DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

REGION III
Division of City of San Fernando
PAMPANGA HIGH SCHOOL
PHS Blvd., Brgy. Lourdes, City of San Fernando, Pampanga
Tel. No. (045) 961-4261 website: www.pampangahigh.school

RESEARCH PLAN
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE GROWTH OF PECHAY (Brassica rapa subsp.
chinensis) USING DRIED BANANA (Musa acuminata) PEELS AND TOMATO PULPS
(Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum)

LAPUZ, Umbriel C.
MENDOZA, Arjay Paul L.
PANGILINAN, Kylle Christian M.

John Carlo F. Mamawan

Adviser, Applied Research I
 1

RATIONALE

Food waste is a major problem of today‟s world that is a part of climate change and

world hunger. When food waste makes its way to the landfills, the decomposing foods release

methane, and methane is a greenhouse gas and greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun thus

contributing to global warming and global warming which contributes to climate change.1 Food

waste also wastes oil because oil is being used in cooking from households, factories and

restaurants. The greenhouse gases being emitted from the burning oil is also contributing to

climate change.2 Ultimately, climate change can destroy crops and drastically lower crop yield,

therefore leading to possible famine of the growing population. In fact, there are 1,717 metric

tons of food wasted each day that correlates to 3.4 million hungry families in the Philippines

suffering from famine.3

Fertilizers can be used to help grow crop production in which synthetic fertilizers are

widely-used. However, synthetic fertilizers have drawbacks. Synthetic fertilizers can be costly in

long term-usage and may provide crops with an overload of nutrients like nitrogen from

nitrogen-based fertilizers that lowers soil biodiversity which can kill crops from soil

1
“The Problem of Food Waste,” foodprint.org, Published by FoodPrint, Published on October 08, 2018,
https://foodprint.org/issues/the-problem-of-food-
waste/#:~:text=Food%20is%20lost%20or%20wasted,at%20stores%20and%20in%20homes.
2
Henry Fountain, “Cutting Greenhouse Gases From Food Production Is Urgent, Scientists Say,”
nytimes.com, Published by The New York Times, Published on October 26, 2021,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/climate/climate-change-food-
production.html#:~:text=Food%20production%20results%20in%20emissions,of%20rice%20in%20floode
d%20paddies.
3
Kurt Dela Peña, “The malady of food waste: Millions starve as trash bins fill with leftovers,”
inquirer.net, Published by Inquirer, Published on October 22, 2021,
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1505252/the-malady-of-food-waste-millions-starve-as-trash-bins-fill-with-
leftovers.
 2

4 5
acidification. Additionally, nitrogen-based fertilizers for food production are emitting nitrous

oxide,6 a greenhouse gas, that is more potent than carbon dioxide that destroys the ozone layer

and, therefore it is not rather sustainable. 7 The researchers want to find efficient methods of

producing fertilizers that are not time-consuming, expensive, environment-friendly, and very

effective in promoting plant growth.

Environmental sustainability can be a solution because it does not destroy the needs of

the future generations, and for the future generations can, as well contribute to environmental

sustainability with the practice of a sustainable lifestyle. Using food leftovers as a way of making

them as organic fertilizers is an option for environmental sustainability. In this way, food wastes

from leftovers and cooking like banana peels and tomato pulps as organic alternative fertilizers

can be used as cheap replacements to costly synthetic fertilizers. 8 The researchers will test

whether banana peels and tomato pulps are effective organic alternative fertilizers.

Banana is a curved edible botanical berry of the plant of the evergreen Musaceae family

that is usually yellow. The fruit is 6.4-30 cm long and 1.9-5 cm wide.9 Banana plants are popular

