2.

2 : Mappings & Functions

1. A mapping transforms one set of numbers called the Domain set ; i.e. values of 𝑥 , into a
different set of numbers called the Range set ; values of 𝑦 .

2. A mapping can be described :

(a) in words (b) through an algebraic equation (c) by a graph (d) or by a mapping diagram .

3. A mapping can be either a Function or a Relation.

To be a Function , every element in the Domain must be mapped into one & only one element
in the Range; i.e. two conditions must be satisfied :

(a) every value of 𝑥 in the Domain must have an image or a value of 𝑦 in the Range ; if there is
any value of 𝑥 in the Domain that cannot be substituted in the equation of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) .

(b) a value of 𝑥 in the Domain cannot have two values of 𝑦 in the Range.

4. A Function can be:

either one–to– one ; i.e. each value of 𝑥 has only one corresponding value of 𝑦,
or many–to– one ; i.e. two or more values of 𝑥 have one corresponding value of 𝑦.
One-to-many is not a function because it means that one value of 𝑥 has two values of 𝑦.

5. To determine whether a mapping is either a Function or a Relation , use the vertical line test.
Draw vertical lines on the graph , each line must cross the graph only once , if any of the lines
crosses the graph more than once then it is not a function.

6. To determine whether a Function is one–to– one or many–to– one,use the horizontal line test
Draw horizontal lines on the graph, if each line crosses the graph once then it is a one–to– one
function. If any of the lines crosses the graph more than once then it is many–to– one function.

Any horizontal line crosses the Any of the horizontal lines crosses Any vertical line crosses
graph once . the graph more than once. the graph more than once.

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For 𝑦 = √𝑥 , 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑖𝑡 is not a function because values of 𝑥 < 0 , would not have an image.

For 𝑦 = √𝑥 , 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ, 𝑥 ≥ 0 is a function because negative numbers are excluded.

For 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 → 𝑦 = ± √𝑥 , 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ, 𝑥 ≥ 0 is not a function

because each value of 𝑥 has two images ;i.e. when 𝑥 = 4

then 𝑦 = ± √4 = ±2 .

iii determine the range for the specified domain, when it is a function.

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Domain Range
1. 𝑥 𝜖ℛ 𝑦 𝜖ℛ
2. 𝑥 𝜖ℛ , 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑦 𝜖ℛ, 𝑦 ≥ 5
3. 𝑥 𝜖ℛ , −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑦 𝜖ℛ, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 9
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Domain Range
1. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒.

2. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑦𝜖ℛ, 𝑦≠0

3. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑥 > 0 𝑦𝜖ℛ, 𝑦 >0

4. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑥 < 0 𝑦𝜖ℛ, 𝑦 <0

5. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑥 ≥ 0.5 𝑦𝜖ℛ, 0< 𝑦 ≤2

6. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑥 ≤ −0.5 𝑦 𝜖 ℛ , −2 ≤ 𝑦 < 0

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 Domain Range Type
1. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ 𝑦 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑦 ≥ −1 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ ,𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑦 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑦 ≥ −1 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ ,𝑥 < 0 𝑦 𝜖 ℛ , 𝑦 > −1 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

4. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , −2 < 𝑥 ≤ 3 𝑦 𝜖 ℛ , −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 8 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

5. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 3 𝑦𝜖ℛ, 0< 𝑦≤8 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

6. 𝑥 𝜖 ℛ , −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑦 𝜖 ℛ , −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 15 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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