The Impact of Parents' Acceptance Level on Sex Education Towards

the Grade 7 Student's Academic Behavior in Child Formation

Center Sta. Rosa, Inc. for School Year 2023-2024

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department

of the Child Formation Center of Sta. Rosa Inc. for S.Y 2023-2024

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research II

leading to the academic track in Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics

Researchers:

Natara Yra E. Angeles

Pauline E. Eckwey
Karylle Ann Macaso
Niclause Trassen E. Sardan
 CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the Introduction, Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework,

Statement of the Problem, Significance of the Study, Assumption of the Study, Scope and
Delimitation of the Study, and Definition of Terms

1.1 Introduction

Sex Education has been a topic of discussion in the Philippines for many years. The
country's conservative and religious culture has made it a sensitive matter, but over time, the
government has recognized the importance of educating young Filipinos on reproductive health.
The Responsible Parenting and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 was a significant turning point
in this regard. The law mandated the integration of sex education into public school curriculums
for students aged 10 to 19 years old (Thelwell, 2020). The government has taken several steps
towards ensuring that young people have access to accurate information and resources. For
instance, the Department of Health provides free or subsidized contraceptives and family
planning services at health centers and public schools. These measures aim to address poverty
and overpopulation, which are significant concerns in the country. Save the Children Philippines,
a non-governmental organization, has been actively supporting the Teen Pregnancy Prevention
Bill. They have also advocated for comprehensive sex education to be fully integrated into
school curriculums. The organization believes that educating young people on reproductive
health and rights is crucial to reducing the incidence of teenage pregnancies, STIs, and other
related health issues (Thelwell, 2020). Despite the benefits of Sex Education, some parents may
have differing views due to personal beliefs, lack of knowledge, or religion. However, it is
essential to understand that providing young people with accurate and comprehensive
information about sex and reproductive health is crucial for their overall well-being. It equips
them with the knowledge and skills they need to make informed decisions about their bodies,
relationships, and futures.

The Philippine Department of Education has expressed its support for a proposed Senate
measure that mandates comprehensive sex education (CSE) across all levels of basic education
as a potential solution to the high rates of teenage pregnancies. The proposal seeks to promote
open discussions on adolescent sexuality and reproductive health as well as to normalize these
topics and reduce social stigma. The legislation also requires schools to provide CSE for
accreditation to ensure compliance with established standards. The proposed legislation aims to
ensure that CSE is medically accurate, based on human rights, inclusive, and free from
discrimination against LGBT adolescents. The primary objective of education is to equip
students with the knowledge and skills necessary to make informed and responsible decisions
about their sexual and social relationships. Currently, the implementation of CSE varies among
schools, with some fully integrating it while others only partially. The proposed legislation aims
to standardize and improve CSE delivery across the country as a solution to the teenage
pregnancy issue (Gregorio, 2023).

In summary, the implementation of Sex Education in the Philippines has encountered

opposition from parents due to the conservative and religious values that predominate in the
country. Nevertheless, Sex Education has been gradually integrated into some educational
institutions, primarily as a result of the Responsible Parenting and Reproductive Health Act of
2012 (RH Act). This legislation has provided for sex education to be taught to students aged 10
to 19 and has made contraceptives more readily available in health centers and public schools.
Although Sex Education has the potential to address concerns such as overpopulation and
teenage pregnancy, it remains a contentious issue due to differing parental perspectives that are
frequently influenced by personal beliefs, insufficient knowledge, and religious convictions.
1.2 Statement of the problem

This study aims to know the Impact of acceptance level on sex education towards the
Grade 7 Students' Academic Behavior in Child Formation Center Sta. Rosa Inc. for School Year
2023-2024. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the Parent’s Acceptance Level when it comes to Sex Education with accordance
to the following factors:

A. Religion
B. Lack of Knowledge
C. Personal Belief

2. Does the Parent's Acceptance level have an impact on the student's academic behavior?

A. Classroom Participation
B. Student attentiveness during discussion
C. Punctuality of the student

3. What is the student's acceptance level when it comes to Sex Education?

1.3 Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

● What is the Parent’s ● Know the total population of

● The researchers will use the
Acceptance Level the respondents by requesting
when it comes to it from the school’s registrar. gathered data to find out

Sex Education with ● The researchers will use a The Impact of Parent's
accordance to the total population sampling Acceptance Level on Sex
following factors: technique for the grade 7 Education Towards the
○ Religion students and parents for the Grade 7 Students' Academic
○ Lack of Knowledge survey. Behavior in Child Formation
○ Personal Belief ● The researchers will provide Center Sta. Rosa Inc. for
a set of questions that will be School Year 2023-2024.
● Does the Parents' put in a survey form wherein ● After the data is evaluated,
Acceptance level have an students and their parents can the researchers will provide
impact on the student's answer. recommendations.
academic behavior? ● The researchers will ask ● The researchers will conduct
○ Classroom permission from Mrs. Aileen a simple seminar that
Participation M. Batain, Junior High includes recommendations,
○ Student's School coordinator, to survey advice, and lessons that can
attentiveness during grade 7 students. help the students, as well as
the discussion ● Ask permission from the the parents when it comes to
○ Punctuality of the respondents to gather data Sex Education.
student using survey forms that will
be provided by the
● What is the student's researchers.
acceptance level when it ● The researchers will use
comes to Sex Education? correlation analysis in terms
of gathering data.

Table 1.1 Conceptual Paradigm

 The IPO model, also known as the Input-Process-Output pattern, serves as a valuable tool
for researchers to gather relevant data for their proposed studies. By adopting this approach,
researchers can ensure that they collect sufficient information that aligns with the study's
objectives. The pattern highlights that input factors like the Parent's Acceptance Level of Sex
Education, which are influenced by their religion, knowledge, and personal beliefs, can have a
significant impact on the academic behavior of students in terms of classroom participation,
attentiveness during discussions, and punctuality. Additionally, the student's acceptance level of
Sex Education is also a crucial factor that researchers need to consider.

To ensure accurate research findings, a systematic process is followed. It starts by

obtaining the total population of the respondents through the school's registrar, followed by the
purposive sampling technique to select Grade 7 students and their parents for the survey. The
participants are then provided with a survey form containing a series of constructive questions.
To ensure ethical considerations, permission is sought from the Junior High School coordinator,
Mrs. Aileen M. Batain, to survey the students. Additionally, respondents are also asked for their
consent to gather data using structured questions. Finally, the collected data is then analyzed
using a correlation analysis approach, thus ensuring the findings are constructive and helpful.