4
Nabila Yehya Mohamed Naguib, “Organic Vs Chemical Fertilization of Medicinal Plants: A Concise
Review of Researches,” Advances in Environmental Biology, 5, issue no. 2, (2011): 396.
5
Arthur Wallace, “Soil acidification from use of too much fertilizer,” Communication in Soil and Plant
Analysis, 15, issue no. 1-2, (Nov. 2008): 87.
6
Thin Lei Win, “Nitrogen Emissions From Rising Fertiliser Use Threaten Climate Goals,” reuters.com,
Published by Reuters, Published on October 07, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-
climatechange-agriculture-idUSKBN26S2HV.
7
Asbjorn Molgaard Sorensen, “Nitrous oxide is the new ozone enemy,” sciencenordic.com, Published by
Science Nordic, Published on August 03, 2013, https://sciencenordic.com/agriculture--fisheries-climate-
denmark/nitrous-oxide-is-the-new-ozone-
enemy/1389017#:~:text=Nitrous%20oxide%20is%20a%20greenhouse,against%20the%20sun%27s%20ul
traviolet%20rays.
8
Helen Avery, “The Role of Organic Fertilizers in Transition to Sustainable Agriculture in the MENA
Region,” New Generation Organic Fertilizers, (2021).
9
Julia Morton, Fruits of Warm Climates (Miami: FL, 1987), 30,
https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160027/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html.
 3

in the Philippines as 9.16 million metric tons of bananas were collected last 2019.10 After the

consumption of banana, its peels are disposed of since they are not edible. Banana peels are

disposed by putting the peels in the trash, feed them to animals that can consume them, or by

composting the peels.11 Tomato is a round edible botanical berry from the plant Solanum

lycopersicum that is reddish in color most of the time when ripe. 12 There were 223.3 thousand

metric tons of tomatoes harvested in the Philippines last 2019. 13 After the juice of the tomato was

collected, the seeds and the skin of the tomato are left and usually, the tomato pulps also left

unused. The seeds can be replanted while the skin of the tomatoes can be kept in the trash can,

by cooking and eaten after, or composted in disposing them. For the tomato pulps, they are

frequently either thrown in trash cans, or cooked. 14 15

The given ways of disposal on the banana peels and tomato skins and pulps are very

simple to perform, but are also flawed. Placing the wastes of the banana peels and tomato skins

and pulps on the trash cans or trash bags makes the said waste products stick inside the surface of

the container, which would give the garbage collectors a hard time to remove the wastes stored

from the trash can/bag. Not everyone eats tomato skin and pulps, even after being cooked. Not

10
Divina Gracia L. Del Prado et al., “Crop Statistics of the Philippines,” (2015-2019): 7.
11
Judith Bean, “Banana Peel Garbage Disposal,” cookspot.org, Published by Cookspot, Published on
March 20, 2022, https://cookspot.org/banana-peel-garbage-disposal.
12
EOL staff, “Garden Tomato,” eol.org, Published by EOL, Accessed June 3, 2022,
https://eol.org/pages/392557/articles.
13
Del Prado, “Philippine Crops,” 29.
14
Sheela Prakash, “Can You Use Tomato Skins? (YES!),” epicurious.com, Published by Epicurious,
Published on August 21, 2015, https://www.epicurious.com/expert-advice/can-you-use-tomato-skins-yes-
article.
15
Susan Patterson, “Composting Tomato Plants: When to Compost Tomatoes,” gardeningknowhow.com,
Published by GardeningKnowHow, Published on May 18, 2021,
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/ingredients/composting-tomato-plants.htm.
 4

16
all animals eat banana peels with most consumers being from the wild or poultry. Lastly,

composting the banana peels and the tomato parts would take weeks to months to produce, as

banana peels decompose 3 – 4 weeks after left in a compost pit while fresh tomatoes decompose

in a span of 1 - 2 weeks in the same set-up. 17 18

Pechay plant (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is an erect biennial plant cultivated

annually in its vegetative stage of about 15-30 cm tall. This plant can be planted anytime in

places with low to medium elevations and prefers sandy to clay loam soil with a pH level of 5.5-

7.5. The plant was chosen to be the subject of the study because it is easy to sow since it grows

30-40 days after being planted.19

A Lakatan Banana (Musa acuminata) peel contains mainly potassium and partly
20
phosphorus, which are 2 key components in plant growth. In plants, potassium is necessary in
21
enzyme activation and it is a mineral involved in energy transfer reactions. Phosphorus is
22
important for stimulating root and shoot growth and promoting vigorous seedling growth.

