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In the oldest Gospels (GGMS and GiMS), some of the proper names of the Ethiopic letters and their meaning can be reconstructed as follows:PI, VAN TTY The Ge’ez letters are cailed hohtyat LUFT: because of PL: They are alse called alephat [frelefatjAhé?: because of aleph AAG: AA: is known as a cow (ox?) in Geez in Ge'ez but later in the translation of the Bible the term AMF is changed into 4hI” as in psalm 8:7 “AVTOL: — ditrhe: | AMAT Hh» = RI: @AAd::/ “All sheep and oxen,yea,and,the beasts of the field.”,/. Again, Ge’ez IAF” also refers to bread A42°? Betelhem means ithe house of bread. Again, A&E: is the name of God. fiae: AFAR: PF &OTE: fev F826 2243). Here, AAG: is given to Christ /HOGPAD Abd: (Again. ORL PAL is also ANF HOP CH: AAG: OFeL: PEL: FAI: BN: REPAMN? Ad: (Ethiopic synaxarium of January/TC: 24 and Psalm £2:3.) (As explained by the researcher) One interesting finding in the Gospel of bba Garima is the preservation of the term 2°3%a\, Inthe Gospel (St Matthew: 4:2) _2°%¢) (camel) is used instead of the present 7engy:. The English translation is: “And the same John _ had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leather girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey.” At the same time, we find the equivalent of calf # in the prophecy of Ezkiel 1:7, “And their feet were straight feet; and the sole of thier feet was like the sole of a calf’s foot: and they sparkled like the colour of burnished brass.” in the Bible, the names of the letters of the alphabet are ordered before each song in psalm 118 (119) and in the lamentation of the prophet Jeremiah. Now, the names are influenced by sound chiinge and can gwe different meanings. And the Ethiopic letters hold different meanings based on the related word. They each start with a letter each, However, the meaning of the changed name is not secular. «Unfortunately,» the original meaninig of 7M? (4#:) is aiso related to the Cross. ‘Amharic 49" is also related to Adg”. * As alpha ts to mean the begining ,Ethiopic letters have relations with numerals.Hence, this relation of letters and numerals is used in wolings and conununication. ‘Now days the meaning is also changed into ‘devotien’,meee I Numerals: Numerais: As mentioned above, Ge’ez numerals have relations with Ethiopic alphabets.4 Sometimes the Gospel in Abba Gerima | doesn’t use the symbols {_) ( j at the top or the bottorn of the nu- {7 meral . 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AEM AOTAAE 16F394, TAY TAH ATICT OL PVIC arAT LIRPHE AILLLY- ANP AF ALTE ALPR AT NATATLE CAPA AorT LIRPHI cOaZA» At LFA: Phonemes in Ge’ez | Consonants: — The Ge’ez letters are most of the time called syllabary. The let- ters can also be consonants that are not vocalized that is to say in the sixth order. In this concept, the letters can also be called alpha- bets.. . Although some of the sounds can not be known clearly, orthographically ‘they followed the proper way of writing. The Complexity, of puiting the letters in _aword is not shown. However, one can guess that similar preservation was kept in the sibilants like in the laryngeals and the pharyngeals, Although in the lin- guistic history of Ge'ez itself, certain phonemes become confused in the pronun- ciation, one will notice that quite several Geez phonemes correspond to one Am- haric phoneme. Although the pronunciation cannot be now known with certainty, , 'Ge'ez' or Ethiopic seems to haye remained the spoken language even after the end of the Aksumite Empire. This could be parallel with Amharic and/ or other Semitic languages of Ethiopia. The nature and placing of stress in Ge’ez is to some extent known in the imperfect form of the verbs, based on the GGMS rather than the unvocalized inscriptions. Development of vocalization in Ge’ez and some significant s sound changes Vowels: Vecalic correspondences In Semitic in general, there existed six vowels. Short tong a a i i u a a is preserved in Ge’ez i disappeared. and the sixth order becomes # © 17u ” a remained fourth. i remained third. ui remained second. The fivth e is derived form the Semitic ay, however, the present pronunciation does not give any definite indication of the quality and quantity of the Ge’ez vowels at the time when the language was spoken. Nevertheless, etymologically Amharic: (AD corresponds to Ge’eza uffr) corresponds to Ge’ez u i(4.)