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Development of Hybrid Station for G2V, V2G using SPWM and ABC-DQ
Technique

Conference Paper · September 2021

DOI: 10.1109/GUCON50781.2021.9573940

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 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON)
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sep 24-26, 2021
Development of Hybrid Station for G2V, V2G
using SPWM and ABC-DQ Technique
1 2
Smith Mathew Parackamannil Polly Thomas
2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON) | 978-1-7281-9951-1/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/GUCON50781.2021.9573940
EEE Department EEE Department
Saintgits College of Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering
Kerala,India Kerala,India
smithmp.ps1921@saintgits.org polly.thomas@saintgits.org
Abstract—Considering present transportation scenario,
pollution caused by the conventional vehicle is one of the major
reason for global warming. With these growing pollution
concerns, and recurring hikes in the prices of the petroleum an
increasing effort is being done to replace the pollutant
combustion engines to Electrical Vehicles (EVs). EVs are
considered as sustainable transport alternatives due to their
lower energy consumption, less pollutants production and
efficient features such as sudden torque, noiseless ride,
superior performance, low maintenance costs and also creates
cleaner environment. For the growth of EVs, it requires more
charging networks thus allowing EV user to quickly charge the
battery for long routes drives, also in the scope of smart grids,
EVs should also be able to provide ancillary services to the
grid. In the paper, the hybrid charging station helps to
perform different mode of operation such as grid to vehicle
(G2V and vehicle to grid (V2G). For that, charging station
configuration has divided mainly into three stages, grid side,
hybrid station side and EV side. Here AC/DC bidirectional
converter is controlled using sinusoidal pulse width modulation
technique (SPWM) and abc-dq technique incorporating phase
locked loop (PLL). Thus this methods helps to transfer
electrical power from the grid to an EV and back to the grid.
Analysis has been done in MATLAB/Simulink to illustrate the
performance analysis.
Index Terms- Electric vehicles (EVs), Grid to Vehicle
operation (G2V), Vehicle to Grid operation (V2G), Sinusoidal
Pulse Width Modulation technique (SPWM), ABC-DQ
transformation technique.
I. INTRODUCTION
Government of India has promoted a policy of selling
more than 6-7 millions of EVs and moreover by 2030 India
had planned to sell EVs only this is because of the full green
concept. The field of research has a great significance for the
promotion of EVs [1]-[2], because EVs are having green
concept. EVs are much more efficient because electrical
motors are used rather than internal combustion (IC) engines.
Some limitations that promotes the growth of EVs are less
range of operation, high end rate battery pack, few number of
charging stations. So EVs can be promoted only by adopting
more charging infrastructure growth because then only it
provides reliable and efficient operation of EVs and EVs
promotion.
Here this paper details the design, modeling and
simulation of hybrid station for G2V and V2G operations.
The hybrid EV station design includes capacity for the
charging station, nominal voltage, DC bus capacitance [3]
and filter design as in [4]. In below sections, details about
978-1-7281-9951-1/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
2
Arun Sebastian
EEE Department
Saintgits College of Engineering
Kerala,India
arun.sebastian@saintgits.org
the proposed hybrid are discussed it includes about EV
battery [5], bidirectional AC/DC converter [6], DC/DC buck
boost converter [7], and the control technique for charging
the battery [8]. The control technique for the bidirectional
converter are discussed in [9] - [11].
Here the paper is arranged into various section and
section II details about the proposed hybrid EV station
model, section III includes all the design equation for hybrid
station. Section IV discuss about the Power module for
bidirectional converters for hybrid station. In Section V,
simulation result for different mode of operation for hybrid
station are discussed. Section VI presents the conclusion
part.
II. PROPOSED HYBRID EV STATION MODEL
The block diagram developed for the proposed hybrid
EV station is shown below in figure 1.
Fig. 1. Model of proposed charging station
A brief system description explanation as follows:
Grid is interconnected to deliver electricity here a 3
phase, 380V, 50Hz AC supply is used, the LCL filters helps
to remove the harmonics, when the components are directly
connected to the grid without filters it will deteriorates the
grid voltage hence cause power quality issues. Bidirectional
AC/DC converter are used thus it can be used to charge and
discharge. DC/DC converter has connected in order to
charge the proposed system and for better performance the
control here choosen was proportional and integral (PI)
controller. DC bus act as an energy storage element that can
be connected to the grid. EV slots will supplies electric
energy for the recharging the electric vehicle batteries.
III. HYBRID EV STATION DESIGN
A. Maximum capacity of charging station.
The true power is the product of apparent power and
power factor thus the hybrid station is designed for a
maximum capacity by considering the number of charging
1
slot as well as overload factor thus the maximum capacity of
charging station is as follows in (1)
‫ܭ‬௅௢௔ௗ ‫ܲ כ ܰ כ‬ா௏௦
‫ܵܥ‬௥௔௧௘ௗ ൌ (1)
ܿ‫׎ݏ݋‬
Where terms used here denotes Kload for the overload
factor, number of charging slots is N, PEVs denotes the
power rating of a one EV, power factor.
B. DC bus nominal voltage.
Peak voltage corresponds to the mains input is the nominal
DC bus voltage. So the nominal DC bus voltage (2) is 1.414
times the root mean square of line voltage.
ܸௗ௖ ൌ ܸ௥௠௦ ‫ͳ כ‬ǤͶͳͶ (2)
E. EV battery.
The EV battery should able charge and discharge
continuously, thus it should have best features . The battery
choosen for the EVs are Lithium-Ion battery. The equivalent
Thevenin model consist of resistance, capacitance and
power source [5]. This battery is choosen because of its
efficiency and better reliability. Moreover Li-Ion has very
high energy density.
IV. POWER MODULE IN CHARGING STATION
In the proposed work power module of charging station
consists of bidirectional AC to DC power stage and DC to
DC power stage integrated into the charging station.
Here the bidirectional AC to DC converter is controlled
by using