The study has been completed and the results are now available. The research focused
on analyzing the Parent's Acceptance Level of Sex Education. Based on the data evaluation, the
researchers will provide constructive recommendations to enhance the current education system.
Moreover, a seminar will be held to provide guidance and lessons on sex education for both
students and parents. The aim is to create a more open and supportive environment to educate
students and promote positive relationships between parents, students, and teachers.
1.4 Theoretical Framework

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), and the Influence of Parental Acceptance on Academic
Behavior

This research is based on Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, which emphasizes
the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, and reciprocal determinism. Our goal is
to investigate how parents' acceptance of sex education affects the academic behavior of Grade 7
students at the Child Formation Center Sta. Rosa Inc. This theory will serve as our guiding
principle in this study.

Observational Learning: Bandura's social learning theory proposes that children learn through
observation and imitation of the behaviors and attitudes of those around them, particularly their
parents or caregivers. This theory suggests that children can internalize their parents' attitudes
and behaviors, including those related to sex education. Therefore, parents play a significant role
in shaping their children's perspectives on sex education, and their actions and words can have a
lasting impact on their children's attitudes and behaviors toward sexuality.

Self-Efficacy: It is worth considering that parents' willingness to embrace sex education can
have a positive impact on students' self-efficacy, which can not only help them to better navigate
sexual education but also improve their academic performance overall.

Reciprocal Determinism: Our goal is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex

and dynamic relationship that exists between parental attitudes and their children's academic
behavior. To achieve this, we will examine how changes in one domain can impact the other and
explore the various factors that contribute to this interplay. Through our research, we hope to
shed light on the mechanisms that govern this relationship and identify key strategies that can
help parents support their children's academic success.
 The present study aims to examine the impact of parental acceptance of sex education on
the academic behavior of Grade 7 students at Child Formation Center Sta. Rosa Inc. To achieve
this objective, the Social Cognitive Theory will serve as the conceptual framework. This theory
provides an opportunity to investigate the intricate relationship between parental attitudes,
academic behavior, and student self-efficacy. The ultimate objective is to gain a comprehensive
understanding of this complex interplay and provide valuable insights for educators and parents
alike.

By employing a structured methodology, the study seeks to identify the factors that
influence parental acceptance of sex education and assess their impact on students' academic
behavior. The primary data collection method will involve conducting surveys among parents
and students. Through statistical analysis, the study will present valuable insights and draw
meaningful conclusions.

The research is expected to contribute significantly to the existing literature on the

subject and provide a basis for future research. The findings of the study will be of particular
relevance to educators and parents seeking to understand the impact of parental attitudes toward
sex education on academic behavior.

Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE)

It is essential for young people's health and survival that they get accurate,
age-appropriate knowledge on sexuality and their sexual and reproductive health through
comprehensive sexuality education (CSE). Which was created by UNESCO, UNFPA, UNICEF,
UN Women, UNAIDS, and WHO (2018). Suggests that these programs should be broad,
covering a range of subjects on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health throughout
childhood and adolescence, based on an established curriculum, scientifically right, targeted for
different ages, and accurate.
 UNESCO (2018) supports the concept of comprehensive sexuality education (CSE),
which involves teaching students about their sexuality from a young age in an unrestricted and
responsible manner. CSE is founded on human rights and aims to empower individuals to
overcome cultural stigmas surrounding physical sexual sensations that are often ignored or
restricted. This type of education covers eight objectives that interact with each other, including
topics like relationships, values, culture and sexuality, gender awareness, health and wellbeing,
staying safe, development, and sexual behavior. CSE increases students' self-confidence and trust
and helps them develop self-efficacy. Individuals who have received comprehensive sexuality
education tend to delay their first sexual encounters, avoid teenage pregnancy, take voluntary
AIDS tests, engage in responsible sexual habits such as using condoms properly, and have an
empowering mindset that promotes gender equality.

Socio-cultural and Psycho-theoretical Perspective Development

An increasingly popular song that is constantly evolving and changing is being sung by
many people around the world (Walker & Sleath, 2017). Sex education is a type of instruction
that aims to cover all aspects of human development to provide individuals with the necessary
knowledge to take responsibility for their actions and decisions (Leung et al., 2019; Nasheeda et
al., 2019; Thomas & Aggleton, 2016). According to Kearney (2008), sex education involves
inclusive participation, where schools work to instill preferred behaviors, attitudes, and decisions
in teenagers and young adults while maintaining their rights as individuals and the institution of
family in society. In this way, sex education can be described as a course that educates pupils
about the components of human sexuality, including conception and procreation, self-image,
decision-making, sexual orientation, sexual pleasure, relationships, dating, and sexual assault
prevention, as well as sexual activity, sexually transmitted diseases, and contraceptives.
 Adolescence has been a stage of human development for ages, and many people in
communities and other secular institutions are embracing growth surroundings or environments.
The teenage years are only a stage before adulthood, and as such, they receive positive attention
from a variety of perspectives. However, experts mention that the topic of adolescent sex
education is pressing and relevant. While all parents would want their child to go through
adolescence without any problems, it is difficult in modern society because of the lack of proper
sex education (Johnson 2020; Johnston).

According to Rios-González et al. (2018), children’s sexual socialization begins at home,

where parents have the chance to highlight their most strongly held beliefs and standards.
Children are taught about decorum, nakedness, and secrecy from an early age, including
gender-specific information about appropriate behavior in the family and society as a whole.
Children’s concept of their sexuality is influenced by parental responses to newborn
masturbation, displays of physical affection between parents, and training about proper physical
contact with others. Learning about religious beliefs, which may include views of sexuality as a
wonderful gift and sex as confined to marriage, is part of this sexual socialization process. As a
result, such topics are sometimes left ignored in classrooms. Exploring and comprehending the
effects of family and community on sexuality, on the other hand, is an important aspect of sex
education (Abdul Hamid et al., 2020).

According to McLeod (2013), adolescence is a crucial period for individuals to establish

self-esteem. To do so, teenagers must demonstrate specific competencies that society values,
such as keeping themselves neat after menstruation or nocturnal emissions. It is during this time
that adolescents begin to feel productive and secure in their abilities to achieve goals that are
acceptable to society. Praise and reinforcement from parents or teachers are essential to fostering
a teenager's sense of self-worth. Without such support, teenagers may feel inferior, doubt their
talents, and fail to realize their full potential in terms of sexual development. To prevent this
problem, a balance between opposing views must be established through sex education so that
the adolescent can grow to become what is expected of them.

During the early stages of adolescence, individuals typically compare themselves with
others based on the new changes that emerge. According to McLeod (2013), this is a period
where primary sexual characteristics of adolescents begin to emerge, and teenagers begin to like
and appreciate their new physical looks. However, it is also a time when some adolescents may
feel handicapped because they can see differences in their sexual development compared to their
peers, which can negatively impact their self-esteem.

1.5 Significance of the study

This study is significant as it has the potential to offer valuable insights into the
relationship between parental acceptance of sex education and the academic behavior of grade 7
students at Child Formation Center Sta. Rosa Inc. It is crucial to understand this dynamic for
several stakeholders, as outlined below:

Students- By gaining knowledge about their reproductive health, relationships, and

future, students can make constructive decisions that are beneficial to their lives.
Providing education on these topics is a crucial step toward empowering students to be
proactive in their decision-making. It is important to create an environment where
students feel comfortable seeking information and support so that they can make
informed choices that will positively impact their lives.

