FRANCISCO, HUBERT M. JR.

BS CRIM- 2M

1.Aging Out states that the natural decline of criminal behavior as individuals age and undergo
life changes. Neutralization focuses on the cognitive techniques offenders use to rationalize or
justify deviant actions. The difference between the two is that The neutralization theory
examines the thought processes that may precede or accompany deviant acts, while the
aging out theory examines the overall pattern of decreasing criminal behavior over the
course of a person's life. These theories offer various viewpoints on the dynamics of
criminal behavior, and they are frequently combined to provide a more thorough
understanding.

2. Life course theory examines how individual criminal behavior evolves and changes over
the course of a person's life. It emphasizes the impact of various life events, transitions, and
experiences on the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities. Subculture theory explores
the influence of group values, norms, and subcultures on criminal behavior. It suggests that
individuals who belong to certain subcultures may adopt values that differ from those of the
mainstream society.
While subculture theory investigates how group norms and values, particularly in deviant
subcultures, influence people's engagement in criminal activities, life course theory focuses
on the individual's life trajectory and the impact of life events on criminal behavior. Both
viewpoints provide insightful information about various facets of criminological phenomena.

3.Imitation-suggestion theory, often associated with the work of Gabriel Tarde, suggests that
criminal behavior and deviance result from the process of individuals imitating or being
suggested by the actions and behaviors of others. It emphasizes social influence and the
power of suggestion in shaping behavior.
Frustration-aggression theory, proposes that frustration, resulting from the inability to
achieve a desired goal, leads to aggression. This aggression is considered a natural
response to frustration, and it can manifest in various forms, including criminal behavior.
the difference between the two is Imitation-Suggestion Focuses on the influence of social
imitation and suggestion in shaping criminal behavior, social learning is at the core of both
imitation-suggestion theory on the other hand frustration-aggression theory, which focus on
the psychological and emotional responses to frustration, both theories address aspects of
human behavior that can result in deviance or aggression. They present different angles on
the mechanisms underlying criminal behavior.

4.differential identification theory posits that individuals engage in criminal behavior when
they strongly identify with deviant subcultures or groups. The theory suggests that these
individuals adopt the values, norms, and beliefs of subcultures that support or justify deviant
activities. Rational choice theory assumes that individuals make rational decisions based on
a cost-benefit analysis. In the context of criminology, this theory posits that individuals
engage in criminal behavior when the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived costs.
The difference of the two theory is that Differential identity theory investigates the ways in
which identification with deviant subcultures shapes behavior, whereas rational choice
theory highlights the thoughtful processes people go through when deciding whether or not
to commit crimes. These theories provide contrasting viewpoints on the complexity of
criminal behavior.

5.Trait theories propose that certain personality traits or biological factors may predispose
individuals to criminal behavior. These traits could include impulsivity, aggression, low
empathy, sensation-seeking, and other characteristics that are thought to contribute to
criminal tendencies. Self-control theory suggests that low self-control is a key factor in
explaining criminal behavior. Individuals with low self-control are impulsive, seek immediate
gratification, lack consideration for others, and have difficulty considering the long-term
consequences of their actions. Their difference are While self-control theory focuses on the
more general idea of an individual's capacity to restrain their impulses and make decisions
with long-term consequences in mind, trait theory examines a range of personality traits and
possible biological factors. By looking at various facets of a person's disposition and
behavior, both viewpoints add to our understanding of criminal behavior.

6.Self-Derogation Theory, This psychological theory suggests that individuals may engage
in self-destructive or self-defeating behaviors as a way of coping with stress or emotional
distress. It proposes that certain individuals may have a tendency to devalue themselves,
leading to behaviors that harm their well-being. Psychoanalytical Theory posits that human
behavior is influenced by unconscious processes and conflicts. It emphasizes the role of the
unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and the interplay of various components of
the psyche like the id, ego, superego.
The difference between the two theory is that psychoanalytic theory offers a more
comprehensive framework for understanding behavior by highlighting unconscious
processes and early experiences, self-derogation theory concentrates on particular
self-destructive behaviors as coping mechanisms. Both provide insightful information about
various facets of human behavior and psychology.

7. The somatotyping theory suggests that there is a relationship between an individual's

physique (body build) and their temperament, which in turn influences their likelihood of
engaging in criminal behavior. The routine activity theory focuses on the convergence of
three elements motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable
guardianship as essential for the occurrence of a criminal act.Their difference are the
routine activity theory stresses the importance of environmental factors and the
convergence of particular elements in explaining criminal occurrences, but the somatotyping
theory concentrates on the relationship between physique and temperament as
determinants of criminal behavior. In contemporary criminology, routine activity theory is
more widely recognized and offers useful implications for tactics aimed at preventing crime.

8.The broken windows theory, as put forth by Wilson and Kelling, contends that any overt
indication of criminal activity, including broken windows, vandalism, loitering, public
intoxication, jaywalking, and failure to pay transit fares, fosters an urban environment that in
turn encourages more criminal activity. Example is crimes committed due to extreme want
or hunger or for purely economic reasons are usually those crimes against property like
stealing and other fraudulent schemes to obtain somebody else’s belongings and
resources. The most common examples of this kind of crimes are the pickpockets or bag or
cell phone snatchers and illegal recruiters.