Chapter 8.1_8.

2 – Endothermic and Exothermic

reactions

 An endothermic reaction is one in which heat is taken in.

 An exothermic reaction is one in which heat is given out.

https://youtu.be/0cUK4jcAEaU -- tyler dewitt

https://youtu.be/i3mYWB2fNp4 -- tricky question - tyler dewitt
https://youtu.be/tsGwsOVGAus -- lab reactions
https://youtu.be/4HS6D0hTzdg -- GCSE Revision chemistry
graph plotting

 Exothermic or endothermic?
 How can we know whether heat has been released by a reaction or
has been taken in?
 In exothermic reactions - the temperature of the surroundings will go
up.
 In endothermic reactions - the temperature of the surroundings will go
down.

 Scientific enquiry activity

 Investigate the reactions of an acid with:
o magnesium
o sodium hydroxide solution
o potassium hydrogen carbonate
o sodium hydrogen carbonate
 For each reaction measure the temperature of the dilute acid before
and after adding the test substance.
 Classify each reaction as exothermic or endothermic on the basis of
the temperature change.
 Write word equations for the reactions investigated (and symbol
equations as an extension activity)

 Endothermic reactions
 Dissolving ammonium chloride (or ammonium sulfate) is an
endothermic process.
 What will happen if more ammonium chloride is dissolved or if less
water is used.
 Amount of a substance or water will affect the temperature change
observed.
 https://youtu.be/xJhjdFEHDv8 -- dissolving ammonium chloride

Melting: - Endothermic Reaction

 Temp rises above 0-degree c, ice absorbs (takes in) heat energy
from the air and starts to melt.
 This is a reversible physical reaction, not a chemical reaction.

Sherbet:
 Made from citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
 When you put in your mouth, it feels cool.
 Endothermic reaction – heat taken in from your body.
 Sherbet dissolves in saliva and two chemicals react together.
 citric acid + sodium hydrogen carbonate  sodium citrate + carbon
dioxide + water
Cooking: - Endothermic Reaction
 Foods are cooked, heat energy they have taken in allows chemical
reactions to take place which changes their structure and taste.

Heating limestone: Endothermic reaction

 Limestone is made from calcium carbonate.
 Limestone heated  calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide.
 Calcium oxide is normally called lime and used to make bricks,
plaster, glass and paper.
 When water is added to lime, slaked lime is made which is used to
neutralize acid soils, to treat sewage to make it harmless and in food
processing.

Lime Kiln:
 Large amounts of limestone are converted into lime in a lime kiln.
 Small limestone rocks are poured into the top of the kiln, which is
then sealed.
 Heat from gas burners decompose the limestone.
 Streams of air entering the bottom of the kiln carry away carbon
dioxide from the top of the kiln and prevent it reacting with the calcium
oxide.
 If the carbon dioxide did react with the calcium oxide, calcium
carbonate would form again.
 Calcium carbonate - Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide
 Calcium oxide + carbon di oxide  calcium carbonate
 Photosynthesis: - Endothermic Reaction
 Create a mind map of what you have learned about photosynthesis
from biology.
 Identify that researchers used experiments to provide evidence that
oxygen is a product of photosynthesis.
o What investigation did Joseph Priestley do with a mint plant and
a candle? Describe the result.
o Explain what the result meant.
o What investigation did Jan Ingenhousz do by putting leaves in
water?
o Describe the result.
o Explain what the result meant.
 Write equations for photosynthesis.
 Is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction? How do
you know?
 Respiration is the ‘reverse’ of photosynthesis.
 Write word equations.
Carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen
 Would you expect it to be an exothermic or an endothermic process?
 Plants do not release energy as they make food – they take in energy
from sunlight. This food process is called photosynthesis.
 CO2 and water are used to trap the energy and make glucose.

Conclusion:
 Photosynthesis is an example of an endothermic reaction and
respiration is an example of an exothermic reaction.

Endothermic phase changes

 Why do you feel cold when you get out of the swimming pool on a hot
day? – body heat transfers to the sweat (or any water on the body) and the heat
is removed from the body when the sweat is wiped away or evaporates.
 Melting and boiling/evaporation are endothermic process as they
take in heat.
 Predict whether freezing and condensation are exothermic or
endothermic.
 Freezing and condensation  Exothermic reaction.
 Apply the law of conservation of energy to this example.
 Name other examples of cooling by evaporation that they you
encountered in biology and physics.
Conclusion:
 Evaporation and melting are endothermic processes, as the energy is
needed to allow particles to spread out and to move faster.
 Condensation and freezing are exothermic processes, as the
particles slow down and the kinetic energy which the particles had is
released by the material.
Exothermic reactions
Burning – an exothermic reaction
 Light a candle.
 What processes are happening as the candle burns? Heat is given
out
 Is it an exothermic or endothermic process? Exothermic
 How can you decide? Because heat is given out
 Why are burning reactions useful?

 Give the word equation for burning a candle as:

paraffin + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

 Word equations for burning some other fuels (e.g. ethanol, wood,
coal) - similarities.
 Exothermic reaction most familiar – combustion.
 When a flame develops in this reaction, combustion is called burning.
 Many substances are burned to provide heat or light. They are called
fuels.
 Eg: Wood, coal, coke, charcoal, oil, diesel oil, petrol, natural gas and
wax.
 Heat used to warm buildings, cook meals, make chemicals, expand
gases in vehicle engines, turn water into steam to generate power,
burned in lamps to provide light,
 Natural gas, coal, coke and petrol is an example of a hydrocarbon –
made up of carbon and hydrogen.
 When natural gas burns CO2 and water are produced.
Combustion reactions
 Combustion is another name for burning. It is an example of
an exothermic reaction, a reaction that releases energy to the
surroundings.
 This is mostly thermal energy, but light energy and sound energy are
also released.
 Note that some other reactions are endothermic reactions – they take
in energy from their surroundings.
Fire Triangle
 The fire triangle shows the three things needed for a fire to start and
keep going.