„Kamatis-Bundok‟ Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum) are also a major source of

16
“What Will Eat Banana Peels?,” orcaeyes.com, Published by orcaeyes, Accessed on June 03, 2022,
https://www.orcaeyes.com/tech/can-animals-eat-banana-peels/.
17
“Can You Compost Banana Peels?,” conserve-energy-future.com, Published by Conserve Energy
Future, Accessed on June 03, 2022, https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/can-you-compost-banana-
peels.php.
18 “How Long Do Tomatoes Last?,” eatbydate.com, Published by Eatbydate, Accessed on June 03, 2022.

http://www.eatbydate.com/fruits/fresh/tomatoes-shelf-life-expiration-date/.
19
“Pechay production guide,” business.com.ph, Published by Business Diary PH, Published on May 28,
2019, https://businessdiary.com.ph/6057/pechay-production-guide/.
20 Paul Barbano, “Banana Peels are good for Gardens,” capegazzette.com, Published by Cape Gazette,

Published on June 3, 2020, https://www.capegazette.com/article/banana-peels-are-good-gardens/202889.

21
Petra Marschner, Marschsner‟s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd edition, ed. Horst Marschner
(Oxford, UK: Academic Press, 2012), 4.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yqKV3USG41cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=Vc7GZ7tU
Bd&sig=KuO5Lu7Isp2S0JnPgtcDi7jmKkE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false.
22 “Importance of Phosphorus and Potassium in Corn Development,” lewishybrids.com, Published

by Lewis Hybirds, Published on February 11, 2011, https://www.lewishybrids.com/en-us/agronomy-

library/phosphorus-potassium-fertility-corn-soybean.html.
 5

potassium and minor source of phosphorus. The amount of phosphorus and potassium Musa

acuminata peels and Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum pulps contain makes the botanical

berries potential candidates as alternative fertilizers. 23 24

Another peel of the genus Musa was already proven to be an effective fertilizer. A

previous study showed that the peels of Musa balbasinia exhibited their capability as a fertilizer

for eggplants (Solanum Melongena L.) by boosting their chlorophyll production and by

providing nutrients and microbes.25 Websites are also showing detailed ways to make a liquid

fertilizer using tomatoes as they can offer a decent amount of NPK ratio to promote plant

growth.26

These situations led the researchers to make more use with food wastes and at the same

time, boost plant growth and its quality with the use of banana peels (Musa acuminata) and

tomato pulps (Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum) extracts as alternative fertilizers. This

study will also assess how efficient M. acuminata and Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum are

as fertilizers and which concentration of the berries will give the maximum amount of plant

growth. The efficacy of the plant fertilizers will also be compared to FarmChoice 14-14-14

fertilizer to test whether M. acuminata and Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum are efficient

alternatives for the market-ready fertilizers.

23
Willie Ong, “Two Bananas a Day Keep the Doctor Away”, Philstar.com, Published by Philstar,
Published on October 28, 2008, Accessed on May 16, 2022, https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-
and-family/2008/10/28/410516/two-bananas-day-keep-doctor-away.
24 “Philippine Medicinal Plants: Kamatis,” stuartxchange.com, Published by StuartXChange, Accessed on

June 03, 2022, http://stuartxchange.com/Kamatis.html.

25
Samantha Barandi, John Lhoyd Barandoc, “The Effectiveness of Saba Banana (Musa Balbisiana L.)
Peels as an Organic Fertilizer for Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.),” Ascendens Asia Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts / Articles, 3, issue no. 5 (2019).
26“Gardening Guides,” bbc.co.uk, Published by BBC, Accessed on June 03, 2022.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/basics/techniques/soil_feedingplants1.shtml.
 6

The objective of this research is to promote future practice of using food wastes as

organic fertilizers. This is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and stop climate change

from further destruction of the environment‟s ecosystems and provide the growing population its

needs.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This research study will be conducted to test the capabilities of Musa Acuminata and

Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum in enhancing the quality of plant growth. Specifically, the

researchers will seek to answer the following questions:

 Will Musa acuminata and Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum be able to enhance the

growth rate of Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis?