} corresponds to Ge’ezi afi) corresponds to Ge’ez a e(fe) corresponds to Ge’ez e #(A) corresponds to Geez # ofA) corresponds to Ge’ez o° Vowels: X-- 4 fpreserved in accusatives and in some cases. NTC FMI &7R PAA: AS fr —fr A, ~LtASE 4A —A A, —dy /P A ALSAAL ; A —A/P . . Some changes (vowel shifts) in : the pronunciation of Ge’ez a> Aa | ih #-A A> aw . i dh. fh A. > L/B- i mh L/R- th a> A-a ha - 4 fy > Fe HE - 2 A> un fhi - 7) A> £7 wo Hh. i 5 ‘This is. true for Amharic speakers, not for other language speakers. 18PP TAU As indicated abeve, in the place of the vowels A and ¢ other Ge’ez words: A@* and AL corespond to the proto-Semitic Ad and AL, neverthe- less AQh and AL have a diferent meaning in Ge’ez, Unforiunately, they preser- eved the sounds of A and 4» which are still pronunced as A@ and AL re- spectively. The semi -vowels 2 and a> show changes according to the mouth of the speakers of the language. The semi -vowels and the other letters that have the character of the vowels: dit: 3:A:O: are characterized by the follow- ing changes: Linfinitive FY Or: wu 9h . Afi: Adult 2. perfective Ada > Tua BL > BO 3. Imperfective TAA > TtAdA farattl> FI UL 4, Loss in the mid hie > Che All the changes that we see above were kept or were unseen in the oldest manuscripts and were pronunced as consonants, not as kinds of semi voweis; but, sometimes, they take the sound of the semi vowels in a half manner, as @f Bi PTL... Examples: imperfect LIFE: > LPB: Noun WL: > IBE/B: Gerund AhP > APF: BeP?; > df: sometimes Prepositions FL >: RIL> 20: Number AAR 2 > ACPI: FP ANC: > ARPT: Possession APRAP 2 > AFMLP : | Definite article BCP=/> WOE the Goid Adverbs ie: > Bats imperative/jussive HAP: ¢ > AAP: > sometimes Verb ta have “LPs: > AP! Noun Ahi: > UAC? * dar means ‘or; and AS: means * what?” 19TIA, TAN [sae ae POP > POPT: AFA: A Piaby: “Radicals, except the gutturals and the semi vowels are changed into the sixth / fourth / fifth or first orders, depending on the position of the guiturals and the semi vowels, As a result, they influenced the general structure of the lan- guage; if compared to the period of Aksum. Laryngeals and pharyngeals... are physiologically connected with the vowel of tone a, and this is why in post Ak- sumite Ge'ez, a well known rule is working ,according to which every a ( first arder ) becomes a (4# order) if its syllable is closed by laryngeal; of course this rule does not occur in GGMS, because laryngeals, connecied with vecalic tone, have nothing to do with vocalic length {the only distinguishing A and @ at that epoch); but this rule is operating in the fragmentary Ge’ez inscriptions of Aksum, So that the passage from vocalie quantity to vocalic quality in Ethiopic can be dated at least to the first part of the 6" c. A.D.”(Taken from unpublished text/— nate of Professor Paolo Marrassini) | | ° ~ In the infinitive, adjectives, noun formation...processes, Ge’ez followed its own steps sinee the period of Aksum. It is known that words men- lioned above, were expressed in the form of the first radical rather than the forms seen after vocalization. However, it does not mean that the words were not mean-— ingful. Even today, words that are expressed in the first order can give a mean- ingful idea. And almost ali the verbs of Ge’ez are expressed and written in the perfect form and ail of them are meaningful. In Ge’ez, insertion of vowels played an important role to see the present forms of words. Some other words are the opposite of the present forms and meanings, and some of the werds are pre- served in the present Ge’ez( in the currently preserved Geez) or Amharic . 