Parents- Parents have a crucial role to play in educating their children about sex. Parents
need to understand how their attitudes and beliefs can affect their child's academic
performance. This understanding can help parents to have more open and informed
conversations about sex education with their children. With this knowledge, parents can
 improve their ability to prepare their children to make responsible and informed choices
about their sexual health and well-being.

Academic organization- To enhance the efficacy of sex education programs in schools,

it may be prudent to incorporate parental expectations and feedback into the process. This
approach could help to ensure that the programs are better aligned with the values and
beliefs of the community, leading to more positive outcomes for students.

Future researchers- This research study provides a thorough and far-reaching analysis
of the complex and multi-faceted dynamics of sex education and parent involvement. The
study is intended to serve as a foundational resource for future researchers and scholars
who seek to deepen their understanding of this critical area of inquiry. By exploring key
aspects such as the role of parents in sex education, the impact of cultural and societal
norms, and the effectiveness of various educational approaches, this study offers a
nuanced and comprehensive perspective on these important issues.

1.6 Assumption of the Study

The research study operates under the assumption that the participants will provide honest
responses when answering the questions, which have been carefully selected based on the
reliable data collected by the researchers. Furthermore, the study is designed to be relevant and
informative to the participants, providing them with fundamental knowledge about the issue.
This research aims to promote constructive dialogue about the topic and foster a better
understanding of it.

1.7 Scope and Delimitations

This research study is conducted to explore and understand the attitudes and acceptance
of parents towards sex education for Grade 7 students enrolled in the Child Formation Center
Sta. Rosa Inc. The study aims to investigate how parents' attitudes can affect the academic
behavior of their children, including their attentiveness, participation, and performance in
subjects other than the sex education program.

The study has a specific scope, which is limited to the academic behavior of Grade 7
students only. Furthermore, the responses collected will be from parents of the batch of
2023-2024. The study will not cover the perspectives of teachers and students from different
levels.

The main objective of the study is to examine the perceptions of parents toward sex
education and how those perceptions can impact their children's academic behavior. The study
will also investigate the factors that influence parents' attitudes toward sex education, such as
cultural and religious beliefs.

The methodology of the study involves collecting data through a survey questionnaire
that will be distributed to parents of the Grade 7 students. The survey questions will be designed
to gather information about parents' attitudes toward sex education, their beliefs and values, and
their views on the impact of sex education on their children's academic behavior.

The study's findings are expected to contribute to the development of effective sex
education programs that can take into account the attitudes and beliefs of parents. Furthermore,
the study's results can help improve the academic behavior of Grade 7 students by providing
insights into the impact of parental attitudes on their children's performance.
1.8 Definition of terms

Adolescent- a young person who is between being a child and an adult (Cambridge Dictionary,
2023).
Attentiveness- refers to the quality of being attentive; heed, and attentive (Oxford English
Dictionary, 2023)
Belief- to give intellectual assent to, accept the truth or accuracy of (a statement, doctrine, etc.),
give credence to. (Oxford English Dictionary, 2023)
Contention- the action of contending or striving together in opposition; strife, dispute, verbal
controversy (Oxford English Dictionary, n.d.).
CSE- Certificate of Secondary Education (Cambridge Dictionary, 2023)
Legislation-a law or a set of laws: (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
Punctuality-Exact observance of appointed times; the fact or habit of being on time (Oxford
English Dictionary, 2023).
Religion- Belief in or acknowledgment of some superhuman power or powers (esp. a god or
gods) which is typically manifested in obedience, reverence, etc. (Oxford English Dictionary,
2023).
Responsible Parenting and Reproductive Health Act of 2012- RH law establishes age and
developmentally-appropriate reproductive health education in public schools, universal access to
contemporary contraceptive methods, and recognition of a woman’s right to postabortion care in
the Philippines as a component of the right to reproductive health care. (Center for Reproductive
Rights, August 2014)
Sexuality education course- body development, sex, sexuality, and relationships, as well as the
development of communication and decision-making skills for young people with sex reference
to sex and sexual health. (United Nations Population Fund, September 2021)
Subsidized support by grants of money; spec. (a) (Of a state, public body, company, etc.)
(Oxford English Dictionary, 2023)
Taboo- The putting of a person or thing under prohibition or interdict, perpetual or temporary;
(Oxford English Dictionary, 2023)
Teen Pregnancy Prevention Bill- “ Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Inter-Agency Council
(APPIAC)” is responsible for establishing and carrying out policies and programs that offer
family-friendly, teen-friendly sexual and reproductive health services, with an emphasis on
preventing adolescent pregnancy, providing counseling, and providing postpartum care. (Jose
Cielito Reganit and Filane Mikee Cervantes, September, 2023)
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In this chapter, a review of related literature and a review of related studies are
presented. The literature presented in this chapter contains information, concepts, and findings
that are contributory and essential to the development of the study.

2.1 Local Literature

The Role of Parents in Sex Education

Based on the article named The Role Of Parents in Sex Education (Mendoza, n.d.) on the
site of The Asian Parent, in the Philippines, there's a pressing concern regarding the absence of
comprehensive sexuality education in public schools, even though the Reproductive Health (RH)
Law has been approved. This issue has recently gained attention as reproductive health advocates
fear that the combination of budget cuts for contraceptives in 2016 and the lack of proper sexual
education may lead to a surge in increasing numbers of teenage pregnancies in the future.

To put it in perspective, the budget cut of one billion pesos for contraceptives is expected
to have significant implications on the availability of reproductive health services, particularly
for adolescents. May-i Fabros, a Youth Commissioner at the Philippine Commission on Women,
pointed out the gravity of the situation, emphasizing that at least a third of the estimated 600,000
induced abortions that occur annually involve adolescents. Despite these challenges, the
responsibility for providing comprehensive and effective sexuality education is increasingly
falling on the shoulders of parents. The part of parents being the primary educators on this
subject can be beneficial to adolescents and also to sex education. When it comes to sex
education, particularly in a conservative society like the Philippines, parents play a crucial role in
shaping their children's understanding of sex, sexuality, and relationships.
 Given the potential gaps in school-based sex education, parents need to take an active
role in addressing this topic with their children even if the Philippines is a conservative country.
While initiating conversations about sex and sexuality with one's children can initially feel
awkward there are some advice and steps that a parent can initiate like being prepared and honest
when it comes to talking to your child, initiating discussions about sex early, and maintaining
open communication over the years, Consider your child's perspective and maintain a low-key
approach, etc. In these several ways, the system of sex education in the Philippines will improve
not just for adolescents, but also for parents who are too awkward and conservative to talk about
how beneficial it is to know what safe sex is.

