronic stress is related to physical and
Health status and issues immunological impairments
• Genes vs. Lifestyle/ habits • Stress may lead to risky behaviors:
• Excellent health drinking or smoking
• Injury, homicide, and substance use
• Highest poverty rate Sleep deprivation
• Lowest level of insurance • Family stress
• No regular access to healthcare • Academic Stress
• Phone and internet usage
Diet and Nutrition
• Mediterranean style diet Effects of Sleep Deprivation
• Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, • Physical
unsaturated fats • Cognitive: Impaired attention and vigilance
• Verbal Learning
Obesity • Memory
• Increased snacking • High level decision making
• Inexpensive fast foods • Inhibitory processes
• Supersized portions • Speech articulation
• Labor-saving technologies
• High fat diet and processed food Benefits of adequate sleep
• Sedentary lifestyle • Improves learning of complex motor skills
• Consolidates learning
Interventions • Naps: prevent burn-out
• Lifestyle changes
• Drug treatments Health consequences of smoking
• Bariatric Surgery • Lung cancer
• Heart disease
Physical Activity • Stroke
• 75-150 minute aerobic exercise • Chronic lung disease
• Muscle-strengthening activities 2 or more
days a week Alternatives
• >300 minutes of physical activity • Nicotine chewing gum
• Nicotine patches
Benefits of physical activity • Nicotine nasal sprays and inhalers
• maintain a healthy body weight • Counseling
• physical activity builds muscles • e-cigarettes
• strengthens heart and lungs
• lowers blood pressure Alcohol
• protects against heart disease, stroke, DM, • Traffic accidents
cancer, osteoporosis • HIV infection
• Illicit drug use
Stress • Tobacco use
• psychological health affects physical • Sexual assault
health • Vehicle fatalities
 • Inability to conceive a child after 12
Risky Drinking months of sexual intercourse without the
Consuming more than 14 drinks a week or 4 use of birth control.
drinks on any single day for me, and more • Men: production of few sperm, blockage of
than 7 drinks a week or 3 drinks on any ejaculatory duct
single day for women. • Women: failure to produce ova, or mucus
in the cervix; disease of the uterine lining,
Relationships and Health blockage of fallopian tubes
• Social integration: active engagement in a
broad range of social relationships, activities Other causes of infertility
and roles • Overweight
• Social support: Material, informational, and • Smoking
psychological resources derived from the • Psychological stress
social network • High levels of caffeine and alcohol
• Marriage offers social integration and
social support Treatment
• Hormone treatment
Mental Health Problems • Drug therapy
• Alcoholism • Surgery
• Drug Use and Abuse
• Depression Cognitive Development
Reflective Thinking
Sexual Behaviors and Attitudes Postformal Though
• Vaginal intercourse before marriage
• Premarital sex for adults over 18 Reflective Thinking
• Cohabitation Type of logical thinking that becomes more
• Homosexual unions prominent in adulthood involving
• Older sexual partners continuous, active evaluation of information
• Use of contraceptive pills , female and beliefs in the light of evidence and
sterilization, condoms implications.
• Hooking up (Assaults)
Postformal thought
Sexually Transmitted Infections Mature type of thinking that relies on
• Chlamydia subjective experience and intuition as well
• Gonorrhea as logic and allows room for ambiguity,
• Syphilis uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction,
• HIV imperfection and compromise

Premenstrual Syndrome Postformal Thought

Disorder producing symptoms of physical • Dealing with inconsistency, contradiction,
discomfort and emotional tension for up to 2 and compromise
weeks before a menstrual period. • Flexibility
• Relativistic
Infertility
SCHAIE: A LIFE-SPAN MODEL OF • Adults who delay children until young
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT adulthood, work full time rather than getting
Cognition in the social context to college
• Emerging adults who delay parenthood in
SCHAIE: A LIFE-SPAN MODEL OF pursuit of education or career goals
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Acquisitive stage (childhood and Recentering
adolescence): Self • Stage 1 (Beginning): Embedded into the
• Achieving stage (late teens or early family of origin, but self-reliant and
twenties to early thirties): self-directed
Goals • Stage 2 (During): No longer embedded,
• Responsible stage (late thirties to early but connected with family of origin
sixties): Responsibilities • Stage 3 (Movement to Young Adulthood):
• Executive stage (thirties or forties through Independence from family of origin
middle age): Societal systems
SCHAIE: A LIFE-SPAN MODEL OF
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Reorganizational stage (end of middle
age, beginning of late adulthood):
Meaningful pursuits
• Reintegrative stage (late adulthood):
Purpose and Meaning
• Legacy-creating stage (advanced old age):
Legacy