 Which concentration of Musa acuminata and Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum will

gather the best yield and results?

a) 20% concentration

b) 40% concentration

c) 60% concentration

 Which is the better alternative fertilizer between Musa acuminata and Solanum

lycopersicum var. esculentum?

 Is there a significant difference between the efficacy of Musa acuminata and Solanum

lycopersicum var. esculentum in comparison to the 14-14-14 fertilizer?

HYPOTHESES
 7

H1a: There is a significant difference in the efficacy of Lakatan Banana (Musa acuminata) Peels

as an organic fertilizer against the 14-14-14 fertilizer.

H2a: There is a significant difference in the efficacy of Kamatis-Bundok (Solanum lycopersicum

var. esculentum) Pulps as an organic fertilizer against the 14-14-14 fertilizer.

H10: There‟s no significant difference in the efficacy of Lakatan Banana (Musa acuminata)

Peels as an organic fertilizer against the 14-14-14 fertilizer.

H2a: There‟s no significant difference in the efficacy of Kamatis-Bundok (Solanum

lycopersicum var. esculentum) Pulps as an organic fertilizer against the 14-14-14 fertilizer.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

 After the experimentation, the researchers would find effective alternative fertilizers that

are not too time-consuming, expensive, and harmful to the environment.

 Other studies would also replicate this study and improve the treatments by using them

on other plant subjects.

 There will be more studies about disposing other kinds of food wastes in a more

environmental-friendly way.

 Society will know the result of the study and will be more convinced about segregating

biodegradable garbage. Some may also make homemade fertilizers themselves for their

plants. The local government will implement the segregation of waste more strictly.

 The Department of Agriculture will create programs to manufacture the gathered

fruits/fruit peels into fertilizers. In lowering crop prices, implementing the distribution of

produced fertilizers to the farmers for free could be a big help.

 Farmers would benefit from this study as the fertilizers will promote a better quality of

growth for their crops. The farmers wouldn't have to make compost pits which saves their

time.
 8

RESEARCH METHODS

General Procedures

This research study is experimental and will be conducted so as to determine the fertilizer

potentials of ground lakatan banana (Musa acuminata) peels and „kamatis-bundok‟ (S.

lycopersicum var. esculentum) liquid Tomato pulp feed, and to determine in which set-up would

have a greater potential as an alternative fertilizer.

Three types of ground banana peels amounts will be used, respective to their sets: 60g

peels, 120g peels, and 180g peels. Three types liquid tomato pulp feed will be used and their

concentration is as follows: 20%, 40%, and 60%. The assigned positive control will be the

commercially available FarmChoice 14:14:14 NPK fertilizer and the assigned negative control is

distilled water.

There will be 2 batches of Sets; Set batch 1 and Set batch 2, whereas Set 1 will belong to

the Ground lakatan banana peels batch (Set batch 1: A1, B1 & C1) and Set 2 will belong to the

liquid „kamatis-bundok‟ tomato pulp feed batch (Set batch 2: A2, B2 & C2). One trial of the

experiment shall be conducted with the following of the application of the experimental

fertilizers, including their positive and negative control counterparts.

Identifification and Collection of Lakatan Banana Peels & Kamatis-Bundok

Fresh Lakatan Bananas (Musa acuminata) and Kamatis-Bundok Tomatoes (S.

lycopersicum var. esculentum) will be bought at Vista Mall‟s All Home, located in Quebiawan

San Fernando, Pampanga. The identification of lakatan banana and „kamatis-bundok‟ will be

confirmed by employees in the site of the grocery store. The tomatoes that are decomposed will

not be accounted for further in the process of the extraction and shall be disposed of and the
 9

banana peels which shows sign of decomposition are exempted from disposal in which they are

still utilizable. The gathered lakatan banana peels and kamatis-bundok tomatoes will be rinsed

with running water.