Integrating Sex Education in Schools to Empower Learners

According to the article ‘Integrating Sex Education in School to Empower Learners’

written by Montemayor (2019), The Department of Education in the Philippines emphasizes the
importance of including sex education in public elementary and high schools to address issues
like teenage pregnancy, population growth, and sexual diseases. Education Undersecretary
Annalyn Sevilla stated that they are working on updating and improving policy guidelines for
Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE), integrating it into subjects and extracurricular
activities. The goal is to have CSE integrated with existing subjects and school activities. The
CSE policy guidelines issued in July of the previous year aim to provide comprehensive
information promoting gender equality and empowerment. Teachers, school principals, and other
education stakeholders are expected to make teaching and learning more relevant and meaningful
to learners. The topics will be incorporated into subjects like Araling Panlipunan, Physical
Education and Health, Science, and Personal Development.

Commission on Population (Popcom) Deputy Director Lolito Tacardon attributed the

country's population growth to fertility, mortality, and migration, with fertility being the most
significant factor. The Philippines has a high fertility rate, leading to a steady increase in
population. Lack of awareness about family planning methods among many Filipinos also
contributes to this issue. The Philippine Statistics Authority's 2017 National Demographic and
Health Survey revealed that 9 percent of women aged 15 to 19 have already begun childbearing,
with the percentage increasing as they get older. Rural teenagers tend to start childbearing
slightly earlier than their urban counterparts, with rates of 10 percent and 7 percent, respectively.

DepEd backs making sex education compulsory, standardized

According to the article ‘DepEd backs making sex education compulsory, standardized’
written by Xave Gregorio (2023), to tackle the issue of teenage pregnancy, the Department of
Education has expressed its support for Senate legislation that advocates for the implementation
of comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) across all levels of basic education. The
Department highlighted the potential impact of these bills in breaking the societal taboo
surrounding discussions on adolescent sexuality and reproductive health like teenage pregnancy
discrimination and LGBT discrimination. During the presentation of its position paper to the
Senate Women and Children Committee, the Department also endorsed the measures' objective
of ensuring compliance by making the provision of CSE a prerequisite for school certification.
The government praised the proposed legislation for mandating CSE to be "medically accurate,
rights-based, inclusive, and non-discriminatory towards LGBT adolescents."

In addition, the Department of Education states that "it will help basic education students
to receive accurate information, develop a deeper awareness of their rights towards themselves,
and decrease discrimination and even bullying of fellow learners who become pregnant or who
identify with excluded communities like the LGBT community and Indigenous Peoples." The
three separate bills have been filed in the Senate by Senators Imee Marcos, Ramon Bong Revilla
Jr., and Risa Hontiveros to address the issue of teenage pregnancy in the Philippines. Adolescent
pregnancy was declared a "national priority" by former President Rodrigo Duterte in an
executive order released in 2021.
Parents in the Philippines object to sex education programs targeting children

Despite facing a legal setback, a group of 30 parents in the Philippines is continuing their
effort to challenge the implementation of a United Nations-supported sex education program in
the country, designed for children as young as nine.

On June 21, these parents initiated a petition to file a temporary restraining order against
DepEd Memo No. 261, which introduces a sex education initiative in the Philippines, backed by
the U.N. Population Fund. The program, currently being tested in selected schools nationwide,
aims to provide information on various topics, including fertility reduction, HIV/AIDS
prevention, and family planning services, encompassing contraceptive methods.

The parents, in their appeal, argued that the legislation is unconstitutional as it infringes
upon the fundamental rights of parents to shape the moral character of their children. They
contended that teaching reproductive health to children as young as nine is unnecessary.

However, on July 5, a judge in a Quezon City court ruled against the parents' appeal,
stating that there was insufficient evidence proving that their children attended schools
participating in the initiative. The judge asserted that, as a result, the schools had not violated the
specific rights of these parents.

A representative from the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP)

mentioned that despite the judge's denial, the case will proceed in court, with a scheduled hearing
later this month. The CBCP also indicated that more parents are planning to file additional
charges against the program.

This opposition from parents to government-mandated sex education has also been
observed in Spain, where the Socialist government is preparing to launch compulsory sex
education in all schools as part of the Education for the Citizenry II program. This program is
based on the educational guidelines outlined in the country's new law on abortion.

State of Gender Equality

The absence of discrimination in opportunities, distribution of resources and rewards, or

provision of services based on a person's sex is known as gender equality. The purpose of this
descriptive-comparative research study was to assess the level of gender equality in terms of
income, employment, and education in the Laguna province, Philippines, specifically in the
municipality of Los Baños.

The gender equality level of agreement (grand mean of 3.08) indicates that the
municipality of Los Baños supports gender equality in terms of education, employment, and
income, according to the study. When the respondents were categorized based on characteristics
including age, work status, educational level, and place of residence, a notable variation in their
monthly income was noted.

However, when sex groups are taken into consideration, no discernible difference is seen.
Thus, the theory is somewhat supported. But when age and sex groups are combined, no
discernible difference is seen. Thus, there is some support for the notion. Following these
findings, the people who live in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines are urged to keep up their
advocacy for gender equality in all spheres of their lives.
2.2 Local Study

Incorporating Sexuality Education in the Public School System: Perceptions from the
Philippines

The study 'Incorporating Sexuality Education in the Public School System: Perceptions
from the Philippines' conducted by La Bella in 2014 aimed to gather the perceptions of the local
people regarding the Reproductive Health Act of 2012 in the Philippines. The research identified
several potential benefits that could result from implementing the Act, including a reduction in
the high rates of teenage pregnancies, early marriages, and abortions. Additionally, it could
promote economic growth and a better understanding of gender roles.

While the perceptions of the Filipino government and the Catholic Church have been
made known, the study aimed to gather the perceptions of the local people. The respondents
believed that enacting the Act would be a beneficial first step towards progress, albeit a lengthy
process. Despite this, they suggested that the implementation process should be expedited, and
more progressive legislation should be put in place to reduce costs and ensure the program's
timely launch.

The study's findings indicate that the implementation of the Reproductive Health Act of
2012 in the Philippines could have a positive impact on the Filipino people. It is, therefore,
recommended that the implementation process be expedited, and more progressive legislation be
put in place to ensure that the program runs as soon as possible.

Sexuality Education in Grade School: Are Parents Receptive and Are Teachers Ready

According to a study conducted by Cabreros & Cabreros (2016) titled "Sexuality

Education in Grade School: Are Parents Receptive and Are Teachers Ready," parents'
receptiveness level towards sex education in grade school varies significantly based on their
income level. The study found that the upper-income groups are more receptive to this education
than the lower-income groups. The readiness level of teacher-respondents, on the other hand,
significantly differs based on the type of school they teach in. For instance, teachers in public
schools exhibit a higher level of readiness than those in private schools.