C. Calculation of DC bus capacitance.  Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation technique

(SPWM)
The DC bus capacitor acts as the PFC stage output filter,
 abc-dq technique.
absorbing switching currents for minimum ripple voltage. A
For the DC/DC Converter, Buck Boost converter is used
detailed explanation about DC bus capacitance is explained
and for the operation of EV charging control, constant
in [3]. So the DC capacitance size determines the stability of
voltage and constant current strategy is used.
the DC bus directly. The current ripples occurring in DC is
supported by bus capacitance. The energy of the capacitor at All the controllers are controlled by proportional and
the time of transient as well as useful power is considered for integral (PI) controller.
calculating (3)
A. Three phase bidirectional AC/DC converter
ܵ௥௔௧௘ௗ ‫ܶ݊ʹ כ‬ο‫׎ݏ݋ܿ כ ݎ‬ The three phase bidirectional AC/DC converter[6] unit is
‫ܥ‬ௗ௖ ൌ  (3)
ܸௗ௖ ଶ  ‫ כ‬ο‫ݔ‬ the main interconnecting device between the grid and EV.
The converter will act as a rectifier in G2V operation and
like a inverter in V2G operation and are connected through
D. LCL filter design. LCL filters. Figure 3 shows the basic diagram of a three
Without filter the current generated by the grid connected phase bidirectional converter unit.
inverter will contain lots of harmonics component on it so
when we connect this components directly to the grid
without LCL it will deteriorates the grid voltage hence cause
power quality issues [4]. Hence LCL filters helps to smooth
sinusoidal waveform by avoiding the power quality issue.
Figure 2 below shows the LCL filter configuration.

