ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

A Project Work Report

By
JEBIK BASNET
Section: SILVER

Submitted to:
_______________________
SUSHMA SECONDARY SCHOOL
Itahari, Sunsari

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 Declaration

I hereby declare that the report presented in this project report has been
done by myself under the supervision of Mr. Manish khatiwada sir and
has not been submitted elsewhere for any examination.
All sources of the information have been specifically acknowledged by
references to authors or institutions.

Name of student: Jebik Basnet

Stream: Science
Section: Silver
Date: ……………………………
Signature: ……………………

Subject Teacher’s Recommendation

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 The project work entitled “Electromagnetic Induction” submitted by Jebik
Basnet of Sushma Secondary School, Itahari, and Sunsari, Nepal is prepared
under my supervision as per the procedure and format requirements laid by the
Department of Physics, Sushma Secondary School, as the partial fulfillment of
the requirements of the interval evaluation of grade XII. I, therefore,
recommend the report for evaluation.
Signature: ………………….

Name of Subject Teacher: Manish Khatiwada

Date: ………………

Endorsement
We here by endorse the project work entitled “Electromagnetic
Induction” submitted by Jebik Basnet of Sushma Secondary School,
Itahari in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal
evaluation of Chemistry of grade XII.

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Department Of Physics

Acknowledgemen
t
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mr.
Manish Khatiwada for bringing this topic to my attention and for his
support and guidance during the preparation of this project work. I am
grateful to my physics teachers who contributed to build strong
foundation of Physics.

Jebik Basnet

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 Content

1. Declaration .............................................................2
2.Subject teacher’s recommendation ….....................3
3.Endorsement ...........................................................4
4.Acknowledgement ...................................................5
5.Principles
I. Electromagnetic Induction ..................................7
II. Lenz Law ............................................................7
6.Experimental Setup ...............................................8
7.Working mechanism ..............................................9
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8.Observations ........................................................10
9.Conclusion ............................................................11
10. Precautions ...........................................................11
11. Applications ...........................................................11
12. Bibliography ...........................................................12

Introduction

This project aims to demonstrate the principles of

electromagnetic induction and the use of a transistor as a
switch in a simple electronic circuit.

Principle

Electromagnetic Induction: Electromagnetic Induction is

a fundamental concept in physics, discovered by michael
faraday. It states that a changing magnetic field induces a
voltage in a nearby conductor. This phenomenon underlies
the operation of transformers, generators, and various
electrical devices, where energy transfer occurs through
magnetic fields.
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Lenz law:
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can
neither be created nor be destroyed but changes from one
form to another. Lenz law is the accordance with the law
conservation of energy.

Transistor as a switch: Transistors, like the

2n2222a used in this project, can function as electronic
switches. By applying a small voltage or current to the
transistor's base terminal, it can be turned "on" or "off, "
controlling the flow of a larger current between the collector
and emitter terminals. This property is essential for
modulating current in the primary coil and regulating the
induced voltage in the secondary coil.

Experimental setup:

Transistor: Acts as the electronic switch in the circuit,

controlling the current through the primary coil.

Primary and Secondary coils: The primary coil generates

a changing magnetic field when current flows through it,
while the secondary coil is positioned nearby to receive the
induced voltage.

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Led: Serves as the visual indicator, connected to the
secondary coil to demonstrate the effect of electromagnetic
induction.

Copper wire: Copper wire is used here as the conducting

material and is used as a medium for the current to flow.

Resistor(27K): Connected to the base of the transistor to

regulate the base current, which controls the transistor's
switching behaviour.

Power supply (9v):Provides the voltage needed to power

the circuit.
The components are connected as follows:

-The positive terminal of the 9v power supply is connected

to one end of the primary coil.
-The other end of the primary coil is connected to the
collector terminal of the 2n2222a transistor.
-The emitter terminal of the transistor is connected to the
negative terminal of the power supply, forming a common
ground.
-A 27k resistor is connected to the base terminal of the
transistor.
-The other end of the 27k resistor is connected to the
primary coil
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-The secondary coil is connected to the led.

Working mechanism :

Transistor: The transistor is configured as a switch. When

a small voltage is applied to its base terminal, it conducts
between the collector and emitter terminals, allowing
current to flow through the primary coil.
Primary coil: This coil consists of 30 turns with a loop
taken out after 15 turns. When current flows through it, it
generates a changing magnetic field, which is crucial for
electromagnetic induction.

Secondary coil: Positioned close to the primary coil, the

secondary coil has 30 turns. It acts as a receiver of the
induced voltage and is connected to the led.

Led: The led serves as a visual indicator, illuminating when

the induced voltage in the secondary coil exceeds the
lead's forward voltage.

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Resistor (27k): Connected to the transistor's base, this
resistor controls the base current, determining whether the
transistor remains in the "on" state or turns "off. "

Power supply (9v): The power supply provides the

necessary voltage to the circuit.

This configuration allows the transistor to control the

current through the primary coil, creating a changing
magnetic field and inducing a voltage in the secondary coil,
resulting in the illumination of the led as a visual
representation of electromagnetic induction.

Observations:

The led connected to the secondary coil remains

continuously illuminated.
There is no blinking or flashing of the led, as the transistor
is configured to remain in the "on" state.
The primary coil carries a current, generating the
necessary changing magnetic field for induction.
Conclusions:

The project successfully demonstrates electromagnetic

induction principles and the use of a transistor as a switch.
It highlights the efficient transfer of energy through
magnetic fields.
The continuous illumination of the led signifies the effective
operation of the circuit.

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Precautions:

1.Make sure that the connections are proper

2.The secondary coil should be perpendicular to the
primary coil for electromagnetic induction to occur
3.The copper wire’s should be scrapped before connecting
to take off the insulator 4.The transistor’s base, emitter
and collector pins should be connected with care.
5.The proper transistor and resistor should be used.
6.The turns should be made with precautions and the
number of turns as in the instructions.

Applications:

1.Electromagnetic induction is fundamental in devices like

transformers and generators.
2.The project's concepts have practical applications in
power generation and transmission.
3.The concept of electromagnetic induction is also used in
Tesla coils.

Bibliography

• Wikipedia.com
• Google.com
• Principle of physics Grade XII
• Knowledgecycle.in

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