‭Parallel axis theorem:‬

‭ arallel axis theorem states that the moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the‬
P
‭sum of its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its center of mass and the product of‬
‭the mass of the body and the square of the perpendicular distance between the two axes.‬

I‭f Ic is the moment of inertia of the body of mass M about an axis passing through the center of‬
‭mass, then the moment of inertia I about a parallel axis at a distance d from it is - given by the‬
‭relation,‬
‭I = Ic + M d2‬

‭ he moment of inertia of the point mass about the axis DE is, m (x + d)2. The moment of inertia‬
T
‭I of the whole body about DE is‬
‭the summation of the above expression.‬

‭I = E m (x + d)2‬

‭ his equation could further be written as,‬

T
‭I= E m(x2 + d2 + 2xd)‬
‭I = 2 (mx2 + md2 + 2 dmx)‬
‭I = 2 mx2 + md2 + 2d § mx‬
‭Here, > mx2 is the moment of inertia of the body about the center of mass. Hence,lc = mx2‬

‭ he term, mx = 0 because x can take positive and negative values with respect to the axis AB.‬
T
‭The summation (> mx) will be‬
‭zero.‬

‭Thus, I = Ic + E m d2 = Ic + ([m) d2‬

‭Here, m is the entire mass M of the object (> m = M).‬

‭I = Ic + Md2‬
‭Principle:‬

I‭t is based on the principle of mutual induction i.e., whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil‬
‭changes, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.‬

i‭. Construction:‬
‭a. A transformer consists of two sets of coils primary P and secondary S insulated from each‬
‭other. Coil P is called the‬
‭input coil and coil S is called the output coil.‬
‭b. The two coils are wound separately on a laminated soft iron core.‬

‭ urface tension tries to decrease the surface area of a liquid. For increasing surface area, the‬
S
‭work has to be done against the surface tension and it is stored in the surface molecules in the‬
‭form of potential energy‬

‭ onsider a rectangular frame PQRS having a movable wire CD. Let QR = CD = L. If a soap film‬
C
‭is formed on the frame CQRD,‬
‭then the surface tension will try to pull the wire inward by a force F.‬
‭Force‬
‭free Length‬
‭Surface tension = Force/ Free length‬

‭F = Surface tension x Free length‬

‭:. F = T x (2L)‬

‭If the wire is pulled out to C'D' through distance 'dx'.‬

‭.: Work done = F. dx‬

‭.. W = T (2Ldx)‬

‭:. W = T (2Ldx)‬

‭But increase in area = dA = 2Ldx‬

‭ urface energy is defined as the work done per unit area to increase the free surface area,‬
S
‭under isothermal conditions.‬
‭Surface energy = Work done/Free Surface area = W/da = T(2Ldx)/2ldx = T‬

‭:. Surface tension is also equal to the surface energy per unit area.‬
 ‭1.‬ E ‭ ddy currents are currents that circulate in conductors like swirling eddies in a stream (a‬
‭whirlpool).‬
‭2.‬ ‭They are generated by changing magnetic fields and flow in closed loops perpendicular‬
‭to the magnetic field plane.‬
‭3.‬ ‭They occur when a conductor moves through a magnetic field or when the magnetic field‬
‭around a stationary conductor changes.‬

‭Minimization of the undesirable effect of eddy current:‬

i‭. To minimize the undesirable effect of eddy currents, laminated or insulated iron core is used‬
‭which minimizes the‬
‭magnitude of eddy currents.‬
‭ii. If the surface area of the metal plate is reduced, amount of eddy current generated is‬
‭reduced.‬

I‭sobars are atoms of different chemical elements that have the same mass number but different‬
‭atomic number i.e., same‬
‭number of protons but different number of neutrons.‬
‭For example, 40 18 Ar and 40 20 Ca are isobars with same mass number but different atomic‬
‭numbers.‬

‭Data: PA = PB = 6 x 105 Pa, Pc = PD = 2 x 105 Pa‬

‭VA = VD = 2 L, VB = Vc = 6L, 1 L = 10-3m3‬

(‭ i) The work d one along the path A - B (isobaric process), WAB = PA (VB - VA)‬
‭= (6 x 105 Pa) (6 - 2) (10-3m3) = 2.4 x 103 J‬

(‭ ii) WBc = zero as the process is isochoric‬

‭(V = constant).‬

(‭ iii) The work done along the path C - D (isobaric process), WCD = Pc (VD -Vc)‬
‭= (2 x 105 Pa) (2 - 6) (10-3m3) = - 8 x 102J‬

‭(iv) WDA = zero as V = constant.‬

‭ onsider a narrow cylindrical pipe of length l closed at one end. When sound waves‬
C
‭are sent down the air column in a cylindrical pipe closed at one end, they are‬
‭reflected at the closed end with a phase reversal and at the open end without‬
‭phase reversal. Interference between the incident and reflected waves under‬
‭appropriate conditions sets up stationary waves in the air column.‬

‭ he stationary waves in the air column in this case are subject to two boundary‬
T
‭conditions that there must be a node at the closed end and an antinode at the open‬
‭end.‬

‭ aking into account the end correction e at the open end, the resonating length of‬
T
‭the air column is L = l + e.‬

‭ et v be the speed of sound in air. In the simplest mode of vibration, there is a node‬
L
‭at the closed end and an antinode at the open end. The distance between a node‬
‭and a consecutive anti-node is A/4, where A is the wavelength of sound. The‬
‭corresponding wavelength A and frequency n are‬

l‭amda = 4L and n = v/lamda‬

‭= v/4L = V/4(l+e) ...... (1)‬

‭ his gives the fundamental frequency of vibration and the mode of vibration is‬
T
‭called the fundamental mode or first harmonic.‬