Furthermore, the study also found a correlation between age group and civil status and
the level of readiness of teachers. For instance, older and unmarried teachers were found to be
more ready than single ones. The respondents of the study had a highly positive view of sex
education in grade school.

The study highlights that parents' income level is an important factor in assessing their
receptiveness level, while for teachers, age group, civil status, and type of school are key
considerations in assessing their readiness towards sex education in grade school

The Factors Affecting Decisions Not to Engage in Premarital Sex Among Maritime
First-Year Students in Cebu, Philippines

A study ‘The Factors Affecting Decisions Not to Engage in Premarital Sex Among
Maritime First-Year Students in Cebu, Philippines’ conducted by Romagos et al. in 2023 found
that the frequency of premarital sexual activity among first-year maritime students in Cebu was
very low. The study attributed this to the influence of family values and religious beliefs on the
students' decisions. Filipino families are known for their conservative values, which shape the
moral compass of the Filipino youth. Additionally, religion plays a significant role in the
country's moral landscape, as the Philippines is the only Christian nation in Asia. While social
media, peers, school, and personal readings play a role in shaping the views of Filipino youths on
sexuality, family values, and religion still have a major impact on their decisions. The study
recommends that college ethics teachers give importance to topics related to sexual morality and
its effect on Filipino youths. The Department of Education and the Philippine Commission on
Higher Education are also encouraged to promote the development of ethics books that include
sexuality-related topics.

Pre-service Teachers’ Perceptions of Sexuality Education: A Minor Field Study in the

Philippines

The semi-structured interview study entitled ‘Pre-service Teachers’ Perceptions of

Sexuality Education: A Minor Field Study in the Philippines’ conducted by Ohlström, T. (2016)
aimed to delve into the perspectives of Filipino pre-service teachers regarding sexuality
education. The goal was to explore how these perceptions aligned with international
recommendations on sexuality education and theoretical frameworks related to gender, power,
and Freiran theory. Key findings indicated that pre-service teachers engaged in critical reflection
on their own experiences with sexuality education and expressed a reluctance to replicate the
same approach for future students. While they showed a problem-focused view of sex education
content, they exhibited positive attitudes toward the subject in general and expressed optimism
about positive sexual health outcomes in the Philippines.

The pre-service teachers identified significant challenges to implementing sex education,

particularly objections from the Catholic Church and parents regarding future students.
Addressing these challenges necessitated more information dissemination and collaboration with
parents, aiming to overcome societal resistance in the Philippines. While the pre-service teachers'
perceptions generally aligned with international recommendations on sexuality education, there
were conflicting opinions on gender equality and sexual diversity. This underscores the need for
enhanced and improved teacher training on sexuality education, enabling pre-service teachers to
deepen their knowledge and critically reflect on societal norms.
Knowledge of Sex Education and Its Impact on Sexual Behavior and Views

Since the Philippines is a Christian nation, sex education is a touchy subject they talk
about. However, as more and more people become pregnant, sexually transmitted illnesses, and
more sexually transmitted infections, the Philippine government increased its support for
curriculum integration and sex education instruction. Upon understanding how important
education is in addressing the rising number of early pregnancy cases, and young people's
exposure to sexual assault and HIV infection To enforce the DepEd order, sexuality education
was added. Adolescents should receive age-appropriate reproductive health information.

The major goal is to gather baseline data on sex education from students and provide
context for their present attitudes, practices, and understanding of sex. This study employed a
non-experimental descriptive-correlational research design using the quantitative technique.
Instrumentation in the form of a validated and reliability-tested questionnaire was used. Of the
846 responders, 19.15% had previously attempted having sex, with the majority having 1-2
partners (10.99%), and the average age being 16 (6.74%).

Respondents who have had sex feel ashamed to purchase contraception, and they prefer
masturbation over vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. Students often acquire "low" levels of
cumulative sexual education knowledge, and their sexual knowledge and opinions are "average."
When compared to those who have had experience, the level of sexual behavior exhibited by
those without experience is "low" but "average." Nonetheless, there is a noticeable difference in
their sexual behavior based on gender orientation.
2.3 Foreign Literature

Parents’ views on sex education in schools: How much do Democrats and Republicans
agree?

Based on the research article titled 'Parents' Views on Sex Education in Schools: How
Much Do Democrats and Republicans Agree?' by Kantor and Levitz (2017), it was found that
parents, regardless of their political affiliation, strongly support sex education in middle and high
schools. The study examined whether the views on sex education differ based on political
affiliation and found that more than 89% of Republican and Democratic parents favor including
a broad range of sex education topics, such as puberty, healthy relationships, abstinence, STDs,
and high school birth control.

In middle school, 78% or more Republican and Democratic parents support including
these topics. In high school, parents were more likely to support including all the topics, except
for puberty, which had slightly more support for inclusion than in middle school. All six sex
education topics (except sexual orientation) had more than 94% of parental support for including
them, and sexual orientation was supported by over 85% of parents.

Parents from all political backgrounds endorse the importance of sex education in middle
and high schools and desire that it cover a wide range of topics, including healthy relationship
development, abstinence, contraception, puberty, and sexually transmitted diseases.

Parents as Advocates for Comprehensive Sex Education in Schools

According to Journal Parents as ‘Advocates for Comprehensive Sex Education in Schools’

(Huberman, n.d.) sex education is a critical topic in contemporary society, and surveys have
indicated that a significant proportion of parents, approximately 80-85%, support
comprehensive, age-appropriate, and medically accurate sex education in schools. When
composing written content about sex education, it is essential to take into account the target
audience's specific needs. The organization of the text is paramount, with the most pertinent
information being presented initially. The use of succinct sentences that effectively communicate
essential information is essential. We must also maintain an open-minded and respectful
approach to different values, cultures, and beliefs, fostering healthy discussions about sexual
education. Ultimately, we should strive to promote healthy attitudes towards sexuality and
relationships while providing medically accurate and age-appropriate information.

The Role of Parents in Shaping and Improving the Sexual Health of Children - Lines of
Developing Parental Sexuality Education Programmes

According to the journal ‘Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences’ (Popa & Rusua,
2015), children and adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health, as well as, their overall
wellness, are greatly impacted by sexual and reproductive health education supported by the
parents. Usually, sex education is shared between the home and the school, but the results are
frequently unsatisfactory. This study evaluates the efficacy of parent-centered and school-based
sexuality education. Programs for educating people on sexual competencies, characteristics of
families and family members, sexual risk behavior, and sexual well-being in kids and teenagers.
This review is particularly interested in the investigation of new parenting programs and
children’s sexual health and education should consider the following aspects, relationships, and
approaches.

Does Sexuality Education Last? Self-Reported Benefits of a High School Comprehensive

Sexuality Education Course

The Journal of ‘Sex Education and Therapy’ (McCaffree & Matlack,2015), stated that
studies conducted about high school sexuality education mostly focus on providing risk
reduction and behavioral changes concerning unplanned pregnancy and STDs months after the
sexuality education course. Thus, exploration of the perceived long-term effect of the course is
also being investigated.