A fire needs a fuel, oxygen (or air), and heat

 If one of the sides of the fire triangle is removed, a fire will not start,
and a fire that is already burning will go out.
 Firefighting relies on this principle.
 The fire will go out when the fuel runs out, but it is often unsafe to
leave a fire that long.
 Different types of fires need to be tackled in different ways.
Fire How to put it out Part removed

Chip pan (oil) fire Cover the pan with a damp cloth Oxygen

Forest fire Make a fire break (cut down a line of trees) Fuel

Forest fire Spray with water Heat

 Remove just one of these, and the fire can no longer burn. This
makes the fire triangle very useful in fire prevention and firefighting.
 www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yrd5HAGQqi8 – fire triangle
Removing oxygen
 Removal of oxygen from the area around a fire can be achieved with
a carbon dioxide extinguisher or a fire blanket.
 The carbon dioxide extinguisher pushes oxygen away from the fire
and replaces it with carbon dioxide, which is inflammable and more
dense than air.
 Fire blankets form a seal around the fire and prevent more oxygen
from reaching the fire.
 Another example of removing oxygen is closing doors when
evacuating a building, which prevents fresh supplies of oxygen from
entering the building.
Removing heat
 Blowing out the flame on a candle is a good example of this. The
fast-moving air removes the heat from the candle, stopping it from
burning any more.
 A useful method of removing heat from a fire is to use water, which
absorbs the heat from a fire very effectively.
 However, water should never be used on electrical fires – due to
the risk of electrical shock, or
 oil fires – as oil and water do not mix, meaning the water only makes
the oil form smaller droplets and so makes the fire even worse.
Removing fuel
 By using fire-resistant materials, any fire will not have an adequate
fuel source to keep burning and so this is a very effective method of
fire prevention.
 Fire-resistant materials can be used for clothes, furniture and
building materials.
 Forest fires can also be managed more effectively if the cut down
the line of trees around a fire can be removed to stop the fire from
spreading. This method is known as a firebreak.

Removal Method Type of Fire

Oxygen Fire blanket, damp cloth, Oil fires, chip-pan fires, electrical fires
Removal Method Type of Fire

CO2 extinguisher

House fires, wood fires, paper fires, NOT for electrical

fires and oil fires
Heat Water

Fuel Firebreak Forest fires (cut down the line of tress)

 Prepare a poster on fire prevention in the home and/or work

environment.- Holiday Homework

Complete combustion
 Coal, oil and natural gas are fuels that are widely used.
 They contain hydrocarbons, which are compounds of hydrogen and
carbon only.
 When the fuel burns, its hydrocarbons react with oxygen. If there is
plenty of air, complete combustion happens:
o the hydrogen atoms combine with oxygen to make water
vapour, H2O
o the carbon atoms combine with oxygen to make carbon dioxide,
CO2
o the maximum amount of energy is released
 Natural gas is mostly methane, CH4.
 Here are the equations that model its complete combustion:
methane + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide
CH4 + 2O2 → 2H2O + CO2
 Candles are made from hydrocarbons.
 www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00000707/identifying-the-products-of-
combustion?cmpid=CMP00005148

Respiration – Exothermic reaction

 Process in which energy is released from food is called respiration.
 Glucose reacts with oxygen.
 Word equation
 glucose + oxygen  CO2 + water + energy
 Energy released in respiration is used to make substances inside the
body and to make a body move.
 Some of the energy is released as heat.
 Respiration is the ‘reverse’ of photosynthesis.
 Write word (and symbol) equations. Would you expect it to be an
exothermic or an endothermic process?
Conclusion:
Photosynthesis is an example of an endothermic reaction and
respiration is an example of an exothermic reaction.

Oxidation
 When a substance burns in air it reacts with oxygen.
 This is called an oxidation reaction.
 Oxygen combines with elements in the substance to form a
compound.
 Incomplete combustion causes carbon in a fuel to be oxidized to CO.
 Complete combustion results in carbon being oxidized to CO2.
 Oxidation also occurs in respiration where the carbon in glucose is
oxidized to CO2.
 Rusting (not useful chemical reaction) is another example of
oxidation. Watervapour in air forms a thin layer on the metal.
 Oxygen dissolves in water and reacts with metal to form iron oxide.
 This forms the brown flakes of rust, break off from surface and
expose more metal to the oxygen and water vapour.
 Iron or steel continues to produce rust until it has completely
corroded.
 Word equation
iron + oxygen  iron oxide
Hand warmers and rusting
 Rusting is an exothermic reaction but as the reaction is slow the heat
is produced in small amounts and quickly spreads into air so that the
rusting objects does not feel warm.
 Useful heat can be produced from rusting in the design of some kinds
of hand warmers.
 Iron powder is mixed with particles of charcoal (carbon), salt water
and an insulating material (vermiculite).
 All these are enclosed in a sealed airtight package.
 When the hand warmer is required, the seal is broken and air mixes
with the constituents, oxidation takes place,
 Salt water as a catalyst, speeds up the reaction so a large amount of
heat is produced quickly.
 Carbon particles take up the heat and spread it out through the
package.
 The insulating material prevents it escaping too quickly so that a
small amount of heat is released steadily to warm the hands.