I.

ADVERBS

A. 5 Types of adverbs:
Manner - How
Time - When
Place - Where
Frequency - How often
Degree - How much
B. Adverb of purpose - Reason. Tells “why” an action happen.
e.g. He is absent because he is sick
Since he is sick, he will be absent today
C. Adverb of interrogation - Asks questions about manner, time, or frequency of an
action.
e.g; How did you get here that fast?

II. CONNECTIONS
- Links that readers make between what they’re reading and things they
already know.

A. Schema
- Background knowledge/Experience help you make sense of the materials
you’re reading.

B. Types of Connections
1. Text to self - Personal connection you make between yourself, emotions or
opinions may be similar to the ones in the material.
2. Text to world - Larger connections. Perception of the world. (Tvs, movies,
radio,..)
3. Text to text - Relating one material you’ve read to another. Similar author,
theme, topic, and genre.

III. EXCERPT
- A piece of writing/song/speech

A. Martin Luther King Jr.

- American minister and activist
- Born January 15, 1929 ; Died April 4, 1968
- American civil rights movement in 1960’s
- “I have a dream” delivered in 1963
-
B. Barack Hussein Obama or Barack Obama
- 44th president of U.S. (2009-2017)
- African American President
- Economic Crisis (2008-2009)
- Patient Protection or Affordable care Act
- Democratic party member
- Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 2009
 C. Common Equalities:
- Gender
- Education
- Freedom of speech
- Civil Rights

D. VOCABULARY
Liberty - Freedom/Independence
Marred - To ruin
Fertify - Strengthen
Revolution - to make a radical or logical change

IV. ANNOTATING
-To make marks on the text

A. 4 Major benefits of annotating (Azevedo, 2017)

1. Makes you most engaged on the material
2. Slows reading that helps focus on details, better retention and comprehension
3. Helps you process what you’re reading
4. Records textual evidence for later reference

V. O. HENRY
- Pen name of William Sydney S.I Porter
- Sept 11, 1862 - June 5, 1960
- Favorite: One thousand and One Nights
- Gift of magi - 2005
- The gift of magi - 2006 - Della Dillingham Young and James.
- “Dime” means old but gold

VI. SHORT STORIES

- Wit, wordplay, warm characterisation, clever twist endings

A. Plot - main events. Linear; Starts stating events by telling the names of the
characters.
B. Point of view - narrator's position
C. Rising action - leads towards the climax
D. Climax - mot intense, exciting
E. Falling action - everything that happens as as result of climax
VII. BEOWULF
A. Beowulf - Young warrior from Geats. Famous for powerful grip.
B. King Hrothgar - King of Danes
C. Heorot - Mead hall
D. Grendel - Killed by Beowulf. Teared off arms and shoulder, his arm hung as a trophy
under the roof of heorot
E. Grendel’s Mother - Killed by a sword forged long ago by giants
F. Dragon -
G. Unferth - A warrior loyal to Hrothgar
H. Hygelac - King of geats
I. Hygd - Queen of geats
J. Heardred - Takes the throne
K. Wiglaf - A young kinsman and retainer of Beowulf who helps him in the fight against
the dragon while all of the other warriors run away.
L. Ecgtheow - Beowulf’s father,
M. Aeschere - Favorite warrior, adviser of Hrothgar

VIII. IF WE MUST DIE