264 FI IAA Se Even though there are some variations in Ge'ez and its forms thai give am- biguous meaning, sometimes they are compiomised with a certain stvle of pro- nunciations. high level, low level, acute, grave accent and extra shart. Some of the sounds of the words in the Aksumite period are inserted and pronunced as follows ; In unvoiced, the midia radical, a>a. “Hil > Nic: In the unvoiced (before 0),a>a{&e% > da&(gemi) Z::).In the second radical, a > # or and its impact in noun, adjective, phonology, syntax, word formation and morphology was very common *aekLAPF >geLA@::. In the second radical, because of Aft >a (morphology) *AN? > Att#:. In the 3rd radical, because of «a, # > i CP oUBLAL I RNA). Because of O ah@é (bd) > CaharC:: (Now PAC) y +a >e. Eg. im (HP) > Ltr (CHED:: zenawe. However, MAMA > LfldrA and WPA > L1LGA have preserved fi:. The function of & is to make compound nouns and prepositions. «: First radical, because of A: la ># 20 > 0° mat = 2K thd > Mea hd: Fata »0Oa = if? =Adinow) (h@é) = AL ( Now | dc0= 3 + wa >eAhh@) > Ah si=za ty >e (Now An an FU PL) (in Tigrinya, it means “to climb”) 42 i (Now 4A), In some words, like the imperfect of BAA = C4AA « A seems to be geminated, although the pronunciation cannot be known now with certainty. On the basis of those changes one can be sure that Ge’ez or Ethiopic remained the spoken language until the end of the Aksumite Empire in the ninth century. The pronunciation, the nature and placing of stress in Ge’ez can be known in the imperfect form of the verbs based on.the GGMS. The nature and placing of stress in Ge’ez can also be known from the traditional pronunciation of nouns, prepositions --- used in | Ethiopia | | 2]PA FAW In the case of geminating of Ge’ez consonants, similar indicators are found as of the nature and placing of stress in. Geez. High level tone includes imperfect, jussive, subjunctive (but not the 2nd person plural, in the perfect forms), words not having i? ¥?F at the end and words that end with the first order. Adverbs, except UP are high level acute. With the exception of A?77 and arAF3 all pronouns (if they do not change themselves from the sixth order to the first order for the purpose of the accusative} are high level. it seems that almost all the Ge’ez words were pronunced with high level. This is because almost ali of the words were written in the first order for there was no vocalization. If the message is transmited /the action is done for the 3rd person to the other person in the imperfect and perfect forms but Ge’ez experienced phonological, morhpoiogical and syntactic changes through the passages of time. The time of changes that Ge’ez experianced cannot be known, but can be stated from the Aksumite period in which Ge’ez “started” to be vecalized. The following points can give basic features of the changes in Ge’ez. Unvocatized: Inscription ingrdG. A.D. AD. AD AD, Re IGP” Ahex“9” GDR king of Aksum/ Ethiopia and south Arabia (A.J Drewes, 1965) . _ The letters are written in alphabetic way, They were written in the sixth order and they might be pronunced with the vowel #. It is very dificult to I give the level of pronuncation in this case. Unvocalized: fascription in3drdcé.D. HABA HATE AW AAO OF all aekitt AGO ANG? PRAA? Matera (E.ullendor tf, 1951) 22The letters are written in the first order. The level af the pronunciation seems to be under the high level. It seems that they were written as a syllable. semi vocalized,: Inscription in the thc AD. Ir /ovkhZ/p | (F.L. Griffith) (DAE, VOL, P.50) In this inscription, we see semi vocalized letters and the development of _ writings, according to the pronuncation. Again, the pronuncation int 4 level seems to be very common. Here, we can be sure that Ge’ez is not only a literary language rather it was also a spoken language. And a Ge’ez word could have come into