In the concrete, the study “Does Sexuality Education Last? Self-Reported Benefits of a
High School Comprehensive Sexuality Education Course” gathered data through a Likert Scale,
short-answer questionnaire, and personal interviews concerning the impact of sexuality
education course that was incorporated during the senior highschool of the participants. Data
collection included self-exploration, increased self-efficacy relating to skills of sexual health,
increased knowledge, and perceived comfort with sexuality issues. The study concluded that
students’ beliefs and opinions were valued in a candid discussion in an interactive setting.
Moreover, teachers’ demonstrated attitudes that respect the students have a significant role.
Incorporation of different strategies such as the use of guest speakers, journal writing, group
discussions, videos, and role plays escalates the students’ learning. Additionally, sex education
within the school promotes a lifelong positive outcome to sexual health and prevents a long-term
consequence.

UN publishesnew report on cComprehensive Sexuality Education

According to the article ‘UN publishes new report on Comprehensive Sexuality

Education’ (UNESCO, 2021), despite progress in some countries, a recent UN report on
comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) reveals a widespread failure to equip children and
young people with essential health and well-being knowledge. Some of the common reasons
include unprepared teachers, insufficient topic coverage for students, and issues of
misinformation.

There are also some reports, from United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, United Nations
Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), UN Women, and World
Health Organization (WHO), states that UNESCO will announce commitments to girls'
education and emphasizes more on sexuality education.

In addition, countries like Tunisia, Sweden, Chile, Pakistan, and South Africa are cited
for their various and multiple approaches to sexuality education, from national laws in Tunisia to
community-supported programs in Pakistan and teacher support in South Africa.

2.4 Foreign Study

Attitude of Parents towards Sex Education

According to a study conducted by Fernandes & Nagpal (2020) titled ”Attitude of Parents
towards Sex Education” in The International Journal of Indian Psychology, the studies show that.
Parents find it unnecessary for their children to learn or know more about sexual intercourse and
reproduction. It is still considered to be a taboo from society’s point of view. However, they
overlook the fact that young adolescents need to know about the various changes that take place
as it is in their teenage that they are more inclined towards sexual activities. Teenage is a crucial
and memorable phase of life. Lack of knowledge could lead to unwanted teenage pregnancies,
abortions, STDs, and HIV. Teenagers who find it difficult to discuss such topics with their
parents make use of sources such as movies, the internet, books, etc. to learn and know more
about sex education. These sources may not give a concrete idea and the teenagers may receive
improper knowledge on the topic which may lead to emotional disturbances and wrong decisions
in life. Hence, it is better if they receive proper information through formal Sex Education
programs in schools, and colleges and proper guidance from parents or significant others. In
addition, the majority of parents approved of sex education but contradictions were noted.
Parents wanted sex education to be taught in the context of God, marriage, and parenthood. They
blamed emotional rather than logical approaches to the evaluation of the need for teaching sex
education, for the controversy that has inundated the institutionalization of the program in most
parts of the world. They also revealed that conservative maternal attitudes about sex, delay the
development of an individual about their sexual behavior.

Furthermore, this study also pointed out that the mothers were shy to talk about sex
education to their daughters. Although the mothers talk to their daughters about menstruation, it
is still necessary for the girls to be aware of intercourse or other important aspects of sex
education. They pointed out that mothers found it embarrassing to discuss such sex education
issues with their daughters. In addition, as the new period of years goes by, the attitude of parents
towards sex education has shifted from negative to positive. Most parents (65%) believe that sex
education should be imparted because it should encourage young people to use birth control and
practice safe sex once they become sexually active.

Understanding Approaches to Parental Education on Sex Education

Based on the study ‘Understanding Approaches to Parental Education on Sex Education’

conducted by Sue Pell (2023), for the youth to have true comprehensive sex education, parents
should be educating their children about sex and sexuality-related topics from an early age.
Research shows that the more the children are informed regarding sex, the better and the
healthier choices they make regarding their sexual activities. However, many parents do not feel
comfortable talking with their children about sex for a variety of reasons, such as personal
opinions, religious views, lack of knowledge, and lack of experience. The more the parents are
informed about sex and sexuality, the more informed their children are on the same topics. By
being more informed, more people can work to create the needed change in sex education
curriculum, policy, and laws. The more knowledge youth have about sex and sexuality, the less
likely they are to engage in risky sexual behavior (Ashcraft et al., 2017). Non-formal education is
a learning space for youth, but also for adults. Some of the organizations that offer non-formal
education for youth also offer non-formal education for adults, like Planned Parenthood.

The United States Department of Health and Human Services, for parents, listed having
'knowledge of parenting and child development' as one of the six protective factors that could
help mitigate or eliminate risk in families and communities (Innis, 2014). According to Sue Pell
(2023), organizations offering parent education programs should consider utilizing existing
parent education curricula or creating new programs and resources that teach parents about sex
and sexuality. By utilizing institutional knowledge and power through parent education
programs, families and communities can take back control of their knowledge and ability to
educate their children on sex and sexuality.

Socio-cultural Challenges to Sexual Health Education for Female Adolescents in Iran

Socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for female adolescents in Iran have
been explored in a study by Latifnejad Roudsari et al. (2013). Data were collected from various
sources, including adolescents, mothers, teachers, healthcare providers, and clergies in Mashhad
and Ahvaz, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis (Latifnejad Roudsari et al., 2013).
The research revealed significant socio-cultural barriers to sexual health education in Iran,
primarily stemming from societal taboos related to sexuality (Latifnejad Roudsari et al., 2013).

These barriers included the denial of premarital sex, concerns about the negative impact
of sexual education, perceived stigma and embarrassment, reluctance to discuss sexual issues in
public, the view of sexual discussion as a socio-cultural taboo, a lack of advocacy and legal
support, an intergenerational gap, religious uncertainties, and resistance to non-Islamic education
patterns (Latifnejad Roudsari et al., 2013). While cultural factors appeared to have a more
significant impact on the nature and content of sexual health education than religious
prohibitions, the study suggested that these challenges could be managed to some extent
(Latifnejad Roudsari et al., 2013). Overcoming cultural taboos and barriers was deemed essential
to promote the acceptability of sexual health education for adolescents (Latifnejad Roudsari et
al., 2013). The study employed rigorous methods to ensure the credibility and trustworthiness of
the findings, including prolonged engagement with participants, seeking negative cases, member
checks, and peer debriefing. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was obtained
from all participants.