Other perspectives on Adult Cognition

• Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence: componential, experiential, and
contextual knowledge
• Salovey and Mayer's Emotional
Intelligence: ability to understand and
regulate emotions
• Kohlber's Theory of Moral Development:
postconventional morality
• Gilligan's ethic of care

Education and Work

• Enrollment in College NORMATIVE-STAGE MODELS
• Substantive Complexity • Theoretical models that describe
• Spillover hypothesis psychosocial development in terms of a
definite sequence of age-related changes
Paths to Adulthood • Erik Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Young adults who begin families early and
do not go to college TIMING-OF-EVENTS MODEL
Theoretical model of personality Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
development that describes adult • Intimacy: Emotional element
psychosocial development as a response to • Passion: Motivational element
the expected or unexpected occurrence and • Commitment: Cognitive element
timing of important life events.
NORMATIVE LIFE EVENTS
SOCIAL CLOCK

TYPOLOGICAL MODELS (Jack Block)

Theoretical approach that identifies broad
personality types, or styles.
EGO RESILIENCY
Dynamic capacity to modify one's
level of ego-control in response to
environmental and contextual influences.
EGO CONTROL Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles
Self-control and the self-regulation of • Single
impulses. • Gay and Lesbian union
• Cohabitation
TYPOLOGICAL MODEL • Marriage
• Ego resilient: Well-adjusted, self-confident, • Parenthood
independent, task-focused • Divorce
• Overcontrolled: shy, anxious, dependable
• Undercontrolled: Active, energetic, MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
impulsive, easily distracted
Problems with vision
TRAIT MODELS: COSTA AND MCCRAE'S • Near Vision
FIVE FACTORS • Dynamic vision
Theoretical models of personality • Sensitivity to light
development that focus on mental, • Visual search
emotional, temperamental, and behavioral • Speed of processing visual information
traits, or attributes.
Problems with vision
• Presbyopia: difficulty focusing on near
objects
• Myopia: nearsightedness

Other sensory problems

• Presbycusis: Age-related, gradual loss of
Foundations of Intimate Relationships hearing
• Peers • Decline in sensitivity to taste and smell
• Romantic partners
• Fictive kin Basal Metabolism
Minimum amount of energy, typically • Couple's relationship quality
measured in calories that the body needs to
maintain vital functions while resting. Health conditions
• Hypertension
Brain at Midlife • Diabetes Mellitus
• Working slowly • Obesity
• Having difficulty juggling multiple tasks • Osteoporosis
• Breast cancer
Brain at Midlife
• Decrease in volume of the gray and white
matter
• Breakage of Myelin Sheath
• Important: Keep body and mind busy

Structural and Systemic Changes

• Skin
• Bone Density
• Organ Functioning
• Vital Capacity of the lungs

Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning

• Menopause: Cessation of menstruation
and of ability to have children
• Perimenopause: Period of several ears
during which a woman experiences
physiological changes of menopause.
(Climacteric)

Changes in Male Sexual Functioning

• Decline in sperm count
• Decline in testosterone
High scorers (Shaie: The Seattle
• Erectile Dysfunction
Longitudinal
Study)
Sexual Activity
• High educational levels
• Presence of a partner
• Flexible personalities
• Health
• Intact families
• Body Image
• Pursue cognitively complex occupations
• Married to someone more cognitively
advanced
• Satisfied with accomplishments