Amharic jrom curriculum Ge'ez or from a spoken Ge'ez or from literary works (mosily). We can alse note that the Ge'ez loan words could have come into Amharic through the medium of the spoken Semitic Ethiopie, like Tigrigna, Tigre. Localization of sounds and meanings _ Many scholars believe that the Greek word has been lent into Geez which has no /p', and so many Amharic speakers. pronunce the word as p, with the nearest native equivalent, /o/, but others carefuily pronunce the word with /p7. But, sometimes we see nativization. Examples: 8a-rett > farfete: TR > eas: TFoe > ,3a0:: We can alse see localization in other words after a time, Pomd. (Tyre) > 79%é:7 Adv¥” (bread) >A? UO > Of uh >See: Some loan words were taken from other Semitic languages, also and especially form Greek (not semitic) and Hebrew... for ttems found in the common Judaeo christian culture of Ethiopia. E.g: Greek Hebrew Sonape agt: bma fier: pentenawi AYRLTE: Sabak'atan ANP P22 "The word Fore nowadays holds another meaning which means ‘‘absoiwely''. Far Peed (Tyre) preseni Geez texts use FI%s:, : . * According to kidane Wald, these words do not show much sound and form differences from Hebrew lunguuge , propably from which they ave borrowed As we see, they ure inclined fo be written in the first order ax uf the dcumite inscriptions, How Ge'ez borrowed these words from the Greck language is the question af the researcher. 23| TIC TAH | According to Abk’a Kidana Wald the pronunciation of the word sabak’stan in Hebrew is sabakatani, k has spirantization k’>k, But, it is not rehable because Hebrew has k' sound than the Greek. May be voiceless k > to the k' in the Greek translation or from voiceless _ Greek k > to the voiced Ethiopic k’. In any case, itis out the area of the writer of this research, The Greek ones are however clear. GUE PORN ALA POR APP PAA U- FAI DAP Pm PANE NE A- FAIS AEC HY ASI, Farm nae 42 VIC aA- FFA ANP APO OL9° AIDA VIC om - hae Fimo AG hizT HEA Hee} Ree oonpe-p Phang, “2 - ATI AbOpe haka AHA PAP PH NG AAn TEYe NEA Hany wm» - AND TB%ar NEA Hed PIMs FNIC- ADL «ao A - 96 AIG PPAAMIGSOY WEA HePy AHAN, LPF dC + - HAR OLE FA AT PA FSO AG OK ME. PE «th» PLAN FC | Q- de AIM ATA AT $44 DIC AM OL Nee PHL WNC | P- ANG OL 9 PTE PAE e7CF Le0nA WIC h- 3 AT ATA AT 144 NC 4 «>t L2OAA BA WIC . GUE. PATEL Rak AEA PRC &. bP.teth HTH AL PRR RAL Wd Cor 8 pet 224% baer LTE-FO- 0-4. Nar-A- UD GPO fhEWEDER AG Of EB. ng pb PF nag AL RE Py aciatd (Paacu As w/ 24, TF TAH - bug. PAAAR HE AT POR . a POU Poo AS PAE Toe Tee oem eTOhAPe VT RYT Oat OHH AS Raver CRP LATO OF HH AWE PE 1 ig 1 BULL, AP AR PAPAL ORAL HOOTF Hau"; ADE - THO et OehoraThe ALIIL AL PURE PET PA ARE Hoey PA - CRM ARKE 18€9- Tet Hee} Oa - PP AS MA KArS TDLAD- HOO, - [ALF ar Hoek AIG TAT PRare OL TET LIA AEP? Uv. tA A. ab? BUTE. PCR NATO -PRIEAA OR ROW T7%a~ NEA nowy - P9C QE AA TRO HEA neo} - PAE Wut Anh PFO hea yeoy ~ NAT OL «ly F POPAA AT PERG 2 I ole Some ancient manuscripts of Ethiope are used in this work. Here, I would like to acknowledge Uhlig. However, his work did not consider mauscripts of the Aksumite period. ‘Pateogrpahy | PCR &:KAN:- roa a {T] = va “J-p q«a Yu os Pars Y = ve Aan Awis a« m Ds sa Pie sa Bass h« k's Aeon jew Xen if} = ha fe S50 fT = O =? TW. op Zt mat gam Ont 25oe PI. FAW This is explained by Ashar and mostely stated as letters of sabeans. But when we examine them, some of the letters were preserved in the GGMS. And showed the pictogtaphic nature of the letters of the language. The shape of the letters is very similar to the numerals. . Introduction: Paleography is the study of various systems of writing. Ac- cordingly, Ethiopian manuscripts are dated in three ways: 1. By the year of mercy 2. By the year of the world 3. By the name of the king Among the three ways by which Ethiopian manuscripts are dated, dating manuscripts by the name of a king of the period is the most common. However, if the period of the king or his personal name is not clearly