CORRUPTION- Requesting, offering, giving, or accepting
directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue
advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the
proper performance of any duty or behavior required of
the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage of the
prospect thereof.
POLICE CORRUPTION- A specific form of police
misconduct for personal aggrandizement, monetary
gains, or career advancements for not pursuing or
selectively pursuing an investigation or arrest, or even
closing their eyes to evident crimes being perpetrated
openly in society.
Bribery is the most common - for them to look the
other way while jueteng, prostitution, and drug
trafficking continue unabated destroying individuals and
families. Some plant evidences and offer to free their
victims for huge sums of money or for sexual favors. In
some cases, this is used to convict suspects who go scot
free on orders of corrupt judges and in other cases
suspected criminals are liquidated to rid society of these
bad elements.
While all police forces have their own internal affairs
group to investigate police misconduct or corruption, it
is rarely that offenders are found guilty.
How Corrupt Policemen are Branded in the World
Man-Eaters - aggressively use their police
powers for personal gain.
Grass Eaters - simply accept payoffs that come
or thrown their way as police force members.
Classification of Police Corruption
Corruption of Authority – enjoying free meals, drinks,
and other gratuities.
Police Criminal Activities– themselves as violators
Fixing – bribery for losing tickets, non-appearance in
court, or as personal favors.
Frame-Ups – planting or adding evidences.
Kickbacks - receiving cuts by referring people to other
businesses.
Internal Payoffs – buying and selling shifts and holiday
schedules.
Opportunistic Theft – victimizing arrested people and
crime victims or their corpses.
Protection of Illegal Activity – such as brothels, drugs,
jueteng, etc. to keep them in operation.
Shakedowns – accepting bribes not to pursue a criminal
violation.
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
Kleptocracy – exists in countries that under a state of
political corruption or where the nations are under a
“rule of thieves.”
The use of legislated powers of government officials for
illegitimate private gains or acts that are directly related
to his official duties such as misuse of government
powers to repress political opponents, general police
brutality, or illegal acts of private person or corporation
not directly involved with the government.
Electoral Fraud – illegal interference in election process
by either by increasing or decreasing the votes of
candidates.
Voter Fraud – illegal voter registration, improper vote
counting, or intimidation or campaigning at polling
areas.
Patronage – favoring or appointing political supporters
to government positions to repay political debts.
Legitimate Patronage – change of officials by newly-
elected officials to implement his policies.
Nondemocracies – positions filled based on loyalty not
ability to perform: Sunni Arabs of Sadam Hussein,
Junkers of Imperial Germany, and Nomenklatura of
Soviet Union.
BRIBERY
Involves giver and taker, both equally guilty as the
other. Government officials demand bribes: to do
something they are already paid by government to do;
and to bypass laws and regulations.
Active Bribery – bribery of a government official either
for himself or another in exchange for any undue
advantage for the briber.
Passive Bribery – bribe is requested or accepted by the
public official for himself or another in exchange for any
undue advantage to the briber to act or refrain from
acting in the exercise of his functions.
GRAFT
Gaining something of value by a public official when
doing his work which unlike bribery includes influence
or be influenced by another.
Large Gifts – considered as graft – most nations have
laws outlawing it – in the USA, a gift of over $200 is a
gift to his Office, not to him, thus, he must pay for it at
end of his term if keeps it.
Zoning – graft by a politician who knows planned
development before it is public known, buys or sells
real estate at significant profits (similar to Insider
Trading).
EMBEZZLEMENT
Outright theft of entrusted funds such as petty cash
funds or others, misappropriation of property like using
a government car for marketing or bringing a child to
school, or illegitimate use of government resources as
when a public official renovates his own house with
workers and materials paid by public funds or he makes
it appear as a legitimate government contract.
EXTORTION
A criminal offense when obtaining money, property or
services unlawfully from a person, entity, or institution.
Extraction – inflicting pain, suffering, or enduring
something unpleasant with extortion and unlawful
demand by force.
Protection – requiring payment of money or property
to prevent future violence of avoid threat of violence.
INVOLVEMENT IN ORGANIZED CRIMES
Huang Jinrong – gained a lot from gambling dens,
prostitution, and protection rackets as both police chief
and gang boss, cooperates with local gang leader, Du
Yuesheng.
Manuel Noriega – used narcokleptocracy in Panama or
illegal drug trade, later capture by USA.
NEPOTISM AND CRONYISM
Nepotism is placing relatives to juicy positions.
Cronyism is favoring personal friends for opportunities
for personal gain or bribery.
Old-Boy Network – appointees to high positions
selected from close and exclusive social group instead
of appointing the most competent.
Illegitimate Use of Official Power – to harm enemies
such as trumped-up charges against journalists who
write about politically sensitive issues such as bribery or
corrupt practices of public officials.
Indian Political System – national/regional party
leaderships is passed from generation to generation so
family becomes center of power.
North Korea or Syria – entire states are inherited and
extreme cronyism and nepotism is practiced.
TRADING IN INFLUENCE OF INFLUENCE PEDDLING - A
person sells his influence over the decision process of a
third party.
Tri-Lateral Relations – the 3rd person or target of
influence matters not, but may be an accessory in some
cases.
Influence Peddling (Poorly Regulated Lobbying) –
lobbyists buy votes, power, influence or decisions of
lawmakers to pass or not pass laws.