Fig. 3. Three phase bidirectional converter unit

Fig. 2. LCL filter configuration. B. Bidirectional DC/DC converter

The bidirectional DC/DC converter[7] had been mainly
For the above circuit diagram, by applying transfer
used for regulating the voltage and current values thus helps
function the corresponding value of that is the inductance of
to charge the EV battery through battery charger. Here a
inverter L1 (4), the inductance of grid L2 (5), capacitance
Buck Boost converter is used as the bidirectional DC/DC
filter value C (6) can be determined. Thus,
converter and the output is connected to a battery charger
ͳ control.
ൌ
‫ܫ‬௚ ሺ‫ݓݏ‬ሻ ʹߨ݂௦௪ ଶ C. Battery charger control
ሺʹߨ݂௦௪ ሻ ‫כ‬ ‫ כ‬ሺͳ െ ሻ (4)
ܸ௜ ሺ‫ݓݏ‬ሻ ʹߨ݂௥௘௦ ଶ The battery charger control[8] can be done using constant
current strategy as well as using constant voltage strategy.
ͲǤʹ ‫ܸ כ‬௚௥௜ௗ The configuration is shown in the figure 5. The current
‫ܮ‬௚௥௜ௗ ൌ (5) strategy operates as a boost mode of operation and voltage
ʹߨ݂‫ܫ‬௚
strategy operates as a buck mode of operation. Here for the
ͲǤͲͷ ‫ܵ כ‬௥௔௧௘ௗ simulation purpose battery block has been directly used.
‫ܥ‬௙ ൌ (6)
ʹߨ ‫݂ כ‬௚௥௜ௗ ‫ܸ כ‬௚௥௜ௗ

2

Fig. 4. Battery charger Configuration.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Based on the detailed designs all the simulations are done
by using Matlab Simulink. The components used here are
choosen from simulink library browser.
A. Complete simulation model of proposed system
Figure 5 below shown is the complete simulation model
of the proposed system for both G2V and V2G modes of
operations. The model consists of five main block which are
connection control, bidirectional AC/DC converter, Buck
Boost converter, DC/DC converter with battery controller
and battery switching control. Here the modes of operation is
controlled by controlling the connection[9] control input.
Fig. 5. Complete simulation model of proposed system.
B. AC/DC converter using SPWM technique
Figure 6 shows the simulation model of bidirectional
AC/DC converter using SPWM[10], [15] technique. The
reference signal for the converter are generated from the
MATLAB function block using the following parameters,
1. x in wt rad/sec
2. Modulation index (ma)
3. Phase shift angle
Thus the output reference signal obtained is given to the
PWM generator.
Fig. 6. AC/DC converter control using SPWM.
3
C. AC/DC converter using abc-dq technique
Figure 7 shows the model of the bidirectional AC/DC
converter using ABC-DQ technique. The line to line
parameters are sensed and is converted into ABC-DQ using
Park’s and Clarke’s transformations. Here PLL is used for
synchronizing[11] the grid parameters. The active current
response and reactive current response are subtracted with
reference current inorder to find the error. Thus the error
obtained is given to the current controller (PI) and the
corresponding voltages are obtained. This is then
transformed to abc voltages for obtaining the corresponding
PWM signals for the converter.
Fig. 7. AC/DC converter using ABC-DQ technique.
D. DC/DC converter
Figure 8 shows the bidirectional DC/DC converter
simulation model, here the output from the AC/DC converter
is regulated using the DC/DC buck boost converter. Thus the
DC/DC converter helps to regulate the output and connect to
EV battery charger.
Fig. 8. Bidirectional DC/DC converter .
E. EV battery charger
Here the EV battery are charged using the control of
constant voltage and constant current strategy. In constant
voltage mode it charges the battery by behaving like buck
mode and in constant current mode of operation the
converter will behave similar to boost mode thus it helps to
discharge the battery. Figure 9 shows the Matlab model of
EV battery charger model.
Fig. 9. EV battery charger model
 TABLE I. PROPOSED CHARGING STATION PARAMETERS