mentioned, we are forced to use other mecha- nisms to know the period of the writing of the manuscripts. Accord- ing to Uhlig, there are five main periods in Ethiopian paleography. These main periods are: the period of inscription during which we have many inscriptions written in Ge’ez and the Greek language, the second period covers the period from 1330 to 1450. This period is called the transitional period. The third period, from 1450 to 1550, is called the period of circular writing system. The next is fromi550 to 1650. ft ts characterized by thin and slender writing system. The last one is the Gonderian period writing system. This is characterized by the gulh (thick or bold} and the ragig (thin) script. Some of the letters have shown changes from the first period to the other period, but, some letters do not always change. So, changes are not always the features of letters in each period. The following are the characteristics of the changes that we see through time. oo: was closed at the top and started to be separated in the 16th century. “9: the vowel sign was directly attached to the body of the letter until the 16 century. | a: was closed until the 15" century like As The left leg was bent until the [5th century. 26TIA FAW ‘The system of the Ethiopian letters and their shape includes a rectangular shape with very good proportion and curve also slopping down. The Ethiopic letters and numerals have some similar features.’’ Some of the examples are seen in the oldest (Gospels. $ : has an oval shape until the 17th century. #& It was like the Greek beta until the 16 th century. 2 was rectangular until the 16th century. = #2: was like the Ethiopic number Seven. When we observe texts of Aksum we see some variation from ihe work of Uhlig. GGMS holds forms of letters, which are different from modern their form, and can be explained as follows. Present time <_GGMS A ”. but with longer a leg and curved circle, . £ ain the mid. Eg. OAFP: > ANAPF: Both #dai&:: and aaé: is now charged in to Aha: LRAG: > BEAR: > BRE (Amharic.) dr< The right leg is shortened. Has vowel marker in it's middle. ch, Aan: = AAR PATEL, avA > fiva ' s§éu >&cu FAGA > taAdA ‘pany d> Pho "Ue PULTMOvA (Pod A> BA AULT NAL LCSFo- AGHOF APIEP PIA RedebF PENA AS SPA a MASA AI LaM%® AIBAIGE- O- P -B- MABPF’ OhoA PP MAN RP ATTIPA: POYTP LL WL > Ti FNPAD #TC ANELF >ANCL? * AMPs > AP? ATH APP ANE > AY An? Py PArl @Ockr > .../the Gold bara 70 Vht > Abe PéHH NAP > Ae PUA NI ‘Le 66> oP any Mac > ane 31oh acne COC—S—C~SN 280 > “Hh ATA = AeA earn = ALA | CRAWL AGT = ____AP aeePd = Aer WIC AA = HiCaaA Sound changes and the probiem in accent . Internal changes of consonants are also identified in Ge’ez since the earliest available Ge’ez manuscripts. GGMSS/ GLMSS/ GIMSS > GCPT/GPPT AAPOME Pas k'vo tawi) askoroti ADPOD PE: (38 Korotawi] hs ACVESN: [ Farmativas} arimathea ACTF + [ Prmatyas] t > 7 ZLACPS : [oeteseman]gethsemane 2EN°F2: feetesemani] 7 > & $6380}: [k’aranyusja place ofa skull #2-3F: [k’aranyus] F+it > # PILAP + {magdelawi}magdalene | e9LAPFSmagdalawif A> Aith FL C5R9": ficafarna h om] capernaum PROSUG™: [k’fornaham] #> Fi A> Por~g: fgimura } tyre 449% feimura} 2 > Fi em > FP AP ork Aiyyariio] jharicu APH: >[ fyyariho] F > Pi ah > B Fy: igihannam) hell WAI": Igihannam] 7 > 7 FAAP: = fealelawi} WMAP{galelawi] A> A A> SFPPEA plan tyawil [ Tpontius ; RSL pan tyawi} PCTE [Rarnawi] , #9 P:[k’arenawi] MDF {golagota] Wh 7F--[eolgota] AAAI" { sti ham] OLAF fsali h on} EI P-fninawe] 27 fninawel . Age: fsaryal “AEP: fsorva] SHEP: [nazret] = . SHar: [nazret} APECOAS*: [ Pyyorusalem] : APEOAI™: { Fivyarusalem] * Here, the change is simply sound change. 