Horn and Cattell: Fluid and Crystallized

Intelligence
• FLUID: intelligence used for novel
problems independent of educational and
cultural influences
• CRYSTALLIZED: Intelligence involving the
ability to remember and use learned
information
• FLUID: Peak in young adulthood, and will
decline
• CRYSTALLIZED: Increase through middle
age and until the end of life
Other characteristics
• Expertise
• Encapsulation
• Integrative thought
• Creativity
Middle Adulthood
Objective view: Trajectories and Pathways
Subjective view: How people construct their
identity and the structure of their lives
Theoretical Approaches
• Trait Models
• Normative-stage Models
• Timing of events: The Social Clock
Trait Model
• OCEAN is stable after age 30
• The traits or the processes may not be
universal
• Five factors may not exist in all cultures
(Tsimane- prosociality and industriousness)
Normative-stage Model
• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Virtue of Care
Timing of Events: The Social Clock
Rather than being based on years lived,
development is more affected by when
events occur in a person's life.
Midlife Crisis
In some normative-crisis models, stressful
life period precipitated by the review and
reevaluation of one's past, typically
occurring in the early to middle forties.

Midlife Crisis
• Dip in well-being during the midlife, and
then increases until 70.
• Crisis do not only happen during midlife.
• Crises are triggered by events or
circumstances.
• Midlife is a turning point
Midlife Review
Introspective examination that often occurs
in middle age, leading to reappraisal and
revision of values and priorities.
Developmental deadlines- time constraints
Ego resiliency- The ability to adapt flexibly
and resourcefully to potential sources of
stress

Identity Process Theory (Susan Krauss

Whitbourne)
Physical characteristics, cognitive abilities,
and personality traits are incorporated into
identity schemas. These self-perceptions
are continually confirmed or revised in
response to incoming information.
Identity Process Theory
• Identity schemas: accumulated
perceptions of the self shaped by incoming
information
• Identity Assimilation: Effort to fit new
experience into an existing self-concept
• Identity Accommodation: Adjusting the
self-concept to fit the new experience
• Identity Balance: Tendency to balance
assimilation and accommodation
Narrative Psychology
Narrative psychology views the
development of the self as a continuous
process of constructing one's life story- a
dramatic narrative to help make sense of
one's life and connect the past and present
with the future.
Generativity scripts
Relationships at Midlife
Social Convoy Theory
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Social Convoy Theory
Theory, proposed by Kahn and Antonucci,
that people move through life surrounded by
concentric circles of intimate relationships
on which they rely for assistance, well-being
and social support.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Theory, proposed by Carstensen, that
people select social contacts on the basis of
the changing relative importance of social
interaction as a source of information, as an
aid in developing and maintaining a
self-concept, and as a source of emotional
well-being.
 • [Children] Filial Crisis
• [Parents and Children] Sandwich
Generation
• [Parents] Caregiver burnout
• Siblings] Hourglass effect
• Grandchildren Kinship care

LATE ADULTHOOD
Old Age
• Japan: Status Symbol
• US: Undesirable
• Warm, loving, incompetent, and of low
status

Ageism
Prejudice or discrimination based on age

Aging population
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
• Decline in fertility
• It is a source of information
• Economic growth
• It helps people develop and maintain a
• Better nutrition
sense of self
• Healthier lifestyles
• It is a source of emotional well-being
• Improved control of infectious disease
• Safer water and sanitation facilities
Consensual Relationships
• Advances in science, technology, and
• [Marriage] U-shaped curve
medicine
• [Marriage] Developmental sequence: Dip,
plateau, slower declines
Types of Aging
• Cohabitation Stable
• Primary Aging: Gradual inevitable process
• Divorce Rising rates
of bodily deterioration throughout the
• Married couples are the healthiest.
lifespan
• Gay and Lesbian Relationships
• Secondary Aging: Results from disease
Internalized homosexuality
and bodily abuse and disuse and are often
preventable
Marital Capital
Financial and emotional benefits built up
Three groups of older adults
during a long-standing marriage, which tend
• Young Old (65-74): Active, vital, and
to hold a couple together.
vigorous
• Old old (75-84): ADL difficulties
Other relationships
• Oldest Old (>85): ADL difficulties
• [Friendships] Quality over quantity
• [Children] Adolescent concerns
Functional Age
• [Children] Empty nest
• Children Revolving door syndrome/
Boomerang phenomenon
How well a person functions in a physical
and social environment in comparison with
others of the same chronological age.