Mustard Seeds Collection

Mustard (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) seeds, locally called mustasa/petchay, will be

bought at AllHome as well. The Petchay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) seeds will be soaked

for 30 minutes before being sowed. Three seeds will then be individually placed 10 cm apart and

sow the seeds with a depth of 1 cm or 0.4 inches and immediately cover with soil and equally

sprinkle in watering the seeds about 50mL distilled water after sowing for each set‟s pot at the

time of sowing before the day for the treatment application of the ground banana peels and liquid

tomato pulp feed. The pots with drainage holes containing soil will be used as plant growth

mediums and the pot size is 17 cm in diameter. 27

Ground Banana Peels and Liquid Tomato Pulp Feed Extract Preparation

The collected lakatan banana peels will be sun-dried using a metal container or tray for 1-
28
3 days or until fully dry and will then be crushed into fine bits. The dried banana peels will

then be constituted as follows: 60g Peels, 120g Peels and 180g Peels. The kamatis-bundok

tomatoes will then be sliced into 3 different amounts and submerged into 3 separate containers

filled with 300mL distilled water (or D. Water) for 3 days or until the tomato pulp (or T. Pulp) is

27
“Tips on Growing Pechay in Containers,” urbangardeningmom.com, Published by Urban Gardening
Mom, Published on October 21, 2021, https://www.urbangardeningmom.com/blogs/news/tips-on-
growing-pechay-in-containers#:~:text=Sowing%20the%20Pechay%20Seeds&text=In%20just%203-
4%20days,to%208%20inches%20in%20diameter.
28
“6 Ways to Use Dried Banana Peels as a Fertilizer,” BalconyGardenWeb.com, published by
BalconyGardenWeb, Accessed on May 29, 2022, https://balconygardenweb.com/5-ways-to-use-dried-
banana-peels-as-a-fertilizer/.
 10

29
fully dissolved. Their types are constituted as follows: 60 grams T. Pulp, 120 grams T. Pulp

and 180 grams T. Pulp. Once all the tomato pulps have been dissolved, the tomato skins and seed

will be strained and discarded from the liquid tomato pulp.

Treatment Application

The volumes will then be established for the amount of ground lakatan banana peels for

treatment: 60g peels to Set A1, 120g peels to Set B1, 180g peels to Set C1. The concentrations of

the liquid tomato pulp feed are formulated as follows: 60g of tomato pulp to 300mL of Distilled

Water as 20%, 120g of tomato pulp to 300mL of distilled water as 40%, and 180g of tomato pulp

to 300mL of distilled water as 60%. The 3 various concentrations of the LTP Feed batch will be

assigned to each of its set: 20% to Set A2, 40% to Set B2, and 60% to Set C2. The varying

amounts of LTP Feed for the LTP Feed batch, and distilled water for the ground banana peels

batch, positive control and negative control set application for every after 4 days are constituted:
30 31

The constituted amounts to apply for every set vary per after 4 days:

Schedule Ground Banana LTP Feed Set Positive Control Negative

Peels Set Batch 1 Batch 2 set Control
(Set A1-60g (Set A2-20%, (14-14-14 set
Peels, Set B1- Set B2-40%, & Fertilizer)
120g Peels, & Set C2-60% sets)
Set C1-180g
Peels)

29
Dipankar Mondal, “How to make natural fertilizer from ripe tomatoes,” Homemade liquid compost for
all plants, March 28, 2021, educational video, 0:00 to 2:10,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmnIYUHCKl0.
30
“How to Water Pechay?,” rocketsgarden.com, Published by Rockets Garden, Published on September
16, 2019, https://rocketsgarden.com/how-to-water-pechay/.
31
Theforkedspoon, “Growing Bok Choy from seeds 32-Day Timelapse,” Vivid, July 16, 2021,
educational video, 0:05 – 2:13, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lHwgfKEhfQ.
 11