32PIG, FAW aii a Praper nouns . Che: frakel]Rachel > odudr: fra hh el] ANE PR jlabdewos] > ANAM: flebdewos} AALP IE, [felfiyos} > AAPA: { felfiyos} rPaPa: —— [ya k’ob] Jacob > PBFA: FyaSe k’ob] Pane fnoh ] neo > 4: {nox } ACA: - fbarbont > ACA: [barban] ATL FF: { faremiyas}Jermih > ALT LA: {faremiyas] FOPR: | {mar k’os} Mark > FCP: fmarg k’os} AGAMA: [b Selzebidl} > PDAHIA: [b Selzebul] Ahk " — fbarakiyu} > Ae-hE: [harap Unchanged Proper nouns AVN : {dan fel] Daniel = AP é\: [dan fel] MALY : [relyas] Elijah = AALT: [felyas] Pade: fvehannes}John — = Pel Ft: fyohannes} BEF: [dawit] David = APF: {dawit] A'PF#: ——— [smfon/Semon = AP"PF:[sm Son] hAGLRT/F: [Felsabet/ t']Elsabeth =." “AAMLPH: [7elsabet] HACL A: {zakkaryas}Zechari = HAaCLO: fzekkaryas] PNG fesh: (gabr fiel] Gabreil PC Hua: [gabr Fel] Although in the linguistic history of Ge’ez itself, certain pho- nemes become confused in the pronunciation, one can notice that quite of the several Ge’ez phonemes correspond to one Amharic pho- neme. The impact of @! fF! A (0) F OO (ch FY) in the change Forms of nouns - jay; [Samat] year > 3a0}: f Samat] GIG: Oo [hagar] country > 470: fhagar] The change from “? into ¢h is uncommon in Ge'ez, but hecause of the loss of the sound of the guthuals now there are many changes in the gutturals. 33PRY, AN PYCOF: {sr fet] way > POOF: [ir Sat] - HOT: [saat] hour > O94: [sa Sat] ON”: [Salam] worid > 9NF": [Salam] Sound Change | Examples: £9? : fk’am stood (noun) = PF*stand [k’om] (Imperative) > #?°:: stand fk’um] faa:: he stood [koma] = #ee:: they stood{k’omu] &F: fast [s’o.aj (nounj= A9": fast [s‘om] (Imperative) > AP": fast [s’um] Ran: fs'omal , st > fRan:: [Homa] | Atlé:: fs’alfa] hated > AAs ft? alla} In infinitive we can find loan words particularly in: _ PLA: ~ ‘he praised him’ PLA: féh: ~- “he blessed him’ Vh-a: Here, Amharic preserved the archaic form /the oldest Ge’ez form rather than the present Ge’ez one. But in the intransitive-. verbs, Geez tried to change the first order into the seventh order because of the assimilated letter as: Af > Ad went? bz: (Perfective)> ah: (noun)> drs: (imperative) ret :: at that time refers to noun, perfective and imperative: BADC:: > Leh: (?bba Garima) >PADL: (today). fie: + = ##AL : : ‘He killed him’ Now if #¢A” is geminated at / it means ‘they killed him’ LOLE > DLL, A and wv have similar characters: OK A: ORAS: = LIRA: > BRA CIRA:: fitta: MAd:: BHAG +: > hAOs: L7Ad:: aU: Lat BRL: > £00: Lee: A is different from U. It is the causative marker, but it is lost in the unperfect form as: APTA: LAPTAS: LAPTA: oe LORA:: LPR AL: APTANA: PAPCPA:: PAPTA: PPR PPP: 34 .| | Ft IA | SS Sra SA The word, in which the above letters are found shows phono- logical changes in the imperfect; but follows its own house (verb type}. The above letters affect all the letters forms # to T in reading and pronunciation. We find: @ in the 2nd and 7th order, f in the 3rd and Sth order, and A and ¥U in the 4th and 6th order. E.g- £5: _ Lb, FOP!! Lb WD: - > OK i La PH Ph GR LP 6D: Apa: > BT hy Fi: > BRh Es: Thod:: - Lat OPE: LAC: . dat PAC: Lae: PE: Rar: > (Amharic) _ AU the letters, where @ is present before or after them, cannct be the 2nd or the 7th order. P changes into the 3rd and Sth order @ changes in to the 2nd and 7th order. | @:- as the final radical changes in the imperfect changes from the 6th order in to the 2nd or the 7th order. In active Hed: Bile: .: dimp. And Juss).In passive Phi LT Gy Fi: @:- as the middie radical changes the beginning of the verb (imperfect) in to the 7th order Ré:;, fom: : 3 rhdés.*No change in the infinitive, imperfect ..... @ in noun formation avoids (because of assimilation) the suffix or the prefix, Examples : W7h = P71: ; OLE: = ao AG:: ; MAL: = ays: : MUI: = FPA; GRE = _ wags: And other forms of nouns include AL! Babi x¢h (DLP)! CLE (OrCLA), Jussive/order: DLP >LP >aLP::/ Amharic/@ with Guttural and semi vowel APT. - f as the final radical changes the Imperfect from the 6'* order in to the 3rd order. Examipes are, &£F:: B&Ai WP: Pid: TrP: | (£7%:: P as midial {vice versa} changes the 3rd order into the 6th. Examples are Wie THE: IB ICL. In Gerund the 3rd > 6th: APF: Not BAT: MIAP: Not MIA: Again the Ist order > 5th order: ree: 1 >?FB: 2 > Bis: Whoo; : > Eo: : > “awe, 35