Parents' Approaches to sexuality education of Their Adolescent Boys

This study, conducted in Ahvaz, southwest Iran, aimed to explore parents' approaches to
sexuality education for adolescent boys (Rouhparvar, Javadnoori, & Shahali, unpublished). The
findings revealed a range of parental perspectives, from a lack of understanding of the necessity
of sex education to acknowledging their incompetence in providing it. Parents exhibited
confusion, uncertainty, and ineffectiveness in addressing their children's sexual education, often
struggling with societal norms, their own beliefs, and their sons' expectations. The study
highlighted conservative policies adopted by parents to maintain control, reduce the
intergenerational gap, and utilize a peaceful upbringing method. Notably, none of the parents
referred to books or any form of education for parents on sexuality education, reflecting the
community's neglect of parental education in this domain.

Parents' beliefs about sexuality upbringing were contingent, with explicit discussions about
sexual issues occurring only when problems arose (Rouhparvar et al., unpublished). Some
parents' reluctance to talk about sex with their children could lead to adverse consequences such
as teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, posing threats to adolescent sexual
health. While parents focused on abstinence in their messages, peer and media messages were
often more positive about sex. Parents attempted to impede their children's access to permissive
attitudes and detailed information about sex by controlling and monitoring their relationships
with peers.
 Efforts were made to suppress sons' sexual desires through religious reinforcement and
warnings about sexual behavior. Despite some parents expressing optimism about the
effectiveness of monitoring roles and positive family atmospheres, there was an underlying
uncertainty about their sons' commitment to abstinence. The study highlighted the positive
attitudes of some parents toward sexuality, criticizing sexual taboos in sexuality education. This
positive shift was inconsistent with previous studies and reflected socio-cultural changes in Iran.
However, challenges persist due to a lack of parental training in teaching sexual issues.

The study emphasized the importance of educating parents in providing effective sex
education, considering individual values, ethical beliefs, and cultural backgrounds (Rouhparvar
et al., unpublished). Iranian parents tended to restrict their children's sexual behaviors rather than
taking responsibility for educating them. The findings suggested a need for culturally sensitive
educational interventions to enhance parents' skills and knowledge about sex education. While
some parents remained committed to traditional approaches, others attempted to desensitize sex
education by challenging cultural taboos.

This study, conducted by Rouhparvar, Z., Javadnoori, M., and Shahali, S., adds valuable
insights into the challenges and varied perspectives of parents in Iran regarding sex education for
adolescent boys. It sheds light on the complexities of navigating tradition and modernity,
emphasizing the importance of culturally sensitive interventions to enhance parents' capabilities
in addressing this crucial aspect of adolescent development.

Sex education is a crucial, yet sometimes disregarded, area of instruction. It addresses a

variety of topics, including human growth, emotional development, and general well-being.
Comprehensive instruction on sexuality (CSE) transmits vital knowledge and life skills. Still, it
is a topic of dispute among conservative countries because of preconceived beliefs about the
curriculum's implementation encourages sexual behavior.
The Impact of Youth Sexual Behavior Knowledge on Sex Education

According to WHO data, abortion accounts for 10–50% of maternal mortality rates (see
the 2014 Maternal Mortality Rate Report). (MMR) of 289,000 individuals worldwide. According
to BKKBN data from 2010, there were an estimated 2.4 million abortions performed in
Indonesia. Adolescents can experience up to 800,000 cases; this is because of the prevalence of
deviant sexual conduct that occurs before marriage, with premarital sexual intercourse
accounting for 5.4% of HIV/AIDS cases in the 15–19 age range.

According to the findings of a 2009 survey conducted in 33 provinces by the Indonesian

Child Protection Commission (KPAI) on sexual behavior at risk for adolescents, 22.6% of
teenagers had had sex, and 62.7% of teenagers in high school were not virgins. 29.5% of male
adolescents and 6.2% of female adolescents had touched or stimulated their partners, 48.1% of
male adolescents and 29.3% of female adolescents had kissed lips, and 79.6% of male
adolescents and 71.6% of female adolescents had held hands with their partners, according to the
results of the Indonesian Youth Reproductive Health Survey.

According to the 2016 RPJMN poll conducted by BKKBN, 76.6% of teenagers believed
that having intercourse may result in a woman being pregnant in sexual relations. Among male
youths, 55.2% begin dating between the ages of 15 and 17. 69.5% of young ladies begin dating
between the ages of 15 and 17. To show their love, 82.9% of people held hands, 26% cuddled,
3.4% kissed, and 0.4 percent of youths in Bengkulu Province had engaged in sexual activity
before being married to their partner.

Adolescent sexual activity that deviates from social norms is one of the major issues that
need to be addressed because this generation is the future of the country. Thus, it must provide
guidance and support to generate productive teens. A few things that affect sexual behavior are
knowledge, attitudes, peer pressure, parenting styles, exposure to sexual content, adolescent
environments, and the accessibility of infrastructure and services.

2.5 Synthesis

Many authors wrote literature and studies that tackle about the controversy of sex
education in the Philippines and Internationally. Some of the studies and kinds of literature also
include the perspective of parents towards sexuality education, and how the government and
schools handle sex education. We can’t hinder the fact that there are many varieties of opinions
towards this kind of controversial issue.

In local literature, an article written by Mendoza (n.d.) tackles about how parents should
take a more active role in teaching sex education due to potential gaps in school-based programs.
Despite societal conservatism, parents are seen as crucial in shaping their children's
understanding of sex, relationships, and sexuality. The challenges include budget cuts for
contraceptives and the responsibility falling on parents to bridge the education gap. Moreover,
Montemayor's article (2019) highlights the Department of Education's emphasis on integrating
Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) into public elementary and high schools. The
DEpEd’s goal is to address issues like teenage pregnancy, population growth, and sexual diseases
by incorporating CSE into existing subjects and extracurricular activities.

While on local studies, Romagos et al., (2023) focus on the frequency of premarital
sexual activity among first-year maritime students in Cebu. It emphasizes the influence of family
values and religious beliefs on students' decisions, emphasizing the impact of conservative
values and religion on shaping moral choices. The study recommended incorporating
sexuality-related topics into ethics education to address societal challenges and help the students
learn more about sex education. Also in Local study, La Bella's study also aimed to understand
local perceptions of the Reproductive Health Act of 2012. It identified potential benefits,
including the reduction of teenage pregnancies, early marriages, and abortions, leading to
economic growth and improved gender role understanding. Respondents expressed a belief in the
positive impact of the Act, emphasizing the need for expedited implementation and progressive
legislation (La Bella, 2014).

Furthermore, Foreign Literature also contributes and has an opinion about sex education.
A literature written by Kantor and Levitz (2017) tackles about parents' perspectives on sex
education and how it transcends political affiliations. The results indicated that sex education has
overwhelming support, with more than 89% of both Republican and Democratic parents
advocating for a broad range of sex education topics in middle and high schools. Topics included
puberty, healthy relationships, abstinence, STDs, and high school birth control. By this result,
the universal importance parents place on comprehensive sex education. In alignment with
parental views, the literature written by Huberman (n.d.) named ‘Advocacy for Comprehensive
Sex Education’ highlighted that approximately 80-85% of parents support comprehensive,
age-appropriate, and medically accurate sex education in schools. To effectively communicate
this sensitive topic, an organized and respectful approach is needed. The goal is to foster healthy
discussions, considering diverse values, cultures, and beliefs while providing accurate
information that promotes positive attitudes towards sexuality and relationships.