Day after sowing 50mL Distilled 50mL Distilled 50mL Distilled 50mL
(Day 0) Water only Water only Water only Distilled
Water only
Seedling stage I 50mL Distilled 50mL LTP Feed 50mL Distilled 50mL
(1st -4th day) Water Set A2-20% LTP Water Distilled
& Feed, Positive Con.: Water
Set A1-60g Set B2-40% LTP 180g
Peels, Feed,
Set B1-120g &
Peels, Set C2-60% LTP
& Set C1-180g Feed
Peels)
Sprout stage I 70mL Distilled 70mL LTP Feed 70mL Distilled 70mL
(5th -8th day) Water Set A2-20% LTP Water Distilled
& Feed, Positive Con.: Water
Set A1-60g Set B2-40% LTP 180g
Peels, Feed,
Set B1-120g &
Peels, Set C2-60% LTP
& Set C1-180g Feed
Peels
Sprout stage II 100mL Distilled 100mL LTP Feed 100mL Distilled 100mL
(9th -12th day) Water Set A2-20% LTP Water Distilled
& Feed, Positive Con.: Water
Set A1-60g Set B2-40% LTP 180g
Peels, Feed,
Set B1-120g &
Peels, Set C2-60% LTP
& Set C1-180g Feed
Peels
Young Vegetable 150mL Distilled 150mL LTP Feed 150mL Distilled 150mL
stage I Water Set A2-20% LTP Water Distilled
(13 -16th day)
th
& Feed, Positive Con.: Water
Set A1-60g Set B2-40% LTP 180g
Peels, Feed,
Set B1-120g &
Peels, Set C2-60% LTP
& Set C1-180g Feed
Peels
Young Vegetable 200mL Distilled 200mL LTP Feed 200mL Distilled 200mL
 12

stage II Water Set A2-20% LTP Water Distilled

(17 -20th day)
th
& Feed, Positive Con.: Water
Set A1-60g Set B2-40% LTP 180g
Peels, Feed,
Set B1-120g &
Peels, Set C2-60% LTP
& Set C1-180g Feed
Peels
Near-Mature stage 250mL Distilled 250mL LTP Feed 250mL Distilled 250mL
(21th -24th day) Water Set A2-20% LTP Water Distilled
& Feed, Positive Con.: Water
Set A1-60g Set B2-40% LTP 180g
Peels, Feed,
Set B1-120g &
Peels, Set C2-60% LTP
& Set C1-180g Feed
Peels
Near- 300mL Distilled 300mL LTP Feed 300mL Distilled 300mL
Mature/Mature Water Set A2-20% LTP Water Distilled
Stage & Feed, Positive Con.: Water
(25 -30th day)
th
Set A1-60g Set B2-40% LTP 180g
Peels, Feed,
Set B1-120g &
Peels, Set C2-60% LTP
& Set C1-180g Feed
Peels

The FarmChoice 14:14:14 NPK fertilizer will be the positive control and will have an

established constant amount of 180g and varying amount of distilled water for every after 4 days

for the positive control set, while for the negative control will have a varying amount of distilled

water in a matter of every after 4 days. In application of the ground banana peels and the positive

control, each of the respective sets‟ containers‟ surface soil must be loosened then the ground

banana peels or/and positive control will be put on the loose soil and will be watered with about
 13

the specific amount distilled water according to the schedule to their assigned sets. A 30-day

span of treatment applications for each sets and control will then take place. 32

Disposal of Waste and After use of Test Subjects

Any solid wastes of leftover tomato peels, skin and seeds from the process of extraction

will be disposed as composts for household plants. The grown Pechay plants (Brassica rapa

subsp. chinensis) shall be used as garden plants. Any containers or pots used for the experiment

will also be disposed of properly.

Risk and Safety

The liquid tomato pulp feed poses a risk of accidental biological hazard if the tomato

pulp feed is left to not be used and accidentally consumed after many days or a few weeks. The

consumption of dried ground banana peels is a biological hazard due to decomposition process of

matter and possible microorganism infection in the banana peels.

Analysis of Acquired Data

The One-Way Analysis of Variance will be utilized for the interpretation of the acquired

data of the Petchay plant (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) growth by analysing and comparing

the means of the plant growth from each set of set batch 1 and set batch 2. In this way, obtaining

the means of each set from set batch 1 and set batch 2 will be evaluated and analyzed in

comparison in which set batch has grown the most or had better significant differences which

indicates which alternative fertilizer has more chemical fertilizer potential. The positive control‟s

mean data will be used as the plant height growth standard to compare with the 2 alternative