Influence Peddling (Sufficiently Regulated Lobbying) –
sets a distinctive criterion and may consider influence
trading as “improper influence.”
JUDICIAL CORRUPTION
An independent judiciary is very important because
everyone loses when justice is corrupted, especially the
poor, if forced to pay bribes they cannot afford.
Transparency International revealed that I in 10
households paid bribes to access justice in more than 25
nations.
Global Corruption Report states that in 32 nations the
corruption by different actors distinctly affects the
judicial system and contributes to it deterioration and
spells the end of public trust.
CATEGORIES OF JUDICIAL CORRUPTION
Bribery which occurs throughout the fabrics of the
judiciary and political interference by the legislative or
the executive branches of government in the judicial
process.
Bribes are accepted to delay or accelerate resolution of
cases, to accept or deny appeals, or influence other
judges to decide a case favoring a briber or a corruptor.
On the other hand, other court officials seek bribes for
services that should be free-of-charge
Bribes were accepted by judges to render favorable,
unfavorable or no decisions at all or exercise any undue
influence for impartial judicial proceedings and
judgments.
Judicial power and funds misuse – through nepotism or
contract manipulations for construction or equipment
purchase or lease.
Bias in case allocation and other pre-trial procedures
such as when ‘clerks of court’ receive bribes to lose files
or evidences.
Influence exerted on any trial or court settlement
and/or the enforcement or non-enforcement of court
decisions and sentences.
Charging of additional fees by lawyers to expedite or
delay cases or to direct clients to judges known to take
bribes.
FACTORS AFFECTING VULNERABILITY OF JUDGES AND
OTHER COURT PERSONNEL TO RECEIVE BRIBES
 Poor salaries
 Lack of continuous training
 Insecure working conditions
 Unfair process of promotions or transfers
CORRUPTION IN COUNTRIES
Corruption in Local Governments
Practice of local public officials who often abuse or
misuse power for dishonest or unlawful gains in
baranngays, municipalities, cities or provinces.
Corruption opportunities abound due to the many
personal relationships involved and the degree of trust
given to local public officials.
The Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from BIR
collections meant for local development has increased
the temptation for corruption in local settings and
scenarios.
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS CAUSING CORRUPTION
Religion
Tends to discourage corruption, however, when
dominations are less aware and vigilant greater
corruption ensues. Patronage is a most common
anomaly when they favor or support certain politicians
during election time so they can gain favors from the
winners.
Race and Class
Socially, racially or ethnically divided people with many
varied wants, needs and ideas - tend to grapple with
each other constantly - to get more favors from local
officials or governments. Consequently, local officials
tend to be more corrupt when they abuse their
authority to forego local formal systems to deal with
the different groups because the lesser the systems are
used, the greater the possibility for corrupt practices to
be left unnoticed or to purposefully hide them from the
local citizens.
Size of Locality
Bigger localities have many more local officials. This
makes it more difficult to monitor their activities to
prevent unlawful practices and also lessens the
likelihood of getting caught in the act.
As a consequence, temptation becomes greater to
become corrupt or be totally dishonest.
Conditions of the Local Economy WAYS TO PREVENT AND STOP CORRUPTION IN
Generally, higher degrees of corruption are perceived in LOCAL LEVELS
poor localities than in rich ones as the former tend to  Best way is to discover the underlying factors
encourage greater political corruption, kickbacks and that cause corruption and eradicate them.
other corrupt practices due to their increasing reliance  Establish anti-corruption campaigns and
on institutional loans for local projects. other guidelines within local governments.
 Establish and publicize to the citizen’s
Lower economic levels usually give rise to lower pay and information about policies of transparency
wages which leads to greater tendencies for local and accountability as most important to the
officials to engage in corrupt practices such as legitimacy of the local officials.
embezzlement to take care of their constituencies’  Make the citizens the local partners in
needs, wants and necessities. People are also easily stopping corrupt practices and establish local
exploited, as a result, by corrupt local officials in the groups to monitor corruption incidences.
guise of providing more opportunities for them to get  Define what public employment is and
out of rut they are in. that honest governments are primarily made
up of honest workers who give their best
Education in the service of constituencies.
Low levels of education dominate poor economies –  Enforce existing laws that penalize corruption.
which generally leads to greater opportunities for
corruption – as people are less informed or less aware
of how government works, what rights they have, or
how they can stop corrupt practices.
It also makes it easier for corrupt officials to conceal
their corrupt activities from a poorly educated
constituency.
Consequently, corrupt officials are able to stay
continually in power as people are not cognizant of
their illegal activities. This also leads to the practices of
nepotism and patronage.
More importantly, less educated leaders are less likely
to find legitimate and better ways to make the local
situation, well-structured, more productive, and greatly
successful.

Gender
Generally, women are regarded more trustworthy than
men and are less likely to be corrupt. Thus, having
fewer women in the local government is an additional
factor that may encourage greater corruption.

Political Culture
Formed by the expectations and practices that are seen
as acceptable or not acceptable by the community.
Accountability, legitimacy or ethical practices generally
pervade localities that are either undeveloped or under
developed.
Makes local officials highly susceptible to corruption
because of low accountability. Often, corrupt practices
are seen as the norm on how governments are
supposed to function and, therefore, become
acceptable to the people.
Prolonged periods of political instability also lead to
corrupt practices because citizens are simply not
informed as how local governments should operate and
are also unaware of what practices are corrupt and how
to put an end to the activities concerned.