Gerontology and Geriatrics

• Gerontology: Study of the aged and the
aging processes
• Geriatrics: Branch of medicine concerned
with aging
Hayflick Limit
Genetically controlled limit, proposed by
Longevity and Aging
Hayflick, on the number of times cells can
• Life expectancy: Age to which a person in
divide in members of a species. Once cells
a particular cohort is statistically likely to live
can no longer replicate, the body loses its
• Longevity: Actual length of individual's life
ability to repair damaged tissue and thus
• Life span: the longest period that members
begins to age.
of a species can live (122 years)
Increased risk of cancer, stroke, diabetes,
Life Expectancy
dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary
• Gender: Women live longer and have
disease, and skin disorders
lower mortality rates
• Filipinos: 72 years
• Americans: 77 vears
• Japanese: 84.62
• Income and geography

Healthy Life Expectancy

Number of years a person can expect to live
in good health, free of disabilities.
US: 68.5 years of age

Senescence
Period of the life span marked by declines in
physical functioning usually associated with
aging.

Theories of Biological Aging

• Genetic-Programing Theories: genetically
determined timetable
• Variable-rate Theories: processes that
involve damage to biological systems

Genetic-programming Theories Physical Changes

• Epigenesis: Genes are being turned on • Skin is paler and less elastic
and off by molecular tags • Fat and muscle shrink
• Skin may wrinkle
• Varicose veins appear on the legs
• Thinning and graying of hair
• Higher risk for fracture

Reserve Capacity
Ability of body organs and systems to put
forth 4 to 10 times as much effort as usual
under acute stress; also called organ
reserve.
MACULAR DEGENERATION
Brain changes
• Decrease in volume in volume and weight
in Frontal and
Temporal Lobes
• Decrease in volume and weight i the
hippocampus
• Decrease in number or density of
dopamine neurotransmitters
• Deterioration of the Myelin Sheath
• Damage in DNA of genes for learning and
memory
Strength, Endurance, Balance, and
Brain changes Reaction Time
• Growth of nerve cells from stem cells • Increase in body fat
• Plasticity • Decline in muscle strength
• Semanticized cognition • Aerobic capacity
• Flexibility
Sensory changes • Agility
• Cataracts
• Macular Degeneration
• Glaucoma
• Hearing Impairments

Sleep
• Sleep and dream less
• Depression, neurodegenerative disorders,
and cognitive declines
• Sleep hygiene, benzodiazepines,
non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, suvorexant
Sexual Activity • Long-term memory: Decline in Episodic,
• Majority remain to be sexual active Intact Semantic and
• Males: Takes longer to erect and ejaculate, Procedural Memories
need manual stimulation
• Females: Difficulty with orgasm, breast Decline in Memory Systems
engorgement, issues with lubrication • Neurological changes in the frontal lobe
and hippocampus
Common chronic conditions • Problems with Encoding, Storage and
• Diabetes Retrieval
• Alzheimer's disease
• Stroke, Wisdom
• Chronic lower respiratory disease, Exceptional breadth and depth of
• Cancer knowledge about the conditions of life and
• Heart disease human affairs and reflective judgment about
the application of
this knowledge. It may involve insight and
awareness of the uncertain, paradoxical
nature of reality and may lead to
transcendence, detachment from
preoccupation with the self
(Kramer, 2003)

Personality Development
Lifestyle influence
• Ego integrity vs. Despair
• Physical activity
• Personality traits are stable
• Nutrition
• Regular physical exams

Mental and Behavioral Problems

• Depression
• Dementia
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Parkinson's Disease

Cognitive Functioning
• WAIS: Decline in performance scale
compared to verbal scale
• Seattle Longitudinal Study: Perceptual
speed declines fast
• Everyday Problem-solving is intact
• Slowing of processing abilities

Memory
• Short-term memory: Intact sensory
memory, decline in Working memory
selective optimization with compensation
(SOC)
Enhancing overall cognitive functioning by
using stronger abilities to compensate for
those that have weakened.

Selective optimization with compensation

(SOC)
• Selecting fewer and more meaningful
activities or goals.
• Optimizing, or making the most of, the
resources they have to achieve their goals.
• Compensating for losses by using
resources in alternative ways to achieve
their goals.

Life after retirement

• individual attributes such as health and
financial status
• preretirement job-related variables such as
job stress
• family-related variables such as marriage
quality and dependents
• retirement transition-related variables such
as retirement planning
• postretirement activities such as bridge
employment and volunteer work