32Vina Medenilla, “Growing Pechay in Just a Month,” mb.com.ph, Published by Manila Bulletin,
Published on July 03, 2021, https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/03/growing-pechay-in-just-a-
month/#:~:text=Water%20the%20seeds%20every%20day,twice%20to%20thrice%20a%20week.
 14

fertilizers‟ plant height growth mean data, whereas the negative control‟s mean data will be used

as to show the effect if no fertilizer had been applied to have any effect or difference on the

Petchay plant‟s growth.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

“The Problem of Food Waste.” foodprint.org. Published by FoodPrint, Published on October 08,
2018. https://foodprint.org/issues/the-problem-of-food-
waste/#:~:text=Food%20is%20lost%20or%20wasted,at%20stores%20and%20in%20homes.
Fountain, Henry. “Cutting Greenhouse Gases From Food Production Is Urgent, Scientists Say.”
nytimes.com. Published by The New York Times, Published on October 26, 2021.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/climate/climate-change-food-
production.html#:~:text=Food%20production%20results%20in%20emissions,of%20rice%20in%
20flooded%20paddies.
Dela Peña, Kurt. “The malady of food waste: Millions starve as trash bins fill with leftovers.”
inquirer.net. Published by Inquirer, Published on October 22, 2021.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1505252/the-malady-of-food-waste-millions-starve-as-trash-bins-
fill-with-leftovers.
Naguib, Nabila Yehya Mohamed. “Organic Vs Chemical Fertilization of Medicinal Plants: A
Concise Review of Researches.” Advances in Environmental Biology 5, issue no. 2. (2011): 394-
400.
https://www.academia.edu/3241555/Organic_Vs_Chemical_Fertilization_of_Medicinal_Plants_
A_Concise_Review_of_researches.
Wallace, Arthur. “Soil acidification from use of too much fertilizer.” Communication in Soil and
Plant Analysis, 15 issue no. 1-2 (Nov. 2008): 87-92.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369010.
Win, Thin Lei. “Nitrogen Emissions From Rising Fertiliser Use Threaten Climate Goals.”
reuters.com. Published by Reuters, Published on October 07, 2020.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-climatechange-agriculture-idUSKBN26S2HV.
Sorensen, Asbjorn Molgaard. “Nitrous oxide is the new ozone enemy.” sciencenordic.com.
Published by Science Nordic, Published on August 03, 2013.
https://sciencenordic.com/agriculture--fisheries-climate-denmark/nitrous-oxide-is-the-new-
ozone-
enemy/1389017#:~:text=Nitrous%20oxide%20is%20a%20greenhouse,against%20the%20sun%
27s%20ultraviolet%20rays.
 15

Avery, Helen. “The Role of Organic Fertilizers in Transition to Sustainable Agriculture in the
MENA Region.” New Generation Organic Fertilizers, (2021):
https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/79868.
Morton, Julia F. Fruits of Warm Climates Miami: FL, 1987.
https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160027/http:/www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/bana
na.html.
Del Prado, Divina Gracia L., Ermina V. Tepora, Niña Zarah Z. Lomio, Nicko Angelo E.
Esperanza, Arlene V. Rosanes, Reynaldo Q. Vallesteros, Jr., Joy C. De Guzman, Dionisio M. De
Vera, May G. Cammayo, John Mervin P. De Castro, Abella A. Regalla, Marivic C. De Luna,
Rosalina S. Olympia, Ray Francis B. De Castro, Israel B. Agustin, Ma. Casandra Lorine G.
Abegonia, Imelda P. Ornos, Jacqueline A. Damasco, Jacqueline N. Safranca and Richelle S.
Cabrera. “Crop Statistics of the Philippines.” (2015-2019): 1-105.
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Crops%20Statistics%20of%20the%20Philippines%2C%202
015-2019.pdf.
Bean, Judith. “Banana Peel Garbage Disposal.” cookspot.org. Published by Cookspot, Published
on March 20, 2022. https://cookspot.org/banana-peel-garbage-disposal.
EOL staff. “Garden Tomato.” eol.org. Published by EOL, Accessed June 3, 2022.
https://eol.org/pages/392557/articles.
Prakash, Sheela. “Can You Use Tomato Skins? (YES!).” epicurious.com. Published by
Epicurious, Published on August 21, 2015. https://www.epicurious.com/expert-advice/can-you-
use-tomato-skins-yes-article.
“What will eat banana peels?.” orcaeyes.com. Published by Orcaeyes, Accessed on June 03,
2022. https://www.orcaeyes.com/tech/can-animals-eat-banana-peels/.
“Can You Compost Banana Peels?.” conserve-energy-future.com. Published by Conserve
Energy Future, Accessed on June 03, 2022. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/can-you-
compost-banana-peels.php.
“How Long Do Tomatoes Last?.” eatbydate.com. Published by Eatbydate, Accessed on June 03,
2022. http://www.eatbydate.com/fruits/fresh/tomatoes-shelf-life-expiration-date/.
“Pechay Production Guide.” business.com.ph. Published by Business Diary PH, Published on
May 28, 2019. https://businessdiary.com.ph/6057/pechay-production-guide/.
Paul Barbano. “Banana Peels are good for Gardens.” capegazzette.com. Published by Cape
Gazette, Published on June 3, 2020. https://www.capegazette.com/article/banana-peels-are-good-
gardens/202889.
Marschner, Petra. “Marschsner‟s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants.” 3rd edition. ed. Horst
Marschner. Oxford, UK: Academic Press, 2012.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yqKV3USG41cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=Vc
7GZ7tUBd&sig=KuO5Lu7Isp2S0JnPgtcDi7jmKkE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false.
 16