In addition, Foreign studies also emphasizes the importance of parents opinion towards
the sex education of their children. Sue Pell's (2023) research study underscores the significance
of parental involvement in comprehensive sex education. Acknowledging that many parents feel
uncomfortable and shy discussing sex with their children, the study highlights the positive
correlation between informed parents and the informed choices of their children. It advocates for
parent education programs, stressing that knowledgeable parents contribute to creating positive
changes in sex education curriculum, policy, and laws for the knowledge of their teenager
children. The study of Fernandes & Nagpal's (2020) also exposes that the parents are
uncomfortable tackling sexual intercourse and reproduction with their children, despite
acknowledging the potential risks of uninformed teenagers engaging in sexual activities. The
study emphasizes the impact of inadequate knowledge, pointing out that teenagers often resort to
unreliable sources like movies and the internet, leading to emotional disturbances. Parents, while
approving sex education, express contradictions, preferring it to be taught in the context of God,
marriage, and parenthood.

In conclusion, sex education in the Philippines is like solving a puzzle with pieces
involving parents, schools, opposition, and equality. The country faces challenges like early
pregnancies and infections, prompting the government, through the Department of Education
(DepEd), to step up. They're adding sex education to the curriculum to share age-appropriate info
on reproductive health, aiming to tackle issues like early pregnancies, assault, and infections
among the youth.

Understanding sex education isn't easy—it's shaped by our culture, society, and parents.
Overcoming challenges like cultural taboos, religions, and parental discomfort is crucial for
helping young people make informed choices. Solutions like cultural-aware interventions, parent
programs, and global efforts are key to making sex education work well for everyone.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A description of the methodology that will be used in performing the study is provided in
this chapter. The techniques used will be arranged logically, while certain related techniques
might be covered in unison. The research methodology will include details on the research
design, respondents, research instrument, sampling and sampling technique, statistical tools and
treatment, data gathering procedure, as well as ethical considerations.

3.1 Research Design

To utilize and understand the Impact of Parents' Acceptance Level on Sex Education
Towards the Grade 7 Student's Academic Behavior in Child Formation Center Sta. Rosa, Inc. for
School Year 2023-2024 the researchers will conduct a correlational research design under a
quantitative research approach. Quantitative research is a process of accumulating and analyzing
numerical data. Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves
analyzing and collecting non-numerical data. One of the advantages of using Quantitative data is
it is often used to standardize the collection of data and develop conclusions. In addition, a
correlational research design is compatible with this study because it can be used to know if the
acceptance level of parents on sex education impacts the academic behavior of grade 7 students.
Furthermore, correlational research design examines correlations between variables without
putting the researcher in charge of or altering any of them.

3.2 Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are composed of all the parents of the grade 7 students and
the grade 7 students currently enrolled in the Child Formation Center of Sta. Rosa Inc. for the
school year 2023-2024.
 The respondents are containing (/) for the parents and (/) for the students. The
respondents are utilized and chosen by using Total population sampling which is a type of
purposive sampling technique. All respondents are chosen by the researchers as they are suitable
and applicable to the study.

3.3 Research Instrument

The researchers will be using an Online Survey to find out what the parents of Grade 7
students of the Child Formation Center of Sta. Rosa Inc.'s acceptance level towards sex
education An Online Survey is like a questionnaire, but it's done through the use of the Internet.
Parents and students could answer the survey questions on websites, through emails, or on social
media. This way, it's easy for parents and students to share their opinions from anywhere using
their computers or phones. The researchers chose this method because it's simple and convenient
for parents to take part in the study and express their thoughts about sex education for their
Grade 7 children.

3.4 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

The respondents are all of the Grade 7 students currently enrolled, as well as their parents
in the Child Formation Center of the Sta. Rosa Inc. for the year of 2023-2024. In this study, a
probability-based total population sample will be utilized. The parents of the entire Grade 7
students of the Child Formation Center are the respondents of this study. Additionally, the whole
population sampling technique is a kind of purposive sampling in which the complete population
of interest is surveyed to gather more precise data regarding the degree of parental acceptability
of teaching sex education to Grade 7 students and how it affects their academic behavior.

3.5 Statistical Tools and Treatment

 To determine the relationship between variables, the researchers will use a tool called the
Pearson correlation coefficient. This is a formula that measures the strength of linear
relationships between the raw data from both variables. It is the most commonly used correlation
analysis tool. The result produced will be a numerical value between -1 and +1, which is the
same as other correlation coefficients like Spearman's Rank and Pearson's Coefficient. Below is a
formula for calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ):

The formula is easy to use when you follow the step-by-step guide. You can also use
software such as R or Excel to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient.

3.6 Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will begin by submitting a request letter to the school's registrar, seeking
permission to know the population of the Grade 7 students currently enrolled for the school year
2023=2024. In addition, the researchers will inform and invite parents of Grade 7 students and
the Grade 7 students themselves to participate in an online survey. The survey will be created
using Google Forms, ensuring a user-friendly experience. Subsequently, an email or invitation
will be sent to parents and students, providing details about the survey, its purpose, and a link to
access it. This approach aims to streamline communication and encourage parental and student
involvement in the research.

3.7 Data Analysis

The researchers aim to analyze the data they have gathered through correlation
analysis, a method that helps determine the degree of relationship between two sets of data.
These sets of data can be either two independent variables or a dependent variable. The primary
objective of this research study is to establish patterns, significant connections, trends, and
relationships between two datasets or variables. Correlation analysis is a useful tool that can aid
in identifying significant associations between variables and can provide a basis for further
statistical analysis and interpretation (Kumar & Chong, 2018). It is a valuable technique for
exploring the relationships between variables and can help researchers to identify potential areas
of interest for future research.

To accomplish the set objectives, the researchers will employ Pearson Correlation to
establish the relationship and patterns among the independent and dependent variables in the
study. Once the degree of the linear relationship between the two variables is determined, the
findings will be presented with clarity and brevity in the final report. The analysis process will be
elucidated in detail, and the conclusion will be supported with concrete evidence.

3.8 Ethical Considerations

This research ensures that the study aims to evaluate the level of parents' acceptance
of sex education about the academic behavior of grade 7 students. The parents of the grade 7
students and the grade 7 students themselves will receive a survey from the researchers, who will
also explain to them the purpose of the study, their right to refuse to participate, the limitations of
the study confidentiality, and their right if they choose to obtain a copy of the study’s findings.
To show their willingness to cooperate and that they are not being pressured in any manner, the
parents will sign a consent document. The researcher also ensures that the data that will be
gathered are confidential and will only be used for this study.