Parameters Values
Supply 3phase, 380V,50Hz
AC
Maximum capacity of station 260 kVA
DC bus nominal voltage 538 V
DC bus capacitance 0.853mF
Inductance value for inverter 0.164 mH
Fig. 12. Converter voltage waveform
Filter capacitance 0.286 mF
Grid side inductance 0.161 mH
Switching frequency 4950 Hz
Nominal voltage of battery 220 V
Rated capacity of battery 100 Ah
Battery rating 22 kWh

Initial battery charge 60%

The output obtained for the simulations are shown below,

Fig. 13. Converter current waveform

Fig. 10. Grid voltage waveform

Fig. 14. Power P and Q

Fig. 11. Grid current waveform

The output obtained for the grid voltage and grid current
has been shown in the figure 10 and 11 respectively. The
peak value of the voltage obtained is shown above. Figure 11
and 12 shows the converter voltage and current.
Fig. 15. THD analysis of Grid voltage
The figure 14 and 15 shows the active and reactive power
and THD analysis for grid side. Charging and discharging
and there corresponding values are shown in figures 16, 17,
18, 19 and tables II. Table III gives the values of active and
reactive power and Table IV shows THD result.

4
Grid to Vehicle operation(Charging mode)
The results in figure 15 and 16 shows that current and
voltage remains constant for charging mode.

Fig. 19. EV battery discharging soc,voltage, current using ABC-DQ

technique

TABLE II. BATTERY OUTPUT FOR SPWM AND ABC-DQ

BATTERY OUTPUT BATTERY OUTPUT

(SPWM) (ABC-DQ)
Fig. 16. EV battery charging soc,current, voltage using SPWM technique soc voltage current soc voltage current
(%) (V) (A) (%) (V) (A)
G
2 60.06 249.6 23.16 60.06 249.6 23.16
V
V
2 59.8 207.3 21.3 59.8 207.3 21.3
G

TABLE III. ACTIVE POWER AND REACTIVE POWER

GRID POWER GRID POWER

(SPWM) (ABC-DQ)
P Q P Q
(W) (VAR) (W) (VAR)

G2V 254.4 442.6 284.5 496.8

Fig. 17. EV battery charging soc, current, voltage using ABC-DQ
technique
V2G 205.8 465.5 242.1 521.3
Vehicle to Grid operation(Discharging mode)
The output soc, current and voltage obtained after TABLE IV. THD VALUES OBTAINED
running the simulation for both technique SPWM and ABC-
PARAMETERS THD(%) THD(%)
DQ technique during discharging mode is shown in the
(SPWM) (ABC-DQ)
figure 18 and 19 respectively. Here in discharging mode the
Grid voltage 0.03 0.28
battery voltage and current is constant and the soc of the Grid current 0.09 3.83
battery starts to decrease. Converter voltage 1.90 2.44
Converter current 1.59 4.74

For the simulation done above, the values obtained for

charging and discharging using both technique had shown
that the proposed charging station can be operate in both
G2V and V2G mode using different transformation
technique. Thus the proposed charging model helps to
support the grid.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper shows a proposed model for doing G2V and
V2G using the technique SPWM and abc-dq transformation.
A detailed design equation for the proposed charging station
is also explained. The modelling of each power converter
Fig. 18. EV battery discharging soc, current, voltage using SPWM control is clearly shown in the simulation. The output clearly
technique shows that G2V and V2G modes of operation is possible by
using SPWM and abc-dq transformation technique. The real
and reactive power output waveforms denotes that the power
can be controlled by using the techniques SPWM and abc-

5
dq. Thus by adopting the concept of V2G it helps to provide
a great extend for supporting the electric grid. The THD
output shows that LCL filter implemented helps to reduces
the harmonics injection. Thus the proposed model for
charging station can be thus used for prototyping. All the
simulations shown are done in MATLAB Simulink to
observe the behaviour of the proposed system.
VII. FUTURE SCOPE
The proposed hybrid station can integrate with renewable
energy resources such as photo voltaic (PV) array, wind
power etc. Which can helps to conserve more energy.
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