“Importance of Phosphorus and Potassium in Corn Development,” lewishybrids.com, Published

by Lewis Hybirds, Published on February 11, 2011, https://www.lewishybrids.com/en-
us/agronomy-library/phosphorus-potassium-fertility-corn-soybean.html.
Ong, Willie. “Two Bananas a Day Keep the Doctor Away.” PhilStar.com. Published by PhilStar,
Published on October 28, 2008. Accessed on May 16, 2022.
https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2008/10/28/410516/two-bananas-day-keep-
doctor-away.
“Philippine Medicinal Plants: Kamatis.” stuartxchange.com. Published by StuartXChange,
Accessed on June 03, 2022. http://stuartxchange.com/Kamatis.html.
Barandi, Samantha. John Lhoyd Barandoc. “The Effectiveness of Saba Banana (Musa Balbisiana
L.) Peels as an Organic Fertilizer for Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.).” Ascendens Asia
Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts / Articles, 3 issue no. 5 (2019).
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/2875.
“Gardening Guides.” bbc.co.uk. Published by BBC, Accessed on June 03, 2022.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/basics/techniques/soil_feedingplants1.shtml.
“Tips on Growing Pechay in Containers.” urbangardeningmom.com. Published by Urban
Gardening Mom, Published on October 21, 2021.
https://www.urbangardeningmom.com/blogs/news/tips-on-growing-pechay-in-
containers#:~:text=Sowing%20the%20Pechay%20Seeds&text=In%20just%203-
4%20days,to%208%20inches%20in%20diameter.
“6 Ways To Use Dried Banana Peels As A Fertilizer.” BalconyGardenWeb.com. Published by
BalconyGardenWeb, Accessed on May 16, 2022. https://balconygardenweb.com/5-ways-to-use-
dried-banana-peels-as-a-fertilizer/.
Mondal, Dipankaer. “How to make natural fertilizer from ripe tomatoes.” Homemade liquid
compost for all plants. March 28, 2021. Educational video, 2:45.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmnIYUHCKl0.
“How to Water Pechay?.” rocketsgarden.com. Published by Rockets Garden, Published on
September 16, 2019. https://rocketsgarden.com/how-to-water-pechay/.
Theforkedspoon. “Growing Bok Choy from seeds 32-Day Timelapse.” Vivid, July 16, 2021.
Educational video, 0:05 – 2:13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lHwgfKEhfQ.
Medenilla, Vina “Growing Pechay in Just a Month.” mb.com.ph. Published by Manila Bulletin,
Published on July 03, 2021. https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/03/growing-pechay-in-just-a-
month/#:~:text=Water%20the%20seeds%20every%20day,twice%20to%20thrice%20a%20week.