Properties of Matter Page No.

:- 1

Physical Properties of Matter: -

Those properties which describe or measure the physical state of matter
without changing the composition of matter.
Example: - Mass, Volume, Weight, Density, melting point etc.
Elasticity: -
The property of a body to regain its original shape and size when the
deforming force is removed is known as elasticity.
Deforming Force: - Any external force acting on a body due to which its size
or shape changed is called deforming force.
Restoring Force: - The force that restore the size or shape of body when
deforming force is removed. Also it is responsible for the elastic nature of
the body.
Example of Elastic Bodies: -
A body which completely regains its original shape and size after removal
of deforming force is called perfectly elastic body. Nobody in the universe
is perfectly elastic body. Example of plastic bodies- steel, rubber band,
elastic waistband, spring toys, spring mattress, Bungce Jumping etc.
Plasticity: -
The properties of body that it does not gain its original shape and size after
the removal of applied force.
Examples of Plastic Bodies: -
Mud, putty, paraffin wax, modelling clay (plasticine), carry home food
containers, Polythene bags, plastic clay etc.
Stress: -
When a deforming force is applied to a body, then it develops equal and
opposite force called internal restoring force which tends to bring back to
its original size and shape.
The restoring force acting per unit area of the body is called stress.
 Properties of Matter Page No. :- 2

restoring force
stress =
area
S.I. unit of stress = N/m2 or Nm−2 and C.G.S unit = dyne/cm2
Dimensional formula = [M1 L−1 T −2 ]
Types of Stress: -
(i) Normal or Tensile Stress: - It is defined as the restoring force acting
per unit area perpendicular to the surface of the body.
(ii) Volumetric Stress: - When the deforming force or applied force
acts from all dimensions resulting in the change of volume of the
object then such stress is called volumetric stress.
(iii) Tangential or Shear Stress: -
It is defined as the restoring force acting per unit area tangential to
the surface pf the body.
Strain: -
Strain is the ratio of the amount of deformation experienced by the body in
the direction of force applied to the body’s original size or shape.
Or
It is the ration of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape.
The strain is of three types: -
(I) Longitudinal Strain: - within elastic limit, the ratio of change in
length to the original length is called Longitudinal strain.
change in length (∆L)
Longitudinal Strain =
original length(L)
(II) Volumetric Strain: - It is defined as the ratio of change in volume to
the original volume.
change in volume (∆V)
Volumetric Strain =
original volume (V)
(III) Shearing Strain:- When a tangential force is applied to the surface
of the body, the surface move away from its original position. Thus,
shearing strain is defined as the ratio of displacement of a surface
 Properties of Matter Page No. :- 3

under the tangential force to the perpendicular distance between

surfaces.

lateral displacement (∆L)

Shearing Strain = = tan ∅
distance between surfaces (L)

Note: - Strain has no units and dimensions.

Hook’s Law: -
Within elastic limit, the stress developed in a solid is directly proportional
to the strain produced in it.
Stress ∝ Strain
Stress = E × Strain
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
E= where E is constant
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Where E is constant and is known as Modulus of Elasticity of the material.

Modulus of Elasticity:-
It is the ratio of stress in the body to the corresponding strain.
Types of Modulus of Elasticity:-
a) Young’s Modulus of Elasticity:-
Within elastic limit, the ratio of the linear/longitudinal stress to
linear/longitudinal strain is called Young’s Modulus of Elasticity.

𝐹
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴 𝐹𝐿
Y= = ∆𝐿 =
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴∆𝐿
𝐿
 Properties of Matter Page No. :- 4

S.I. unit of Y is same as stress i.e. N/m² . Sometimes it is also known as

Pascal (Pa).
b) Bulk Modulus of Elasticity:-
The ratio of the Volumetric stress to Volumetric strain is called Bulk
Modulus of Elasticity.
𝐹
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴 𝐹𝑉
B= = ∆𝑉 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴∆𝑉
𝑉
The bulk modulus has the unit of pressure i.e. Pascal (Pa).
c) Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity):-
The ratio of the Shearing stress to Shearing strain is called Modulus of
Rigidity.

𝐹
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴 𝐹𝐿
G= = ∆𝐿 =
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴∆𝐿
𝐿

Since ∆L is very small, the ration of ∆L/L is equal to shear angle ∅ in

radian.
𝐹∅
In that case G =
𝐴