Environment - refers to all things that
sorrounds us.
Ecological Resources- anything required
by an organism for normal maintenance,
growth and reproductio.
Economic Resources- anything obtained
from the environment to meet human needs
and wants.
Non-renewable- resources that cannot be
replaced. They exist in fixed quantity.
Renewable- resources that can be replaced
or replenished.
ENVIRONMENTAL JURISPRUDENCE
A. Commonwealth Era (1936-1942)
1. Mining Act (Commonwealth Act
No.137)
● Prohibition on the improper
disposal of mine wastes and
tailings.
2. Anti Dumping Law
● Prohibits the dumping of
waste into any river.
B. After regaining
independence(1946)
1. Republic Act 3931
● First major legal declaration
that pollution control was a
policy. Passage of this law
was in response to the
emergence of more
industries and urban areas.
C. Martial law years (1972-1986)
● PD 984 - Pollution Control
Area
● PD 1151- Philippine
Environment Policy
● PD 1152 - Philippine
Environment Code
● PD 389 - Forestry Reform
Code
● PD 463 - Mineral Resources
Development Decree of 1974
● PD 984 - AIr and water
quality management
● PD 1181 - Abatement,
control & prevention of
vehicular pollution &
establishing the maximum
allowable emissions of
specific air pollutant
● PD 979 - Prohibits the
discharge of oil, noxious
liquid substances & other
harmful substance into the
country’s island territorial
waste.
● PD 825 - Prohibits the
improper disposal of garbage
● PD 856 - Known as
sanitation code
● PD 1096 - Known as
national building code
D. Present Laws
1. Republic Act 6969
● Prohibits the imporation,
storage or transport of toxic
wastes into or through the
Philippines
2. Republic Act 7586 or the National
Integrated Protected Areas
System law
● Biodiversity conservation,
natural resources
management & protection of
the plants & animals
3. House Bill 5668
● Penelize all chemical,
thermal and industrial plants
& factories found to be
violating environmental
protection laws.
4. House Bill 8622
● Endorses emission & waer
pollution charge system by
promoting cooperation &
self-regulation among
industries & market-based
instrument.
5. Republic Act 9003 or the Solid
Waste Management of 2000
● Under the garbage
segregation scheme,
household & commercial
wastes should be classified
into wet & dry categories
before they are collected by
the garbage collectors.
6. Republic Act or the Clean Air Act
of 1999
● Banning all forms of garbage
incineration & imposes
higher emission standards on
oil products to lower the
amount of pollution they
generate.
7. Republic Act 3571
● An act prohibiting the cutting,
destorying or injuring of
planted or growing trees or
flowering plants along
plazas, parks, public roads.
8. Republic Act 9275
● Known as the Philippine
Clean Water Act of 2004
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)
EIA
● Refers to a wide range of predictive
tasks within environmental planning
● Focuses on the prediction &
evaluation of the effects of human
activities on the structure & function
of normal ecosystem components.
Ecological - Refers to components of
ecosystem
a. Biotic ( living )
b. Abiotic ( non-living )
Impact - Effect of a human induced action
on the ecosystem.
Assessment - Refers to analyzing &
evaluationg impacts on ecosystem or to be
specific, identifying actions.
Phases of EIA
● Phase 1 - Defining study goals
● Phase 2 - Identifying potential
impacts
● Phase 3 - Measuring baseline
conditions & predicting significant
impacts
● Phase 4 - Evaluating significant
findings
● Phase 5 - Considering alternative to
the proposed action
● Phase 6 - COmmunication of
findings & recommendation
● Phase 7 - Monitoring effects of
action.
MATTER, ENERGY AND LIFE IN
ECOSYSTEM
Energy - Ability to do work
Kinetic - Energy in motion
Potential - Energy at rest
Components of an Ecosystem
1. Biotic (living) components
A. Producers - are called
autotrophs. They manufacture their
own food.
B. Consumers - are called
heterotrophs. They cannot produce
their own food. They feed on plants,
wastes of other licing things or
remain of organisms.
● Herbivores - consumers that
ear plant products
● Carnivores - consumers
that eal animal
● Omnivores - consumers
that eat both plants & animal
products
C. Decomposers - are fungi & bacteria that
convert organic compounds into inorganic
forms which can be used again by living
organisms.
2. Abiotic ( non-living ) components
A. Light - aids in photosynthesis.
Activities of plants ( flowering ),
length of day & night ( migration,
nesting, hibertion of animals ) are
affected.
B. Temperature / Climate - The
effects of temperature on the
absence or presence of animals in
different habitat are varied. Other
animals can survive in cold while
others can live in hot temperature.
Types of Soil
C. Soil - character of the soil determines
largely the character of vegetation & types
of animals that maintain themselves upon it.
Sandy - plants do not grow well because
water goes rapidly through the spaces
between
Loam - good for agriculture & made up of
particles of gravel sand & clay with the
addition of humus
Clay - retains water before drying, it is
sticky & not suitable for plant growth
Silt - made up of very fine particles of soil or
clay, deposited as sediemnts
D. Water - no organisms will survive
without water. It comprises a large percent
of the body tissue of organism
Plant water requirements:
1. Hydrophytes - plants that live in
areas submerged in water
2. Mesophytes - found in neither wet
or dry environment
3. Xerophytes - found in an almost
waterless environment
4. Wind / Air - removes water vapor
surroundings the plan causing
evaporation to take place. Air is 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other
gases.
Thermodynamics and Energy Transfer
Thermodynamics - deals with how energy
is transferred in natural processes. It deals
specifically with the relationship between
heat, work, energy.
Laws of Thermodynamics
1. First Law - energy may be
transferred into a system. It maybe
transformed from one form to
another.
2. Second Law - with each
successive energy transfer or
transformation, less energy is
available for work.
Laws of Conservation of Matter & Energy
● Matter and energy cannot be
created nor destroyed but can be
transformed or transferred from one
form to another
● Food chain and food webs are
responsible for the continuous flow
of energy in the ecosystem
Trophic level - position occupied by an
organism in the food chain
Biomass - weight of living matter per unit
area of habitat
RESOURCES
Mineral resources - are stock resources
that are dormant and if left alone, no
economic benefit could be derived from
these
Mineral deposit - naturally occurring
concentration of a free element or
compound in solid form
Bio gas - use of organic waste from plants
and animals waste matter is fermented
anaerobically (without oxygen) into a
methan gas.